不锈钢辐射损伤随温度和剂量的变化(英文)

用重离子辐照模拟和正电子湮没寿命技术研究了改进型316L不锈钢在21 和33 dpa辐照剂量下的辐照损伤在室温到802 °C温度范围随辐照温度变化和室温下0—100 dpa剂量范围随辐照剂量变化. 在580 °C左右实验观察到辐照肿胀峰， 在21 和33 dpa辐照剂量下相应的空位团分别由14和19个空位组成， 尺度分别为0.68 和0.82 nm. 空位团尺寸随辐照剂量增加， 在100 dpa时空位团由8个空位组成， 尺度为0.55 nm. 实验结果表明， 在改进型316L不锈钢中辐照损伤随辐照温度变化更灵敏.     

高功率脉冲电子束辐照SiO$lt;sub$gt;2$lt;/sub$gt;的光学和激光损伤性能

研究了不同剂量的60 kW高功率脉冲电子束辐照对高纯熔石英玻璃的微观结构、光学性能和激光损伤特性的影响规律. 光学显微图像表明, 辐照后熔石英样品由于热效应导致表面破裂, 裂纹密度和尺寸随辐照剂量增加而增大, 采用原子力显微镜分析表面裂纹的微观形貌, 裂纹宽度约1 um, 同时样品表面分布着大量尺寸约0.1–1μm的碎片颗粒. 吸收光谱测试表明, 所有样品均在394 nm处出现微弱的吸收峰, 吸收强度随着电子束辐照剂量增大呈现先增加后减小的趋势. 荧光光谱测试发现辐照前后样品均有3个荧光带, 分别位于460, 494和520 nm, 荧光强度随辐照剂量的变化趋势与吸收光谱一致. 利用355 nm激光研究了不同剂量电子束辐照对熔石英激光损伤阈值的影响, 结果表明熔石英的损伤阈值随着辐照剂量的增加而降低. 在剂量较低时, 导致熔石英激光损伤阈值下降的原因主要是色心缺陷; 剂量较高时, 导致损伤阈值降低的原因主要是样品表面产生的大量微裂纹和碎片颗粒对激光的调制和吸收. 关键词： 熔石英 电子束辐照 色心 激光损伤阈值     

Defect concentration dependent phase transition in the organic quasi-one-dimensional conductor N-Propyl-Quinolinium (TCNQ)2

Anomalous changes in magnetic and electrical properties indicative of a phase transition at T_c ～ 220 K is found in the quasi one dimensional complex charge transfer salt N-propyl-quinolinium (TCNQ)₂. A series of samples with defects induced by neutron irradiation is investigated. The physical properties above 220 K are little affected by the radiation damage, however the temperature of the anomaly is shifted to lower temperatures. A dose which is estimated to damage of the order of 1 % of the molecules lowers T_c from 220 K to 150 K.     

Laser-induced,second-order optical susceptibilities of YAB:Cr3+ single crystals

Complex temperature studies of optically stimulated second harmonic generation (SHG) at 1064?nm for pulsed 10?ns Nd:YAG laser radiation under illumination of two coherent laser beams (at 1064?nm and its 532?nm second harmonic) were carried out by means of the Maker fringe method. The bicolour coherent process allowed detection of some additionally induced non-centrosymmetry. The effect was studied at different temperatures and experimental geometries in YAB:Cr³⁺ single crystals. We found that Cr³⁺ ions play a principal role in the observed effects. The output of optically stimulated SHG was generally non-spherical in the sequence profile, contrary to the traditional non-stimulated SHG. Moreover, we also established that the optimal conditions for obtaining SHG corresponded to the fundamental/writing beam intensities ratio 6:1. A specially performed control of the photo-thermal sample heating showed that the increase of temperature did not exceed 1.2?K, which allowed the influence of photo-thermal heating to be neglected. The optimal input–output laser geometry corresponded to s-p polarisation and to the angle of about 32° between the photo-inducing and fundamental beams. Additionally in the studied temperature range (77–295?K) there was observed an enhancement of the output second-order susceptibilities from 0.72?pm/V up to 1.02?pm/V.     

One-dimensional single-shot thermometry in flames using femtosecond-CARS line imaging

We report single-laser-shot one-dimensional thermometry in flames using femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs-CARS) line imaging. Fs-CARS enables high-repetition-rate (1-10?kHz), nearly collision-free measurement of temperature and species concentration in reacting flows. Two high-power 800?nm beams are used as the pump and probe beams and a 983?nm beam is used as the Stokes beam for CARS signal generation from the N2Q-branch transitions at ～2330?cm(-1). The probe beam is frequency-chirped for single-laser-shot imaging. All three laser beams are formed into sheets and crossed in a line which forms the probe region. The resulting 1D line-CARS signal at ～675?nm is spatially and spectrally resolved and recorded as a two-dimensional (2D) image. Single-shot temperature measurements are demonstrated in flat-field flames up to temperatures exceeding 2000?K, demonstrating the potential of fs-CARS line imaging for high-repetition-rate thermometry in turbulent flames. Such measurements can provide valuable data to validate complex turbulent-combustion models as well as increase the understanding of the spatio-temporal instabilities in practical combustion devices such as modern gas-turbine combustors and augmentors.     

Interaction of iron atoms with the silicon surface coated with a native oxide layer

The solid-phase epitaxy of iron silicide on the Si(111) surface coated with a native oxide layer is studied by high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation and by atomic force microscopy. The iron deposition dose changes up to 1 nm, and the annealing temperature changes up to 500°C. At room temperature, the native oxide layer is shown to be impermeable to Fe atoms and an iron film grows on the sample surface. An increase in the annealing temperature to ～100°C results in a change in the film morphology, increasing its heterogeneity. As the annealing temperature increases to ～250°C, Fe and Si atoms diffuse through the oxide layer and undergo a solid-phase reaction. As a result, stable iron monosilicide ?-FeSi forms.     

Investigation of chromosome damage in human cells irradiated by beam for proton therapy produced by phasotron at the joint institute for nuclear research

The physical characteristics of the proton beam produced by a phasotron at JINR for radiation therapy are given. Chromosome damage in cells on the model of human blood lymphocytes irradiated by the initial proton beam with an energy of 170 MeV at the entrance to the object and in the Bragg peak region is studied, which corresponds to the irradiation of surrounding tissues along the beam path and tumor tissues. High proton efficiency in the Bragg peak is shown. RBE in the Bragg peak is ～1.25 in the dose range 1–4 Gy, while the proton efficiency of the initial beam is the same as that of standard γ radiation. Since delivering a dose to a tumor is performed by irradiating the patient from several directions (up to 7), the level of cytogenetic damage to cells of the surrounding tissues on the path of the initial beam is reduced by approximately an order of magnitude. Thus, for a dose of 3 Gy in a tumor, up to 80% of its cells are damaged, while the level of damage in the surrounding tissues does not exceed 10%. The results of investigations confirm the high efficiency of proton beams for radiation therapy.     

Real‐space analysis of radiation‐induced specific changes with independent component analysis

A method of analysis is presented that allows for the separation of specific radiation‐induced changes into distinct components in real space. The method relies on independent component analysis (ICA) and can be effectively applied to electron density maps and other types of maps, provided that they can be represented as sets of numbers on a grid. Here, for glucose isomerase crystals, ICA was used in a proof‐of‐concept analysis to separate temperature‐dependent and temperature‐independent components of specific radiation‐induced changes for data sets acquired from multiple crystals across multiple temperatures. ICA identified two components, with the temperature‐independent component being responsible for the majority of specific radiation‐induced changes at temperatures below 130 K. The patterns of specific temperature‐independent radiation‐induced changes suggest a contribution from the tunnelling of electron holes as a possible explanation. In the second case, where a group of 22 data sets was collected on a single thaumatin crystal, ICA was used in another type of analysis to separate specific radiation‐induced effects happening on different exposure‐level scales. Here, ICA identified two components of specific radiation‐induced changes that likely result from radiation‐induced chemical reactions progressing with different rates at different locations in the structure. In addition, ICA unexpectedly identified the radiation‐damage state corresponding to reduced disulfide bridges rather than the zero‐dose extrapolated state as the highest contrast structure. The application of ICA to the analysis of specific radiation‐induced changes in real space and the data pre‐processing for ICA that relies on singular value decomposition, which was used previously in data space to validate a two‐component physical model of X‐ray radiation‐induced changes, are discussed in detail. This work lays a foundation for a better understanding of protein‐specific radiation chemistries and provides a framework for analysing effects of specific radiation damage in crystallographic and cryo‐EM experiments.     

Non‐invasive measurement of X‐ray beam heating on a surrogate crystal sample

Cryocooling is a technique routinely used to mitigate the effects of secondary radiation damage on macromolecules during X‐ray data collection. Energy from the X‐ray beam absorbed by the sample raises the temperature of the sample. How large is the temperature increase and does this reduce the effectiveness of cryocooling? Sample heating by the X‐ray beam has been measured non‐invasively for the first time by means of thermal imaging. Specifically, the temperature rise of 1 mm and 2 mm glass spheres (sample surrogates) exposed to an intense synchrotron X‐ray beam and cooled in a laminar flow of nitrogen gas is experimentally measured. For the typical sample sizes, photon energies, fluxes, flux densities and exposure times used for macromolecular crystallographic data collection at third‐generation synchrotron radiation sources and with the sample accurately centered in the cryostream, the heating by the X‐ray beam is only a few degrees. This is not sufficient to raise the sample above the amorphous‐ice/crystalline‐ice transition temperature and, if the cryostream cools the sample to 100 K, not even enough to significantly enhance radiation damage from secondary effects.     

Temperature dependence of the hyperfine fields for fluorine in ferromagnetic iron,nickel and gadolinium

The temperature dependence of the magnetic hyperfine fields at the sites of F nuclei implanted into ferromagnetic Fe, Ni and Gd has been studied in the temperature range from 77 K to 670 K. A pulsed proton beam was used to observe the time-differential precession of the 5/2⁺ state in¹⁹F. Deviations from the bulk magnetization were found for Fe and Ni. The damping of the two observed fields in Ni was interpreted in terms of a field distribution caused by an induced radiation damage. The occupation sites for F and possible mechanisms of the anomalous temperature dependence are discussed.     

Radiation damage to protein specimens from electron beam imaging and diffraction: a mini‐review of anti‐damage approaches,with special reference to synchrotron X‐ray crystallography

Recent research progress using X‐ray cryo‐crystallography with the photon beams from third‐generation synchrotron sources has resulted in recognition that this intense radiation commonly damages protein samples even when they are held at 100 K. Other structural biologists examining thin protein crystals or single particle specimens encounter similar radiation damage problems during electron diffraction and imaging, but have developed some effective countermeasures. The aim of this concise review is to examine whether analogous approaches can be utilized to alleviate the X‐ray radiation damage problem in synchrotron macromolecular crystallography. The critical discussion of this question is preceded by presentation of background material on modern technical procedures with electron beam instruments using 300–400 kV accelerating voltage, low‐dose exposures for data recording, and protection of protein specimens by cryogenic cooling; these practical approaches to dealing with electron radiation damage currently permit best resolution levels of 6 Å (0.6 nm) for single particle specimens, and of 1.9 Å for two‐dimensional membrane protein crystals. Final determination of the potential effectiveness and practical value of using such new or unconventional ideas will necessitate showing, by experimental testing, that these produce significantly improved protection of three‐dimensional protein crystals during synchrotron X‐ray diffraction.     

高温黑体性能评定和温度测量

中国计量科学研究院引进了高温黑体BB3500M作为新的光谱辐射照度基准光源。黑体BB3500M包括辐射腔体和温度反馈系统。辐射腔体由一系列高温热解石墨环组成,可以加热至3 500 K。在光谱辐照度测量中,高温黑体的性能参数和温度测量至关重要。对于黑体的性能参数,着重考察了黑体温度的稳定性和腔底温度的均匀性。在将高温黑体的光谱辐射照度传递给工作标准灯时,黑体的温度可能发生改变。实验观测了一小时内黑体的温度漂移情况。当高温黑体加热至3 016 K时,采用温度反馈系统的BB3500M稳定在0.3 K。实验光路中设置了限制光栏,用于屏蔽来自黑体腔壁的辐射。黑体腔底辐射环的温度均匀性优于0.2 K。在温度测量中,2 473 K以下的温度可以直接溯源到中国计量科学研究院热工处,对于更高温度的测量需要进行温度延伸。文中从普朗克公式出发,通过多波长亮度比较法进行了温度延伸。实验先在低温区进行延伸证实了方法的可能性,然后进行了高温区的温度延伸。     

1.06μm连续激光照射下K9玻璃板的应力松驰破坏

 基于一维应力松弛模型和粘弹性本构关系,对1.06μm连续激光照射下K9玻璃板中的温升和应力作了计算,结果表明,由于应力松弛效应,激光停照后的冷却过程中产生的残余拉伸应力可达到玻璃的拉伸断裂强度阈值,而激光加热期间的最大压缩应力却小于压缩断裂强度要求。对3mm厚的K9玻璃板,由应力松弛引起破坏所要求的激光参数为946kWm^-2作用0.2s,因而应力松弛可能为1.06 μm连续激光大光斑照射下K9玻璃窗口损伤的主要模式。     

Radiation damage to DNA: the importance of track structure

A wide variety of biological effects are induced by ionizing radiation, from cell death to mutations and carcinogenesis. The biological effectiveness is found to vary not only with the absorbed dose but also with the type of radiation and its energy, i.e., with the nature of radiation tracks. An overview is presented of some of the biological experiments using different qualities of radiation, which when compared with Monte Carlo track structure studies, have highlighted the importance of the localized spatial properties of stochastic energy deposition on the nanometer scale at or near DNA. The track structure leads to clustering of damage which may include DNA breaks, base damage etc., the complexity of the cluster and therefore its biological repairability varying with radiation type.

The ability of individual tracks to produce clustered damage, and the subsequent biological response are important in the assessment of the risk associated with low-level human exposure. Recent experiments have also shown that biological response to radiation is not always restricted to the ‘hit’ cell but can sometimes be induced in ‘un-hit’ cells near by.     

Gamma ray radiation induced visible light absorption in P-doped silica fibers at low dose levels

A CCD Fiber Optic Spectrometer has been used to monitor the gamma ray radiation induced loss in P-doped fibers at different dopant concentrations (1, 5 and 10 mol%) with a light source (an incandescent bulb with a temperature of 2800–3000 K). The range of dose rates is limited to that used in medical applications (cancer treatments), that is 0.1 to 1.0 Gray per minute (Gy/min). At low integral dose level (<2.0 Gy) four absorption peaks were observed (470, 502, 540 and 600 nm) within the visible region. It has been observed that the radiation induced loss at 470 and 600 nm depends strongly on dose rate. At dose rates of 0.2 and 0.5 Gy/min the induced loss shows nonlinear relation to the total dose. However, at high dose rate (1.0 Gy/min) and low dose rate (0.1 Gy/min) it seems to have a linear dependence with total dose. The conversion from NBOHCs to GeX centers was observed during gamma radiation at low dose rates (0.1–0.5 Gy/min). At the wavelength of 502 and 540 nm, the radiation induced losses show excellent linear relations with total dose (<2.0 Gy) with little dose rate dependence. Experimental results show that the sensitivity (induced loss (dB) per meter fiber per Gy) of 5 mol% P-doped silica fiber is more than 30 times greater than that of a standard multi-mode (MM) communication fiber. The results suggest that P-doped silica fiber is a good candidate as a sensing component in fiber optic dosimetry, especially for radiation therapy applications.     

γ射线及质子辐照导致CCD光谱响应退化的机制

光谱响应是表征CCD性能的重要参数。为了研究辐射环境对CCD光谱响应产生影响的规律及物理机制,开展了不同粒子辐照实验,对CCD光谱响应曲线的退化形式及典型波长下CCD光响应的退化情况进行了分析。辐射效应对CCD光谱响应的影响可以分为电离总剂量效应和位移效应导致的退化,本文从这两种辐射效应出发,采用⁶⁰Co-γ射线及质子两种辐照条件,研究了CCD光谱响应的退化规律。针对460 nm（蓝光）和700 nm（红光）等典型CCD光响应波长,从辐射效应导致的损伤缺陷方面分析了CCD光谱响应退化的物理机制。研究发现,在⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照时CCD光谱响应曲线变化是由于暗信号增加导致的,而质子辐照导致CCD对700 nm波长的光响应退化明显大于460 nm波长的光响应,且10 MeV质子导致的损伤比3 MeV质子更明显,表明位移损伤缺陷易导致CCD光谱响应退化。结果表明,电离总剂量效应主要导致CCD光谱响应整体变化,而位移效应则导致不同波长光的响应差异增大。     

Crystallization of mesoporous silica SBA-15 in a high pressure hydrothermal environment

Mesoporous silica SBA-15 (with ～6?nm pore size and ～6?nm wall thickness) was exposed to a hydrothermal environment at 2 and 5?GPa. The p,T quenched products were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis of a sample subjected to 5?GPa at room temperature suggests functionalization of both inner and outer pore surface by silanol. Partial transformation to nano-sized (20–50?nm) coesite crystals with nonfaceted morphology was observed during short equilibration times of 2?h at 125°C, which is significantly below the melting point of water (～250°C). Untransformed SBA-15 maintained intact pore structure. At 175°C and during 8?h, SBA-15 transformed completely into faceted coesite crystals with dimensions 100–300?nm, suggesting Ostwald ripening and thus significant mass transport in the solid water environment. At 2?GPa the melting point of water is near 70°C. Partial transformation to nano-sized α-quartz was observed at 65°C and during 2?h. Untransformed SBA-15 partially pore collapsed. The reduced pore stability of SBA-15 at 2?GPa is attributed to the presence of liquid water in the pores due to melting point depression of confined water.     

高能氩离子在聚苯乙烯中的电子能损效应研究

用1.4GeV氢离子对多层堆叠的厚约53m的聚苯乙烯薄膜在室温和真空条件下进行了辐照;对辐照后的样品进行了从红外到紫外的光吸收测量.测量结果显示,材料经高能红离子辐照后发生化学降解,降解过程强烈依赖于电子能损;在能量沉积密度很高的径迹芯中,分子主链和苯环均遭到破坏;在电子能损高于0.77keV/nm时有炔基产生.     

AlGaN nanostructures with extremely high quantum yield at 300 K

Theoretical optimization of a quantum well heterostructure based on AlGaN solid solutions is implemented in order to attain the maximum charge carrier activation energy and the maximum exciton binding energy at a radiation wavelength of ~300 nm. An optimized structure sample with the radiative recombination dominating over the temperature range of 5 to 300 K and the room temperature internal quantum yield as high as 80% of the value measured at 5 K has been manufactured via plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy.     

Mechanisms of stacking fault tetrahedra destruction by gliding dislocations in quenched gold

The destruction processes of stacking fault tetrahedra (SFTs) induced by gliding dislocations were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in situ straining experiments for SFTs with edge lengths ranging from 10 to 50 nm. At least four distinct SFT destruction processes were identified: (1) consistent with a Kimura–Maddin model for both screw and 60° dislocations, (2) stress-induced SFT collapse into a triangular Frank loop, (3) partial annihilation leaving an apex portion and (4) complete annihilation. Process (4) was observed at room temperature only for small SFTs (～10 nm); however, this process was also frequently observed for larger SFTs (～30 nm) at higher temperature (～853 K). When this process was induced, the dislocation always cross-slipped, indicating only screw dislocations can induce this process.