电化学固定CO2构建羧酸衍生物的研究进展(英文)

CO₂由于其含量丰富、无毒和低成本等特性可作为有机合成中的重要C1源,因此,使用CO₂作为C1源合成高附加值的化合物具有重要的意义.本综述重点介绍了在电化学条件下使用CO₂作为亲电试剂参与有机化合物羧化反应的最新进展.主要介绍了非活化有机卤化物、不饱和烯烃化合物和一些特殊化合物的电化学羧化,并就使用和不使用牺牲阳极进行了详细分类,讨论了这些反应的反应机制,为今后此类反应在有机合成中的应用提供参考.     

镍催化非活化烷基亲电试剂与二氧化碳的直接羧化反应(英文)

二氧化碳是一种储量丰富且廉价易得的可再生性碳一资源。化学工作者建立起来的一系列过渡金属催化的CO_2作为羧化试剂的新反应方法学,成功地将CO_2高效转化成在精细有机合成中有着重要用途的羧酸及其衍生物等高附加值的化学品.CO_2通常作为亲电试剂或环加成底物与各种亲核试剂或含不饱和键的化合物进行反应.最近,过渡金属催化的两种不同亲电试剂的还原交叉偶联反应作为一种构建碳-碳键的直接而有效的新方法受到了研究者的极大关注.此种方法不同于传统的交叉偶联反应,不再使用难以制备且对水和氧敏感的金属有机化合物,原料易得且操作非常简便.其中亲电试剂与CO_2的直接还原羧化反应便是一种合成功能羧酸的更绿色的新方法.Martin课题组之前报道了首例钯催化的芳基溴代物与CO_2的还原羧化反应.Tsuji课题组也发现了反应条件更温和的镍催化的芳基或烯基氯代物与CO_2的直接羧化反应.随后Martin课题组发展了苄基氯代物、芳基或苄基酯、烯丙基酯等一系列亲电试剂直接还原羧化反应.而对于含有β氢的非活化烷基亲电试剂,由于其不易进行氧化加成反应,同时原位形成的烷基金属试剂容易进行β氢消除及二聚等副反应,使得这类底物参与的直接还原羧化反应极具挑战性.最近,Martin课题组在含有β氢的非活化烷基亲电试剂与CO_2的还原羧化反应研究方面取得了突破.使用锰粉作为还原剂,氯化镍乙二醇二甲醚配合物与2,9-二乙基-1,10-邻菲罗啉配体组成的催化体系能有效抑制β氢消除及二聚等副反应,在室温及常压条件下便可高效地将一系列含有β氢的非活化烷基溴代物转化成相应的羧酸.此催化体系的底物适用性很宽,酯基、氰基、缩醛、醛、酮甚至醇羟基和酚羟基等活泼基团都能被容忍.他们应用此反应成功实现了具有生物活性的羧酸小分子化合物的一步合成.虽然确切的反应机理目前还不够清楚,但初步的实验表明催化循环中可能包含一价镍物种参与的单电子转移过程.基于此反应体系,他们随后也实现了包含炔基官能团的非活化烷基溴代物与CO_2的还原环化/羧化串联反应,环状α,β-不饱和羧酸产品的顺反构型可以很容易地通过底物及配体的选择进行控制.总之,Martin课题组发展的镍催化体系在温和条件下实现了含有β氢的非活化烷基亲电试剂与CO_2的还原羧化反应.此反应底物适用性宽,原料易得,操作简便,为合成功能团羧酸提供了一种行之有效的方法.此反应的成功也极大扩展了还原交叉偶联反应的底物适用范围.随着机理研究的深入,更多新型高效的非活化烷基亲电试剂与CO_2的还原羧化反应将会出现.     

过渡金属催化不饱和烃与二氧化碳的羧化反应研究与进展

CO₂是一种无毒、廉价易得、储量丰富的可再生资源,通过化学方法将其转化为具有高附加值的化学品已成为实现可持续发展的战略性课题。其中,以CO₂作为羧化试剂合成羧酸及其衍生物的研究已成为CO₂催化活化领域的研究热点。本文按照不同过渡金属催化的不饱和烃与CO₂的羧化反应,分类归纳了近些年来的羧化反应研究进展。     

银催化羧化偶联反应及钌催化交叉复分解反应串联合成官能团炔酸酯

通过将Ag催化的羧化偶联反应与Ru催化的交叉复分解反应串联, 用端炔、二氧化碳、端烯基取代的溴代物和甲基丙烯酸甲酯高效高产率地合成了一系列官能团化的炔酸酯.     

氮杂环卡宾催化二氧化碳羧化反应的研究进展

二氧化碳是一种来源丰富的可再生资源,科研工作者一直致力于开发能够高效转化二氧化碳的催化体系。氮杂环卡宾在有机化学中是一类非常重要的催化剂,利用氮杂环卡宾-过渡金属配合物催化实现二氧化碳的高效化学转化受到了人们的广泛关注。本文主要根据氮杂环卡宾-过渡金属配合物进行分类,总结归纳了近年来氮杂环卡宾-过渡金属配合物催化二氧化碳羧化反应的研究进展。     

以镍为阴极由二氧化碳与芳香酮电合成α-羟基羧酸

室温下,在一室电解池中,以n-Bu4NBr-DMF作电解质、镍为阴极、铝为阳极,恒电流电解二氧化碳与芳香酮（苯乙酮、对二苯甲酮、6-甲氧基-2-萘乙酮、4-甲基苯乙酮和4-甲氧基苯乙酮）,可以得到相应的α-羟基羧酸（产率56%-90%）。实验结果显示,阴极材料、芳香族酮的结构以及电解条件（如电量、底物浓度、导电盐、溶剂和二氧化碳压力等）对目标产物的产率有很大影响;反应系统中质子剂（水）的存在将导致副产物频哪醇的生成。本文还根据循环伏安实验和合成实验结果简要地讨论了反应机理。     

取代芴—9—羧酸酯衍生物的合成

报道了以９，１０－菲醌为起始原料，通过在碱性条件下重排，再经过氯化、酯化及Ｎ杂环取代反应，合成了２０个新的含氮杂环芴－９－羧酸酯类似物，其结构经ＩＲ，＾１Ｈ ＮＭＲ及元素分析所证实。并对其合成方法进行了研究。同时还对合成的新化合物的抗霉菌生物活性进行了简单的测定。     

聚乙二醇相转移催化羧酸酯的合成

聚乙二醇相转移催化羧酸酯的合成谢筱娟，杨高升，杨富国，宋雪清（安徽师范大学化学系芜湖２４１０００）关键词聚乙二醇，相转移催化，酰化反应，羧酸酯通常羧酸酯的制备是利用醇与羧酸、酰氯或酸酐反应，但这个方法对有立体位阻的醇不太适宜［１］，为此，为寻找好的方...     

羧酸及其衍生物的NaBH4还原体系研究进展

NaBH4还原体系可以快速、高效、选择性地还原羧酸及其衍生物。本文介绍了8类NaBH4还原体系的最近研究成果。通过对各个还原体系的分析,讨论了各类还原体系的反应机理和反应条件,并比较了不同还原体系的还原能力和适用范围。     

Photoredox Catalysis as a Strategy for CO2 Incorporation: Direct Access to Carboxylic Acids from a Renewable Feedstock

Carbon dioxide is an attractive reagent for organic synthesis from the standpoint of global sustainability. Its widespread use, however, is hampered by the fact that it is poorly reactive. New catalysts and technologies that enable C?C bond constructions are thus of high intrinsic value. This Minireview describes recent advances in the area of photoredox catalysis as an enabling strategy for promoting carboxylations.     

Direct Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids to Alcohols

The “green” reduction of carboxylic acids to alcohols is a challenging task in organic chemistry. Herein, we describe a general protocol for generation of alcohols by catalytic hydrogenation of carboxylic acids. Key to success is the use of a combination of Ru(acac)₃, triphos and Lewis acids. The novel method showed broad substrate tolerance and a variety of aliphatic carboxylic acids including biomass‐derived compounds can be smoothly reduced.     

Boronic Acid Catalysis for Mild and Selective [3+2] Dipolar Cycloadditions to Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids

Herein, the concept of boronic acid catalysis (BAC) for the activation of unsaturated carboxylic acids is applied in several classic dipolar [3+2] cycloadditions involving azides, nitrile oxides, and nitrones as partners. These cycloadditions can be used to produce pharmaceutically interesting, small heterocyclic products, such as triazoles, isoxazoles, and isoxazolidines. These cycloadducts are formed directly and include a free carboxylic acid functionality that can be employed for further transformations, thereby avoiding prior masking or functionalization. In all cases, BAC provides faster reactions, under milder conditions, with much improved product yields and regioselectivities. In some instances, such as triazole formation from the reaction of azides with 2‐alkynoic acids, catalysis with ortho‐nitrophenylboronic acid circumvents the undesirable product decarboxylation observed when using thermal activation. By using NMR spectroscopic studies, the boronic acid catalyst was shown to provide activation by a LUMO‐lowering effect in the unsaturated carboxylic acid, likely via a monoacylated hemiboronic ester intermediate.     

Recent Advances in Homogeneous Carbonylation Using CO2 as CO Surrogate

Carbon dioxide is a sufficient and important carbon resource, which has been widely used as a C1 building block in synthetic chemistry. Carbonylations with CO are important processes in industry. However, due to the toxicity of CO, its storage and transport are problematic. Attentions are gradually focused on using other safe reagents to be the CO surrogates in carbonylation reactions. This review focuses on the summary of recent developments in using CO₂ as a CO surrogate in homogeneous catalysis. Reductive processes by using H₂, Si‐H, alcohols, etc and redox‐neutral processes are separately summarized.     

Highly Regioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Carboxylation of Allylic Alcohols with CO2

Various allylic alcohols were carboxylated in the presence of a catalytic amount of PdCl₂ and PPh₃ using ZnEt₂ as a stoichiometric transmetalation agent under a CO₂ atmosphere (1 atm). This carboxylation proceeded in a highly regioselective manner to afford branched carboxylic acids predominantly. The β,γ‐unsaturated carboxylic acid thus obtained was successfully converted into an optically active γ‐butyrolactone, a known intermediate of (R)‐baclofen.     

The First Catalytic Synthesis of an Acrylate from CO2 and an Alkene—A Rational Approach

For more than three decades the catalytic synthesis of acrylates from the cheap and abundantly available C₁ building block carbon dioxide and alkenes has been an unsolved problem in catalysis research, both in academia and industry. Herein, we describe a homogeneous catalyst based on nickel that permits the catalytic synthesis of the industrially highly relevant acrylate sodium acrylate from CO₂, ethylene, and a base, as demonstrated, at this stage, by a turnover number of greater than 10 with respect to the metal.     

Homogeneous Light‐Driven Catalytic Direct Carboxylation with CO2

Carbon dioxide is a ubiquitous and inexpensive one‐carbon source for chemical synthesis, and the efficient incorporation of CO₂ into organic molecules is of widespread research interest both for economic and ecological reasons. The methodologies to employ carbon dioxide as a single‐carbon unit to construct molecules relevant for agrochemical and pharmaceutical research include many elegant approaches, including asymmetric transformations. Even though remarkable achievements have been made in the field of light‐driven catalysis, especially photoredox catalysis, homogeneous light‐driven catalytic carboxylation by employing CO₂ as the key reagent has only become a subject of increasing attention in recent years. Therefore, this concise review will discuss the latest advances in this research area.     

Catalytic Reductive N‐Alkylations Using CO2 and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Recent Progress and Developments

N‐Alkylamines are key intermediates in the synthesis of fine chemicals, dyes, and natural products, and hence are highly valuable building blocks in organic chemistry. Consequently, the development of greener and more efficient procedures for their production continues to attract the interest of both academic and industrial chemists. Reductive procedures such as reductive amination or N‐alkylation through hydrogen autotransfer by employing carbonyl compounds or alcohols as alkylating agents have prevailed for the synthesis of amines. In the last few years, carboxylic/carbonic acid derivatives and CO₂ have been introduced as alternative and convenient alkylating sources. The safety, easy accessibility, and high stability of these reagents makes the development of new reductive transformations with them as N‐alkylating agents a useful alternative to existing procedures. In this Review, we summarize reported examples of one‐pot reductive N‐alkylation methods that use carboxylic/carbonic acid derivatives or CO₂ as alkylating agents.