集成光学电场探头测量HEMP的系统误差分析

讨论了集成光学电场探头测量高空电磁脉冲（HEMP）的系统误差。根据探测器传输函数和HEMP的表达式得出了误差方程。并通过对HEMP表达式的特征分析,对误差方程进行了简化。通过方程的求解,分析了探测器和HEMP波形的各项参数对测量结果的影响。结果表明：误差随着双指数波幅值、半宽/前沿和探测器工作点漂移的增大而增大;探测器的5%和10%系统测量误差对应的最大测量幅值分别为半波电场的0.165倍和0.23倍。该结论可为此类探测器的使用提供参考。     

基于原始波形测量的脉冲电场探测器

介绍了脉冲电场微分测量和原始波形测量的基本原理,设计研制了一系列不同灵敏度的脉冲电场原始波形测量系统,分析了脉冲电场探测器的理论修正模型。该测量系统主要包括天线模块、积分器模块、放大和驱动模块以及光电传输模块,利用同轴型TEM小室对测量系统进行了时域标定。结果表明:测量系统的前沿响应时间小于1.0 ns,系统输出脉冲平顶在10.0μs内下降不超过5%,测量系统输出幅度与电场强度在20 dB的动态范围内呈线性关系,该系列探测器可以用来测量最小10 V/m、最大100 kV/m的电场强度,满足高空电磁脉冲标准环境的测量要求。     

基于FPGA的电磁脉冲电场测量系统

为了测量纳秒级前沿的电磁脉冲电场,研制了一种基于现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）的宽频带电磁脉冲电场测量系统,该系统采用单极子天线作为电场探头的接收天线,高速AD采集调理电路输出的电压信号,由FPGA接收AD采样的数据并保存至DDR2和FLASH存储器中;分析了系统的整体方案;对系统的信号调理、采集的触发方式、FPGA控制以及干扰屏蔽等关键技术进行了重点分析;通过电场探头、电磁脉冲模拟器、PTEM暗室、衰减器以及示波器进行了性能和功能验证实验;利用软件将电场探头和示波器测得的信号进行处理和对比;实验表明,所研制的电场探头可以测量前沿大于2.5 ns、电场强度为0~50 kV/m的脉冲电场,系统线性度好,体积小,抗干扰性能好,测量准确性高。     

电场极化方向对自由空间电场测量的影响

介绍了自主研制的脉冲电场原始波形测量系统的模块组成与基本工作原理。针对在未知被测电场方向及复杂的电场环境下垂直干扰电场对自由空间电场测量产生的影响,通过建立自由空间电场测量系统前端的简化模型,对不同尺寸天线与屏蔽盒进行仿真计算。仿真计算结果与理论分析基本一致,结果表明：干扰电场响应信号与待测电场响应信号相差2个数量级以上,干扰电场的影响可忽略不计。     

地面附近架高线缆HEMP响应计算的Agrawal和Taylor模型比较

研究在高空核爆电磁脉冲(HEMP)的作用下,地面附近架高线缆感应瞬态电压、电流的传输线模型计算方法并进行比较。考虑到有耗地面的电气参数,列举了Agrawal和Taylor两种传输线理论模型的异同,应用格林函数求积分和叠加定理,分别采用两种模型,计算并比较了不同入射波和线缆布放状态下的电压、电流响应,以及各场分量(水平电场、垂直电场和水平磁场)单独存在时对电流、电压响应的贡献。结果显示,Agrawal和Taylor模型得到的电压、电流响应是一致的,可以考虑在有界波电磁脉冲模拟器中进行短线缆的效应实验;由于相同的场分量在不同的模型中对电压、电流响应的贡献并不相同,因此在阐述某一场分量对线缆响应贡献大小时,应该首先说明所采用的传输线模型。     

地面附近架高线缆HEMP响应计算的Agrawal和Taylor模型比较

研究在高空核爆电磁脉冲(HEMP)的作用下,地面附近架高线缆感应瞬态电压、电流的传输线模型计算方法并进行比较。考虑到有耗地面的电气参数,列举了Agrawal和Taylor两种传输线理论模型的异同,应用格林函数求积分和叠加定理,分别采用两种模型,计算并比较了不同入射波和线缆布放状态下的电压、电流响应,以及各场分量(水平电场、垂直电场和水平磁场)单独存在时对电流、电压响应的贡献。结果显示,Agrawal和Taylor模型得到的电压、电流响应是一致的,可以考虑在有界波电磁脉冲模拟器中进行短线缆的效应实验;由于相同的场分量在不同的模型中对电压、电流响应的贡献并不相同,因此在阐述某一场分量对线缆响应贡献大小时,应该首先说明所采用的传输线模型。     

驻波法测量声速实验的系统误差分析

在驻波法测量声速的实验中,系统误差产生的主要原因是:声波在两端面间多次反射,入射波与反射波并非形成理想驻波;能量损耗以及回程差等。为此,在实验中应采取的措施是:选定压电换能器的反射面与接收面的距离后开始测量;准确判断测量点(极大值的位置);以及改进仪器设备等。     

基于开放式TEM小室的电场探头校准及改进方法

目前的电场探头标定实验大多只考虑TEM小室结构和性能的影响,在校准实验中,探头的放入使得标定结果产生了很大的偏差,相较于TEM小室,电场探头的尺寸是产生误差的主要原因。以开放式TEM小室为基础,考虑了实际模型和电场探头的影响,利用三维电磁仿真软件,从时域角度研究了不同结构和尺寸TEM小室的辐射场分布,并从频域角度对TEM小室的S参数进行分析。比较了探头放入小室前后的误差,并根据计算结果引入了电场的校准公式。为改善探头对电场的影响,设计了一种新型结构,结果表明,新结构在保证带宽的同时,提高了电场的均匀性和探头标定的准确度。     

真空绝缘子脉冲表面电场在线测量系统的实现

基于Kerr电光效应,建立了用以对纳秒脉冲高电压作用下的真空绝缘子表面电场进行在线测量的实验系统。该测量系统由快脉冲高电压源、YAG激光器、同步控制系统、被测中空薄壁绝缘子及Kerr效应单元、光学相位差检测系统等部分构成。利用YAG激光器输出的激光脉冲,触发导通快脉冲高压源中的高压气体开关,使其给被测绝缘子试品上施加一个脉宽100 ns的高压脉冲方波。利用同步控制,使得探测激光在试品上的脉冲方波达到幅值后,入射到Kerr腔体中对Kerr效应进行探测。从而实现了对绝缘子表面电场的在线测量,并给出了初步的测量结果。     

真空绝缘子脉冲表面电场在线测量系统的实现

基于Kerr电光效应,建立了用以对纳秒脉冲高电压作用下的真空绝缘子表面电场进行在线测量的实验系统。该测量系统由快脉冲高电压源、YAG激光器、同步控制系统、被测中空薄壁绝缘子及Kerr效应单元、光学相位差检测系统等部分构成。利用YAG激光器输出的激光脉冲,触发导通快脉冲高压源中的高压气体开关,使其给被测绝缘子试品上施加一个脉宽100ns的高压脉冲方波。利用同步控制,使得探测激光在试品上的脉冲方波达到幅值后,入射到Kerr腔体中对Kerr效应进行探测。从而实现了对绝缘子表面电场的在线测量,并给出了初步的测量结果。     

Asynchronous optical sampling for high-speed characterization of integrated resonant terahertz sensors

Two femtosecond Ti:sapphire lasers with slightly different repetition rates near 1 GHz are coupled to implement high-speed asynchronous optical sampling. The application of this technique is successfully demonstrated in the field of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS). A time delay of 1 ns is scanned at a frequency of 5 kHz without moving mechanical parts. Compared with that of conventional TDS schemes based on lock-in detection and moving mirrors, the readout time of integrated resonant THz sensors is reduced by a factor of 20, opening the way for high-throughput THz sensing in marker-free DNA analysis.     

Signal measurement system for intra-body communication using optical isolation method

In this paper, we describe an induced signal measurement on the human body for developing a high-performance transceiver of an intra-body communication system. It is important to isolate awearable transceiver from an electrical instrument for precise measurement. We have developed a probe system using an optical isolation method including a laser diode, photo-diode, and optical fiber. The probe system can be successfully applied to the precise measurement of a receiving signal power at a wearable transceiver. We verify that the experimental results agree with the simulation results based on our previous channel model of intra-body communication.     

Sensitivity of prismatic integrated optical sensors under nearly critical conditions

The sensitivity of integrated optical sensors based on prismatic excitation of planar waveguides is analyzed. It is shown that the sensitivity peak is attained when the waveguide modes are excited under nearly critical conditions.     

Sensitivity of integrated optical sensors based on a prism coupler

Errors of registration of complex mode propagation constant increments for the sensors with a film waveguiding structure deposited on the base of the prism coupler are investigated. Possibilities for minimization of mean square errors of the registration by choosing parameters of the waveguiding structure and the exciting light beam are determined. As an example, the optimized sensor of ammonia concentration in air is analysed.     

Wide-range viscoelastic measurement using resonating sensors

We have developed a specially designed sensor with its associated instrumentation using a so called acoustical near-field technique based on small resonating horns. Contrary to the conventional measuring devices used in the rheology industry, this sensor enables wide-range and continuous viscosity measurements, including liquid to solid material transition. The sensor is composed of a small piezoelectric element which enables the horn to resonate. Shear waves are generated by means of the thinner part of the sensor (dipped into the material) confining the acoustic field to the tip to ensure local measurements. The frequency is scanned across the resonating frequencies in order to perform these measurements with the maximum of speed and efficiency. The shear moduli G' and G' of the material is deduced from the electrical impedance measurement at the resonance frequencies. In case of rapidly changing materials, such as quick setting cements or polyesters, we have developed a specific fast instrumentation based on the impulse response of the sensor, which realizes very fast measurements, typically 30 measurements per second. Modelization and experiments are reported.     

Compact fluorescence depletion microscope system using an integrated optical element

The performance of a fluorescence depletion microscope system depends critically on the precise alignment of both the pump and the erase beams with the axis of the focusing objective lens. In this article we propose a technique with which the need for separate alignment of the pump and erase beams is eliminated. Besides being insensitive to alignment errors, our technique is much more compact than present systems, and can serve as a basis for a commercial fluorescence depletion microscope.     

扭转角测量系统中焦距误差分析

针对莫尔条纹测量扭转变形方案,分析了双光栅在光学系统存在焦距误差时对扭转角测量精度的影响。通过在传统的莫尔条纹测量扭转角理论公式的基础上引入焦距对于光栅像的缩放效应,推导出含有焦距因子的扭转角测量模型。由模型可知,随着光学系统焦距差异的增大,对应的扭转角也会随之发生较大变化。特别当光栅夹角在小角度范围（1°～3°）内变化时尤为明显,最终影响到扭转变形的测量精度。在设计的实验中,利用2个已知焦距的光学系统,通过采集莫尔条纹图像进行扭转角精度分析,验证了该文提出的理论。     

指向精度对光学姿态测量精度的影响分析

为验证光轴指向误差对光学姿态测量精度的影响程度,并为后续实况类设备实现姿态测量提供理论依据,以中轴线法为依据,对算法步骤进行拆分,并对光轴指向误差的影响进行溯源,得出指向误差影响姿态处理结果可从两个方面进行分析。同时对模型内交会算法的直接影响和模型外动态基准的间接影响进行推导分析,将仿真计算和实测数据进行结合验证,获取了在典型中长远光学姿态测量中指向误差200″对姿态角误差不超过0.1°的结论,为现有姿态测量可靠性分析以及后续靶场设备能力拓展奠定了理论基础。