目标自辐射与干扰目标反射光谱的氧气吸收特性分析

为分析不同目标反射太阳光谱的特性,研究被动测距中抑制干扰目标的方法,利用高光谱成像光谱仪作为测量设备,200 W卤钨灯作为模拟探测目标,玻璃板、光滑铝板、塑料板作为干扰目标,对模拟目标发射光谱和干扰目标反射太阳光谱进行了实验采集与分析。实验采集了晴朗天气条件下干扰目标反射光谱及卤钨灯目标辐射光谱的信息,并对其氧气吸收率进行了计算,综合分析了镜面反射干扰目标、漫反射目标及背景反射光与卤钨灯发射光光谱的氧气吸收率差异,结果表明：在455 m处,镜面反射目标和漫反射目标反射光的氧气吸收率是卤钨灯的2~3倍。因此,在一定距离下可以利用氧气吸收率的差异设置阈值来对目标进行判别,提高探测概率。     

基于Elsasser模型的氧气A带红外目标被动测距

被动测距技术结构简单、隐身无源,尤其适用于现代军事目标的探测。发展了基于目标辐射和氧分子光谱吸收衰减特性的近距离单波段被动测距方法。根据Lambert-Beer定律,确定氧气A带透过率与被测目标距离的关系;分析吸收系数随环境参数变化的分布规律,得到被测目标辐射强度分布。根据带平均透过率和高温气体辐射窄带模型计算方法,建立了基于洛伦兹线型的Elsasser模型近距离被动测距数学模型。用实测数据计算透过率与理论模型进行拟合,最终获得被测目标的距离信息,考虑周围环境对氧分子吸收系数的影响,校正测距精度。搭建了测距实验平台,10w黑体做光源,采用分辨率为17 cm-1的光栅光谱仪,光谱输入端采用23 mm口径的望远镜以提高光接收效率,水平方向分别对200 m以内不同距离进行测试。实验结果表明,将测得数据经平滑处理后计算出透过率与相同条件下预测模型的预测值进行比较,精度小于2.18%。     

背景辐射对被动测距精度影响分析及实验研究

为了分析背景辐射对基于氧气吸收被动测距精度的影响, 利用高光谱成像光谱仪作为测量设备, 卤钨灯作为目标, 进行了实验研究.首先, 介绍了基于氧气吸收被动测距技术的基本原理; 接着, 利用高光谱成像仪采集了夜间不同距离下的卤钨灯目标光谱分布, 根据氧气吸收被动测距原理, 计算了目标的氧气吸收率, 建立了氧气吸收率与路径关系的模型; 然后采集并计算了晴天2360 m处目标在不同时刻下的氧气吸收率分布, 根据所建模型, 利用白天测得的氧气吸收率数据解算距离并分析测距误差, 最终获得背景辐射对被动测距误差的影响.结果表明: 依据所建立的模型, 白天测距误差最大6.74%, 并且随着太阳高度角变小, 所处背景变暗, 误差逐渐变小, 到夜间时最小相对误差仅1.10%, 可达到较高测距精度.     

基于氧气A吸收带的baseline拟合距离反演算法

目标红外被动测距的实现同气体及其波段的选取密切相关。氧气A吸收带具有独特的谱线结构,对于火箭羽流或者高温辐射体的距离探测,氧气A吸收带是最佳的距离反演通道。利用该特点,详细研究了逐线积分算法(LBLRTM),并设计了氧气A带吸收系数及标准光谱计算软件;利用A吸收带吸收光谱带外数据,采用多项式拟合方法,实现基线(baseline)拟合,进而得到带平均透过率;在不同的距离条件下,将两种带平均透过率进行对比,误差在1.9%左右,拟合精度较高,该方法为后续距离的精确反演提供了理论依据。     

氧气吸收通道的高光谱传感器在轨光谱定标

通过对760nm氧气吸收特征的分析,构建波段半高宽分别为15、10、5和2.5nm的高光谱传感器模型,提出了四种光谱匹配类型和六种光谱匹配算法.基于MODTRAN辐射传输模型模拟出包含光谱偏移信息的测量光谱与参考光谱,计算出不同匹配类型和匹配算法的在轨光谱定标精度.结果表明,采用测量表观辐亮度和参考表观辐亮度作为光谱匹配类型,以相关系数作为光谱匹配算法的光谱定标精度最高.     

氧气吸收被动测距技术中的折射吸收误差

大气层中气体浓度随海拔高度的指数衰减造成了大气折射率的不均匀分布。目标辐射在大气层中传播时,其辐射路径因折射作用变为曲线,而在求解目标距离时却是沿视在路径计算氧气吸收率,这使得氧气吸收被动测距中存在一个固有误差项,这里称之为折射吸收误差。为了分析折射吸收误差对氧气吸收被动测距的影响,分别计算目标辐射路径和视在路径的氧气浓度,并通过辐射路径和视在路径上吸收气体含量相等的方法,建立了不同视在天顶角的折射吸收误差和目标真实距离的关系。结果表明:相同天顶角下,折射吸收误差随路径长度增加而变大。天顶角小于90°时,折射吸收误差变化规律复杂,但能满足100km以内的高精度近程测距和150km以上的远程告警;天顶角大于90°时,折射吸收误差的变化规律简单且误差值很小,可实现全程高精度测距。因此该结论可为氧气吸收被动测距技术的误差修正提供一定的理论支持,同时也证明了该被动测距技术的适用性。     

基于大气氧光谱吸收特性的单目单波段被动测距

根据目标红外辐射在大气中传输衰减的特性探测传感器与目标的距离, 隐身无源, 难于被敌方探测, 发展了一种基于大气氧组分光谱吸收特性的单目单波段被动测距方法.引入视线路径的概念, 将氧物性分布场离散化, 寻找辐射积分路径; 利用离散传递法基本思想, 得到目标窄带辐射强度分布.基于氧分子吸收发射谱独立、吸收系数恰当, 饱和可测范围大等特性, 分析氧吸收波段内谐振频带和远谐振频带辐射强度谱线分布的相对关系, 得到其与积分路径(即距离)的关联. 采用分辨率为0.75 nm半高宽的窄带高分辨率光谱仪, 实地校准氧物性分布场, 实现了测距实验范围75–200 m, 模型测算相对误差最大为7.56%的样机. 关键词： 被动测距 单目测距 单波段测距 氧光谱     

仪器分辨率对氧气A带被动测距的影响分析

透过率的计算是红外目标被动测距技术的核心,其精度直接影响到被测距离的精度,而仪器分辨率又直接影响到光谱信号的精度。为了研究光谱仪器分辨率对带平均透过率的影响,选用氧气A带为研究对象,采用基线拟合方式计算被测目标的带平均透过率,利用随机Malkmus模型计算被测目标距离,从而获得仪器分辨率对被动测距的影响。为此,搭建了被动测距实验系统,通过对卤素灯光源在不同距离的光谱测量,验证仪器分辨率对带平均模式被动测距的影响。首先,介绍氧气A带透过率的计算方法,计算理论值;以卤素灯为光源,利用光谱仪分别测量相同距离不同分辨率的光谱曲线,计算实测大气透过率,分析光谱分辨率对单谱线的影响;然后,在分析比较透过率模型和实测透过率谱线的基础上,对透过率计算模型进行拟合、校正,验证光谱分辨率对带模型的影响。对于单条谱线,仪器的不同分辨率可测得的谱线区别较大,而对带平均谱线,相同波数点的光谱信号取平均,获得平均效应,使得被测谱线几乎没有变化;分辨率的模型选择需根据不同的应用场合、不同的精度要求选择合适的分辨率。实验结果表明：分辨率对单谱线的透过率影响较大,随着分辨率的降低,被捕获的光谱信息点取值越少,被测目标距离相关系数越小;分辨率对带平均透过率的计算影响较小,不同分辨率下测得的目标距离,几乎重合;而仪器分辨率越高则测量时间越长,当使用带平均透过率计算被测目标距离,在精度要求范围内,可以适当降低仪器分辨率,从而极大地提高测量速度,并达到测量实时性,同时降低系统搭建的成本。该结论可为透过率测量的应用提供依据。     

基于反射光谱吸收特征勘探天然气的方法研究

反射光谱学提供了一种高效和低成本的鉴别物质成分和结构的方法;油气微渗漏理论则建立了油气藏与其上部地表的特定异常之间的因果关系。因此,可以通过检测地表异常的反射光谱来勘探油气。野外实地测量和高光谱遥感均能够实现反射光谱的检测。文章通过对青海某地区野外测量的反射光谱的分析,首先提出了典型气田区测点的光谱曲线的宏观吸收特征;然后,完成了反射光谱中的吸收特征的提取,包括吸收波段深度、位置、宽度和对称度,以此分析测区采集的样品光谱,建立了该地区的特征光谱库;提出了检测地表烃类物质的方法;最后基于线性解混模型,实现了半定量地提取测区主要蚀变矿物的丰度信息。     

S25光电阴极与景物反射光谱的光谱匹配系数Ⅰ.暗绿色涂层和绿色草木

从光电器件对光源的响应率出发,引伸出光电极与景物之间的光谱匹配纱数表达式,计算了Ｓ２５光电阴极与暗绿色涂层和绿色草木的光谱匹配系数。Ｓ２５１光电阴极在满月光下,对暗绿色涂层的光谱匹配系数为０．５５１２,对绿色草木为０．２７８３;在晴朗星光下,则分别为０．２６６２和０．１２５５;对Ｓ２５２光电阴极,前者分别为０．７１７４和０．６８２０,后者分别为０．５７４１和０．４８４０。计算结果对夜视系统视距估算     

IR optical absorption and reflection spectra in narrow gap semiconductors

Light transmission T(λ) and reflection R(λ) spectra were measured for the crystals Cd_xHg_1−xTe (x = 0.26). InSb and Mn_xHg_1−xTe (x = 0.12) with low impurity content at T = 300 K in the wavelength range 2.5 μm ⩽ λ ⩽40 μm. From the measured T(λ) and R(λ) data a dependence of the absorption coefficient x(λ) for the free-carriers light absorption (FCLA) was derived, which is caused by the intrabund electron and hole transitions and the intcrband transitions of the heavy holes from the band V₁ to the band V₂ of the light holes: x(λ) = x_intraband(λ) + x_interband(λ).It is concluded from the quantum mechanical approach that the intraband FCLA is directly related with the carriers scattering mechanisms. Calculations of x_intraband(λ) within the framework of this approach demonstrated that under room temperature the major contribution was from the scattering by polar optical phonons. In the case of less perfect Mn_xHg_1−xTe however, one should take into account the scattering by the short-range potentials of the defects.     

Derivation of absorption coefficients from reflection spectra for dyed wool cloth

The Girin-Stephanov theory is used. The reflection coefficient for an elementary layer is derived from Fresnel's formula for normal incidence, as modified by a factor for the proportion of the area taken up by fibers.     

Analysis of diffuse reflection and absorption spectra of ZnO in the near-IR region

It is established that the absorption of ZnO in the near-IR region of the spectrum is determined by free electrons and chemisorbed gases. The free-electron absorption spectrum is approximated by a power function with an exponent which varies within the range 2–3, depending on the defectiveness of the specimen. Chemisorbed gases yield absorption bands at 1.37; 1.18; 1.08–1.03; 0.95–0.93; 0.85; 0.75–0.73; and 0.65–0.63 eV. The bands at 1.18 and 0.85 eV are due to chemisorbed oxygen in the states O^– and O₂ ^–, while the other bands can be attributed mainly to atomic hydrogen and OH-groups.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 86–90, July, 1988.We thank E. V. Komarov for his help in conducting the experiments.     

The polarized reflection and absorption spectra of perylene crystals in monomeric and dimeric forms

The electronic absorption spectra of perylene crystals in the α- and β-forms were measured by the normal incidence reflection method in the spectral region from 20 000 to 60 000 cm^?1. From the absorption spectrum polarized perpendicular to [1$\text{1}$0] axis of the α-form crystal, the bands around 24 000 cm^?1 were determined to be polarized along the long molecular axis. Two strong bands with different polarizations were observed around 50 000 cm^?1 for each of the α- and β-perylene crystals and were assigned to the transitions to the ¹B_2u and ¹B_3u states. The observed polarized absorption spectra as a whole were consistent with the theoretical results by Hummel and Ruedenberg and the reflection method was found to be suitable to the polarized absorption measurement of strong bands of crystals. The observed factor-group splittings were compared with the theoretical values, the oriented gas model being found to be applicable to the β-form crystal.     

Reemission spectra and interference effects at the interaction of multiatomic targets with ultrashort electromagnetic pulses

The processes of reemission of ultrashort electromagnetic pulses by linear chains consisting of isolated multielectron atoms have been considered. The developed method makes it possible to accurately take into account the spatial inhomogeneity of the field of an ultrashort pulse and the momenta of photons in reemission processes. The angular distributions of reemission spectra have been obtained for an arbitrary number of atoms in a chain. It has been shown that the interference of the photon emission amplitudes leads to the appearance of characteristic “diffraction” maxima. The results allow standard generalization to the cases of rescattering from two-dimensional (graphene-like) and three-dimensional lattices, as well as to the case of the inclusion of thermal vibrations of the atoms of lattices.     

Infrared reflection absorption spectra of Fe(CO)5 adsorbed on Au surfaces

Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) shows that the CO stretching bands of Fe(CO)₅ adsorbed on Au surfaces are significantly different in band shape as well as in frequency from the bands observed in a transmission mode. This difference has been observed for other metal substrates and explained in terms of the anomalous dispersion of the refractive index in the region of the observed bands. The refractive indices of Fe(CO)₅ are calculated using the Kramers-Kronig relation from the transmission spectra of Fe(CO)₅ adsorbed on a sapphire plate, an SiO₂-coated sapphire plate, and an Au film evaporated on a sapphire plate, and the IRA spectra of Fe(CO)₅ adsorbed on Au are calculated using Fresnel's formula. The results show that the ν₁₀ band of Fe(CO)₅ becomes very sharp and shifts to higher frequencies by more than 10 cm⁻¹, while the ν₆ band becomes a shoulder of the v₁₀ band, in good agreement with the observed IRA spectra. The IRAS calculation also shows that the weak band observed at 2114 cm⁻¹ for the Au film remains unchanged in position, in agreement with the observed IRAS.