基于分形理论的飞机雷击初始附着点的数值模拟

飞机雷击附着点的确定能够为飞机防雷设计提供依据,是飞机雷击区域划分和飞机各部件进行雷电试验鉴定的先决条件.本文提出了一种基于分形理论的飞机雷击初始附着点数值模拟的新方法.该方法首先依据标准SAE-ARP5416中有关飞机雷击附着点试验的规定,确定放电间隙、雷电起始坐标、飞机姿态和放电次数等参数,然后根据分形理论,使用电介质击穿模型模拟符合自然界雷电物理机理和几何特征的雷电先导分形发展过程,同时考虑飞机自身触发双向先导的情况,最终得到飞机的雷击附着点分布.通过本文方法仿真模拟得到飞机F-4雷击附着点的分布概率,并分别与该飞机飞行实验和实验室高压放电实验测试得到的真实雷击附着点的概率分布情况比较,结果基本吻合,验证了该方法的有效性.研究结果为飞机雷击附着点仿真模拟提供了一个有潜力的方法,可作为飞机防雷设计和今后开展相关研究工作的基础.     

雷电电磁脉冲对典型机载GPS模块的损伤效应研究

为研究雷电电磁脉冲对典型无人机机载GPS模块的损伤效应,通过仿真模拟和试验分析相结合的方法,获取了对GPS模块受雷电电磁脉冲暂态干扰与永久损伤过程的认识,并获得了相应端口的损伤阈值。基于对雷电流特性的分析结果,利用CST仿真模拟了雷击时,无人机内外产生的复杂电磁场环境和GPS模块线缆上耦合产生的感应电压。并对典型机载GPS模块的数据通讯端口进行了雷电脉冲注入试验。研究结果表明:随着雷电脉冲的不断增强,GPS输出波形受到削弱影响的程度不断加重,直至丧失位置信息传输能力并发生物理损伤。GPS数据输入端口的雷电脉冲损伤阈值为314.5 V,GPS数据输出端口的雷电脉冲损伤阈值为235.2 V。     

基于先导放电理论的直升机初始雷击附着位置北大核心CSCD

提出了一种基于流注-先导放电理论的数值模拟方法来快速判断直升机初始雷击附着点。首先,根据标准SAE-ARP 5416A中规定的相关试验方法,确定平板电极大小、直升机离边界距离等参数。然后,利用Becerra-Cooray正极性先导起始和发展判据对UH-60"黑鹰"直升机的主旋翼翼尖、尾旋翼翼尖、水平尾翼以及机头部位进行分析比较。最后,通过不断改变平板电极电势的方法,找到各个关键位置产生稳定正极性先导所需的最小背景电场值,以此为依据来对其初始雷击附着位置进行分析。结果表明,主旋翼翼尖最易成为初始雷击附着位置,而机头则较难成为初始雷击附着位置。     

飞机及分系统雷电效应标准及测试浅析

对国内外关军用及民用飞机平台、分系统及设备雷电标准进行分析,针对雷电直接效应和雷电间接效应的所有测试项目,详述每个测试项目的适用区域、波形要求、测试配置等。结合现有国内雷电设计验证标准及测试存在的不足,提出提升测试设备与试验验证技术匹配性、扩展军用标准测试领域、统一同军种同一平台要求等建议。通过对军用机载平台、设备及分系统关于雷电设计验证标准及测试的分析,为相关产品设计师及试验人员提供设计指标参考,明确产品关于雷电防护的设计要求及验证要求,做到有的放矢,提高设计费效比。     

计算机通信网络的防雷技术

鉴于近年来计算机通信网络遭受雷击损坏的情况日益严重，因此如何对计算机通信网络实施切实有效的防雷保护，保证系统安全可靠的运行，成为当前一项紧迫的重要课题．本文首先通过对计算机通信网络系统遭受雷击损坏的情况进行统计调查和现场勘测，以及对其相应电路模型的理论分析和模拟试验论证，较详细地分析了计算机通信网络系统遭受雷击损害的主要原因以及可能的侵入途径．在此基础上，介绍了如何通过模拟雷电冲击试验对计算机通信网络接口的雷电冲击伏－安特性进行测试研究，为制定计算机通信系统保护方案提供数据依据．最后，文章重点阐述了计算机通信网络系统的防雷保护方案，其中主要介绍了计算机通信网络接口或通信设备的防雷装置及其安装要求以及通信网络线路和地线回路的布放方式、相应的屏蔽措施等方面的问题．     

3维电介质击穿模型在雷电防护系统评估试验中的应用

 采用荷电圆盘雷云解析模型作激励源,利用电介质击穿模型进行了地闪先导放电高分辨力3维数值模拟,得到了50 m分辨力的地闪放电图样与先导近地500 m时的地面电场分布（峰值-164.9 kV·m_-1）,结果与实际观测值相符。模拟中通过高维样条插值实现了计算空间与评估区域的分辨力转换（50 m到1 m）,构建评估模型,可以进行雷电防护系统的数值评估试验。用该方案对一种雷电防护系统概念模型进行了试验,结果显示：系统10 m高、-1.5 MV激励的条件下,5 m高处的雷击概率以系统为中心随距离增加而增大,系统投影区域雷击概率为0;由于先导激励地面电场的非对称性,保护区范围各向分布极不均匀。通过此方案可以得到系统作用下精细的雷击概率分布,适用于雷电防护系统效能评估。     

基于LQR的无人直升机姿态控制器设计

无人直升机控制系统是一个易受环境干扰的、各通道相互耦合的非线性系统.为了实现无人直升机能在不同环境下自主飞行,需要设计抗干扰能力强的控制器;采用系统辨识的方法得到直升机横向通道和纵向通道姿态环路的线性系统模型;根据线性最优二次型理论,对直升机横向通道和纵向通道的姿态环路设计了LQR最优控制器,使用MATLAB仿真选取最优控制器参数后,在ALIGN 700N 直升机上进行了实际飞行试验,仿真和飞行试验表明,采用LQR控制技术设计的无人直升机姿态控制器具有较强的鲁棒性和实用性.     

AS350B2直升机飞行噪声的试验研究

中国航空研究院和德国宇航院合作开展直升机噪声研究,选择一架AS350B2直升机在哈尔滨平房机场进行了噪声测量。介绍了这次飞行试验的设备和试验方法,列出了全部十个试验飞行状态的暴露噪声级,并对试验直升机起飞爬升、水平飞行和下滑飞行时的噪声信号进行了频谱分析及小波分析。结果表明:试验直升机在起飞爬升和下滑飞行时的噪声水平较高,起飞爬升时噪声主要来自尾桨,下滑飞行时噪声主要来自旋翼的桨涡干扰,而且在直升机以中等飞行速度和大约6°的下滑角飞行时最为严重,并且桨涡干扰噪声指向前行桨叶一侧。     

闪电的人工触发和研究

介绍了人工引发闪电技术的发展历史和原理,以及近几年来我们利用这一技术在闪电物理研究方面取得进展。给出了人工引发闪电民流和高速摄像同步测量结果,并分析了各电流分量及其涉及的物理过程。在对比人工引发闪电与自然闪电异同的基础上,批出它的各方面都与从高建筑物始发的上行雷电十分相似。人工引发闪电在研究雷击机理、雷击效应、雷电防护以及电波传播、植物诱变育种等方面也具有广泛的应用前景。     

阈值分割法在直升机驾驶舱模拟器中的应用研究

通过对直升机起降特点及视角转换的分析研究,建立模拟起降模型。以VC++为工具,采用双缓冲技术及光栅处理技术,解决了驾驶舱图片透明化过程中存在的闪烁问题。在完成驾驶舱透明化处理的基础上通过采用阈值分割方法_[1],实现了驾驶舱与跑道在同一窗体不同区域中的显示,通过组件调用的方式完成驾驶舱按键对飞机起降的控制,并结合多线程技术完成了直升机模拟起降的仿真测试。该方法能直观清楚的反映直升机起降过程中驾驶舱内部及外部跑道的情况,对直升机起飞降落故障研究有一定的参考价值。     

Application of charge simulation method for investigation of effects of the trees on lightning protection of structures

The paper deals with the principles of lightning protection of structures. The principles have been formulated on the base of application of charge simulation method (CSM) in order to investigate the effects of trees on lightning protection of buildings. The simulation results and laboratory test on scale model demonstrate the benefit of this method of computation lightning protection for structures.     

Identification of lightning vulnerability points on complex grounded structures

The identification of the most vulnerable points on a given structure to be struck by lightning is an important issue on the design of a reliable lightning protection system. Traditionally, these lightning strike points are identified using the rolling sphere method, through an empirical correlation with the prospective peak return stroke current. However, field observations in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore have shown that the points where lightning flashes strike buildings also depend on the height and geometry of the structure. Since a lightning strike point is believed to be the place on a grounded structure where a propagating upward leader is first initiated, a physical leader inception model is used here to estimate the background electric field required to initiate a stable upward leader from the corners of some complex buildings. The computed location of the points from where leaders are incepted are compared with the damaged points on buildings struck by lightning. The observed lightning strike points coincide rather well with the corners of the buildings which are characterized by lower leader inception electric fields. Furthermore, it is found that the geometry of the buildings significantly influences the conditions necessary to initiate upward leaders and, therefore, the location of the most likely strike points.     

‘The mesh method’ in lightning protection standards – Revisited

At present the design of the Lightning protection systems (LPS) for structures as stipulated in standards is based on the electro – geometrical method, which was initially used to protect power lines from lightning. A derivative of the electro-geometrical method is the rolling sphere method. This method together, with the protection angle method and mesh method are used almost in all lightning standards as the measure in installing the lightning protection systems of grounded structures. In the mesh method, the dimension of the cell size in different levels of protection is determined using the rolling sphere method. Since the rolling sphere method does not take into account the physics of the lightning attachment process there is a need to evaluate the validity of the stipulated value in standards of the minimum lightning current that can penetrate through the mesh in different levels of protection. In this paper, meshes of different sizes as stipulated in the lightning protection standards were tested for their ability to intercept lightning flashes using a lightning attachment model that takes into account the physics of connecting leaders on. The results are in reasonable agreement with the specifications given in the lightning protection standards.     

Shielding failure rate calculation by means of downward and upward lightning leader movement models: Effect of environmental conditions

In this paper the effects of environmental conditions on shielding failure rate (SFR) of transmission lines are investigated. The study utilizes a previously published work in which leader progression model for lightning upward and downward leaders are used to calculate the SFR. Taking into account the effects of reduced air density and humidity on the parameters of upward leader model and wind pressure on the movement of lightning leaders and wires, SFR and maximum lightning stroke current causing shielding failure are computed. The electric field in all simulations is calculated by means of charge simulation method. The results of simulation show that the effects of relative air density and height of installation are quite higher than that of the wind pressure and humidity while the humidity has the lowest impact on the SFR of investigated transmission line.     

Studies on characteristics of lightning generated currents in an interconnected lightning protection system

An in-depth knowledge about the characteristics of lightning generated currents will facilitate evaluation of the interception efficacy of lightning protection systems. In addition, it would aid in extraction of valuable statistics (from measured current data) on local lightning parameters. Incidentally, present day knowledge on characteristics of lightning induced current in typical lightning protection systems is rather limited. This is particularly true with closely interconnected protection systems, like the one employed in Indian Satellite Launch Pad-II. This system is taken as a specific example in the present study. Various aspects suggest that theoretical modelling would be the best possible approach for the intended work. From the survey of pertinent literature, it is concluded that electromagnetic modelling of lightning return-stroke with current source at the channel base is best suited for this study. Numerical electromagnetic code was used for the required electromagnetic field solution and Fourier transform techniques were employed for computing time-domain results. A validation for the numerical modelling is provided by laboratory experiments on a reduced scale model of the system. Apart from ascertaining the influence of various parameters, salient characteristics of tower base currents for different kinds of events are deduced. This knowledge can be used in identifying the type of event, as well as its approximate location. A method for estimation of injected stroke current has also been proposed.     

3D simulation of the lightning path using a mixed physical-probabilistic model – The open source lightning model

The modeling of the lightning channel's propagation has been a major issue in lightning protection. Several solutions are already existing based on different assumptions revealing different properties of the lightning, including return strokes, the orientation point (and distance), and several other factors. The path of the lightning channel however is very hard to model using the physical equations and laws only, since a lot of the boundary conditions and starting conditions are unknown. Thus for these purposes the probabilistic approach is practically used. In this paper a lightning path simulation method is shown based on a probabilistic approach. The lightning path is mainly influenced by the electric field, and the existence of the start electrons. These conditions can't always be calculated, thus in many cases a probabilistic model shall be used. The model proposed in this article has a modular approach, it consists of several components. Each of these components can be improved based on existing theories, and empirical data, and this makes this simulation method – besides the realization – “open source”, as the components can be improved individually. At this stage of the development, many lightning parameters are yet omitted, but the model structure of course allows further improvement on this field as well.     

An experimental study of the damage degrees to ancient building timber caused by lightning strikes

Lightning strikes are one of the main natural causes of damages to ancient buildings, and have attracted a great deal of attention to the problem of lightning strike disasters. In this study, the lightning strike damage mechanism of ancient building timber and the related damage degrees are investigated, based on the representative timber materials. A lightning-strike simulation device with a 10/350 μs lightning current waveform was adopted for the experiments. The experimental results showed that the lightning strike damages to ancient building timber mainly included timber heating caused by lightning arc heat and current, as well as the air shock wave effects of the lightning, which led to various effect modes under different conditions. The correlations between the damage degree of timber and the water content of timber, timber thickness, as well as the lightning current intensity, are obtained. The current peaks of lightning and the timber water content are the main external and internal causes which influence the damage degrees of ancient timber.     

Characteristics of lightning flashes striking the CN Tower below its tip

It has been observed that tall structures are sometimes struck by lightning below their tops. This phenomenon necessitates the use of special procedures for the protection of tall structures from lightning hazards. This paper focuses on the analysis of lightning flashes that struck the CN Tower below its tip over an extended period of time (1991–2005). Through the use of video images recorded during the reporting period, it was found that out of 404 flashes to the tower, only 16 hit the tower below its tip (3.96%). The distance between the tower's tip and the strike location varied from 5.4 to 70 m. Statistical analysis of flash characteristics of strikes below the tower's tip generally shows that the flash duration and the number of strokes per flash are considerably lower than those for the majority of cases, when the tower is struck at its tip. Furthermore, a trend of decrease in flash duration is found as the distance between the tower's tip and the strike location increases. Therefore, based on the analysis of the available data, lightning strikes below the top of a tall structure do not seem to pose greater danger than strikes to the structure's top, assuming that the structure is also protected along its sides. It is hoped that the presented observations and statistical analyses will be of value in the development of sophisticated measures against lightning hazards at elevated objects.