纯相和镍取代的Co_3O_4尖晶石催化剂用于N_2O直接分解(英文)

A series of NixCo1-xCo2O4(0 ≤ x ≤ 1) spinel catalysts were prepared by the co-precipitation method and used for direct N2O decomposition. The decomposition pathway of the parent precipitates was characterized by thermal analysis. The catalysts were calcined at 500 °C for 3 h and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and N2 adsorption-desorption. Nickel cobaltite spinel was formed in the solid state reaction between NiO and Co3O4. The N2O decomposition measurement revealed significant increase in the activity of Co3O4 spinel oxide catalyst with the partial replacement of Co2+ by Ni2+. The activity of this series of catalysts was controlled by the degree of Co2+ substitution by Ni2+, spinel crystallite size, catalyst surface area, presence of residual K+, and calcination temperature.     

Etching graphitic carbon nitride by acid for enhanced photocatalytic activity toward degradation of 4-nitrophenol

Graphitic carbon nitride （g-C3N4） with high photocatalytic activity toward degradation of 4-nitrophenol under visible light irradiation was prepared by HCI etching followed by ammonia neutralization. The structure, morphology, surface area, and photocatalytic properties of the prepared samples were studied. After treatment, the size of the g-C3N4 decreased from several micrometers to several hundred nanometers, and the specific area of the g-C3N4 increased from 11.5 m2/g to 115 m2/g. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4 was significantly improved after treatment toward degradation of 4- nitrophenol under visible light irradiation. The degradation rate constant of the small particle g-C3N4 is 5.7 times of that of bulk g-C3N4, which makes it a promising visible light photocatalyst for future applications for water treatment and environmental remediation.     

MgO纳米晶负载镍催化剂用于甲烷蒸汽重整反应(英文)

Nanocrystalline MgO with a relatively high surface area and mesoporous structure was synthesized by a surfactant assisted precipitation method for use as the support of nickel catalysts for steam reforming of methane. The samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, N2 adsorption, temperature‐programmed reduction, temperature‐programmed oxidation, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The catalysts showed high catalytic activity and good stability in the steam reforming of methane. Increasing the nickel loading up to 10 wt% gave increased activity. Catalysts with higher nickel loadings showed more deposited carbon after reaction. The excellent anti‐coking performance of the catalysts was attributed to the formation of a nickel‐magnesia solid solution, basicity of the support surface, and nickel‐support interaction.     

Double perovskite oxides Sr_2Mg_(1-x)Fe_xMoO(6-δ) for catalytic oxidation of methane

The double perovskite oxides Sr2Mg1-xF exMoO6-δ were investigated as catalysts for the methane oxidation.The structural properties of catalysts were characterized in detail by X-ray diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy.The catalytic property was strongly influenced by the Fe substitution.The relation between catalytic performance and the degree of Fe substitution was examined with regard to the structure and surface characteristics of the mixed oxides.The Fe-containing catalysts exhibited higher activity attributable to the possible(Fe2+,Mo6+) and (Fe3+,Mo5+)valency pairs,and the highest activity was observed for Sr2Mg0.2Fe0.8MoO6-δ.The enhancement of the catalytic activity may be correlated with the Fe-relating surface lattice oxygen species and was discussed in view of the presence of oxygen vacancies.     

Effects of Ce/Zr ratio on the structure and performances of Co-Ce_（1-x）Zr_xO_2 catalysts for carbon dioxide reforming of methane

The Co-incorporated Ce1-xZrxO2 catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation for carbon dioxide reforming of methane. The ratio of Ce to Zr was varied to optimize the performances of co-precipitated Co-Ce-Zr-Ox catalysts. The prepared catalysts were characterized by various physico-chemical characterization techniques including TPR, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption at low temperature, XPS and CO2-TPSR. The co-precipitated Co-Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 sample containing 16% CoO exhibited a higher catalytic activity among the five catalysts, and the activity was maintained without significant loss during the reaction for 60 h. Under the conditions of 750 ℃, 0.1 MPa, 36000 ml/(h·g{cat}), and CO2/CH4 molar ratio of 1 : 1, the CO2 conversion over this catalyst was 75% while the CH4 conversion was 67%. The cubic Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 facilitated a higher dispersion and a higher reducibility of the cobalt component, and the apparent activation energy for Co-Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 sample was 49.1 kJ/mol in the CO2/CH4 reforming reaction. As a result, the Co-Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 sample exhibited a higher activity and stability for the reforming of CH4 with CO2.     

Cobalt catalysts supported on silica nanotubes for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Silica nanotubes(SNT) have been synthesized using carbon nanotubes(CNT) as a template.Silica-coated carbon nanotubes(SNT-CNT) and SNT were loaded with a cobalt catalyst for use in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS).The catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and characterized by N2 physisorption,X-ray diffraction(XRD),hydrogen temperature programmed reduction(H2-TPR) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).FTS performance was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor at 493 K and 1.0 MPa.Co/CNT and Co/SNT catalysts showed higher activity than Co/SNT-CNT in FTS because of the smaller cobalt particle size,higher dispersion and stronger reducibility.The results also showed that structure of the support affects the product selectivity in FTS.The synergistic effects of cobalt particle size,catalytic activity and diffusion limitations as a consequence of its small average pore size lead to medium selectivity to C5+ hydrocarbons and CH4 over Co/SNT-CNT.On the other hand,the Co/CNT showed higher CH4 selectivity and lower C5+ selectivity than Co/SNT,due to its smaller average pore size and cobalt particle size.     

Wavelength-sensitive photocatalytic H_2 evolution from H_2S splitting over g-C_3N_4 with S,N-codoped carbon dots as the photosensitizer

Photocatalytic splitting of hydrogen sulfide(H2S) for hydrogen evolution is a promising method to solve the energy and environmental issues.In this work,S,N-codoped carbon dots(S,N-CDs)/graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4) nanosheet is synthesized by hydrothermal method as an efficient photocatalyst for the decomposition of H2S.In addition to the characterization of the morphology and structure,chemical state,optical and electrochemical performances of S,N-CDs/g-C3N4,hydrogen evolution tests show that the activity of g-C3N4 is improved by introducing S,N-CDs,and the enhancement depends strongly on the wavelength of incident light.The photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of S,N-CDs/g-C3N4 composite reaches 832 μmol g-1h-1, which is 38 times to that of g-C3N4 under irradiation at 460 nm.Density functional theory calculations and electron paramagnetic resonance as well as photoluminescence technologies have altogether authenticated that the unique wavelength-dependent photosensitization of S,N-CDs on g-C3N4;meanwhile,a good match between the energy level of S,N-CDs and g-C3N4 is pivotal for the effective photocatalytic activity.Our work has unveiled the detailed mechanism of the photocatalytic activity enhancement in S,N-CDs/g-C3N4 composite and showed its potential in photocatalytic splitting of H2S for hydrogen evolution.     

CeO_2修饰介孔TiO_2和ZrO_2负载金催化剂催化废气中CO和挥发性有机化合物降解(英文)

Mesoporous oxides TiO2 and ZrO2, synthesized by surfactant templating via a neutral C13(EO)6–Zr(OC3H7)4 assembly pathway, and ceria-modified TiO2 and ZrO2, prepared by a deposi-tion–precipitation(DP) method, featuring high surface areas and uniform pore size distributions were used as supports for gold catalysts. The supported gold catalysts were assessed for the cata-lytic abatement of air pollutants, i.e., CO, CH3OH, and(CH3)2O. The gold was supported on the mes-oporous oxides by a DP method. The supports and catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption analysis, and temperature-programmed reduction technique. A high degree of synergistic interaction be-tween ceria and mesoporous ZrO2 and TiO2 as well as a positive modification of the structural and catalytic properties by ceria was observed. The ceria additive interacts with the mesoporous oxides and induces a strong effect on the reducibility of the supports. The catalytic behavior of the catalysts was discussed to determine the role of the ceria modifying additive and possible interaction be-tween the gold nanoparticles and ceria-mesoporous oxide supports. The gold catalysts supported on ceria-modified mesoporous ZrO2 displayed superior catalytic activity(~100% conversion of CO at 10 ℃ and CH3OH at 60 ℃). The high catalytic activity can be attributed to the ability of the sup-port to assist oxygen vacancies formation. The studies indicate that the ceria-modified mesoporous oxide supports have potential as supports for gold-based catalysts.     

Photocatalytic debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether by graphitic carbon nitride

The graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4) is found to be an efficient photocatalyst for the reductive degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether(BDE209) under UV irradiation(>360 nm).g-C3N4 was prepared by heating dicyandiamide.X-ray diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and UV-vis spectra were used to characterize the properties of as-prepared catalysts.The photoreductive degradation kinetics of BDE209 was further investigated under different reaction conditions.The degradation of BDE209 is a stepwise process,and the bromines at meta positions are much more susceptible to remove than those at the ortho and para positions.A possible photoreductive mechanism was also proposed.     

非对称N-(亚水杨基)二亚乙基三胺铜(Ⅱ)配合物的合成、结构分析和催化活性评价(英文)

A new copper(Ⅱ) complex of a non‐symmetric Schiff base, [CuII(saldien)(H2O)]+(1), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and several other spectroscopic methods (Hsaldien = N‐(salicylidene)diethylenetriamine). The crystal structure of 1 has also been determined by X‐ray crystallography. The geometry of the complex cation in 1 was found to be distorted square pyramidal with the mononegative Schiff base coordinating to the copper in a tetradentate mode via the O,N,N’, and N’’‐donor atoms. The remaining coordination site was occupied by the O atom of a H2O molecule in the axial position. The catalytic potential of 1 was tested in the oxidation reactions of cyclooctene and cyclohexene with aqueous 30% H2O2/NaHCO3 in acetonitrile. These reactions proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding epoxides with selectivity levels greater than 99%. This catalytic system also showed high levels of activity and selectivity towards the oxidation of cyclohexane (i.e., cyclohexanol 37% and cyclohexanone 54%) in comparison with most of the other Cu‐based systems reported in the literature.     

简便方法合成含铁石墨相氮化碳材料及其催化苯直接羟基化制苯酚（英文）

苯酚是一种重要的基本有机化工原料.全球近90%的苯酚都是经"三步异丙苯法"工艺合成而得,但是该工艺存在单程苯酚收率低(5%)、酸污染严重等不足.同时由于联产丙酮,苯酚的产量也受丙酮市场所制约.由苯经氧化或羟基化一步法合成苯酚是催化化学领域中一项极具挑战的课题.由于苯分子较难活化,而苯酚易于深度氧化,因此研发和设计具有高活性和高选择性的催化剂是该课题的研究核心.因具有诸多特殊的理化性质,石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)作为一种新型碳质材料近年来在光催化、热催化、燃料电池和气体吸附等领域展示出广阔的应用前景.g-C_3N_4的类石墨层基本单元为大π共轭的三均三嗪环,对苯分子具有良好的吸附和活化能力.目前,g-C_3N_4(尤其是具有高比表面的介孔材料)在苯Friedel-Crafts烷基化和酰基化反应、苯的CO2氧化等反应中均显示了良好的催化活性.尽管如此,由于缺乏合适的氧化活性中心,纯的g-C_3N_4对苯直接羟基化几乎无催化活性.本课题组曾将乙酰丙酮氧钒和氧化钒负载至介孔g-C_3N_4,发现该类催化剂在H2O2参与的苯直接羟基化反应中,苯转化率高达18%,而苯酚选择性大于95%.然而,此类介孔g-C_3N_4均采用硬模板法合成,制备周期长且需要HF溶液蚀刻氧化硅模板.另外,钒基组分在介孔g-C_3N_4表面也存在着部分溶脱现象.本文以FeCl_3和二氰二胺为前驱体,通过一步热解法直接合成了含铁的g-C_3N_4材料(Fe-g-C_3N_4).采用N2吸附-脱附、XRD、TG、FT-IR、UV-vis、XPS光谱和TEM对材料的理化性质进行表征.结果显示,Fe的原位引入能显著提高g-C_3N_4的比表面积和孔体积,且使其依然保持石墨相结构.同时,富N的g-C_3N_4材料能有效地锚定Fe离子,使其均匀地分散在载体表面.作为多相催化剂,Fe-g-C_3N_4在H_2O_2环境下对苯羟基化合成苯酚的反应表现出较高的催化活性.当反应温度为60°C,其苯酚收率最高可达17.5%,且回收使用多次催化剂活性表现稳定.与之前报道的含铁和负载氧化钒或乙酰丙酮氧钒的g-C_3N_4催化剂材料相比,Fe-g-C_3N_4催化剂制备工艺更加简便.     

g-C_3N_4修饰β-ZnMoO_4光催化降解磺胺二甲嘧啶:合成方法的影响、降解动力学及机理(英文)

在过去几十年中,钼酸盐在功能材料领域的应用备受关注.例如,半导体材料二价金属钼酸盐MMoO_4(M=Ca,Mg,Zn)在发光、催化、电容器、闪烁探测器等方面已有良好的应用.研究表明,钼酸锌在紫外或可见光照射下能够有效降解甲基橙、维多利亚蓝、苯酚等污染物.中国拥有丰富的钼资源,目前钼主要用于生产高强度钢.制备钼基高效除污除材料可作为钼资源的另一种高附加值利用模式.氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)作为一种低成本的光活性改性剂,可提高半导体材料的光催化性能.迄今为止,基于氮化碳复合材料的制备方法包括:原位水热合成、超声波复合、一步升温合成和沉淀法等.然而,很少讨论合成方法对复合材料性能的影响.本文以β-ZnMoO_4为主体材料,g-C_3N_4为修饰材料,首次制备了两者复合的新型光催化剂.采用不同的方法和条件制备了β-ZnMoO_4和β-ZnMoO_4/C_3N_4复合材料,探讨了合成方法对复合材料光催化性能的影响,并进一步研究了材料光催化降解磺胺二甲嘧啶的动力学和降解途径.以钼酸钠和硝酸锌为原料,在不同温度和时间条件下,采用水热法合成得到了两种不同形貌的β-ZnMoO_4材料.光催化降解实验结果显示,水热合成条件对催化剂的光催化活性影响很大,280℃水热条件下维持24 h,得到表面光滑的不规则微米颗粒(β-ZnMoO_4-280),其光催化活性高于180℃条件下获得的片状形貌的钼酸锌材料(β-ZnMoO_4-180).β-ZnMoO_4/C_3N_4复合材料通过原位水热法和超声法合成,结果显示,原位水热合成条件下获得的β-ZnMoO_4-180/C_3N_4光催化剂对磺胺二甲嘧啶表现出显著增强的降解能力.相比之下,在280℃水热条件下,C_3N_4颗粒发生逐步分解,且反应开始时C_3N_4颗粒会扰乱β-ZnMoO_4-280晶体生长的连续性,使复合材料性能下降.对于超声法合成的β-ZnMoO_4/C_3N_4材料,两种β-ZnMoO_4/C_3N_4复合材料的光催化活性均提高,但提高程度不及水热法180℃条件下制备的材料.结果表明,对于光催化复合材料的制备,要选择适当的合成方法,才能得到高性能复合光催化材料,本文采用180℃的水热合成条件,添加3%g-C_3N_4,可得到性能最佳的β-ZnMoO_4-180/C_3N_4复合光催化剂.添加自由基抑制剂的光催化降解实验结果表明,超氧负离子(·O_2~–)和空穴(h~+)在降解中起主导作用.β-ZnMoO_4/C_3N_4复合材料光催化活性的增强归因于C_3N_4与β-ZnMoO_4之间形成异质结,该异质结提高了光生电子-空穴对的分离效率.通过液相-质谱联用手段,测定了磺胺二甲嘧啶降解的中间产物,结果表明,污染物的光催化降解途径主要包括脱氨基和脱甲基过程.     

MnOx/g-C3N4光热协同催化净化NO的性能增强和反应机理

许多研究表明, MnOx和g-C3N4均有催化氧化NO的活性, 并且探索了它们各自的转化机理. 然而, MnOx/g-C3N4复合材料的光热催化机理仍然是一个未解决的问题. 我们通过室温沉淀法直接合成不同摩尔比的MnOx/g-C3N4, 并发现其表现出良好的光热协同催化氧化NO的性能. MnOx/g-C3N4催化剂在g-C3N4表面含有不同价态的MnOx. 通过原位红外光谱在60 ℃下研究了紫外-可见光诱导的MnOx热催化NO的机理以及MnOx/g-C3N4光热协同催化NO的机理. 结果表明, 光照对MnOx热催化NO的过程几乎没有影响, 但对MnOx/g-C3N4光热协同催化NO产生积极作用并且形成重要的催化循环机制. 具体过程是光生电子(e-)转移到MnOx上参与光热协同的还原循环(Mn4+→Mn3+→Mn2+), 且低价Mn离子易给出电子(e-)与光生空穴(h+)相结合而诱导逆向的循环(Mn2+→Mn3+→Mn4+), 使活性氧空位再生. 通过MnOx(Mn4+/Mn3+/Mn2+)变价而产生的活性氧(O-)可将中间产物(NOH和N2O2-)氧化为终产物(NO2-和NO3-). 这将为开发更好的净化NOx的催化剂提供重要的指导意义. XRD表征结果表明, MnOx/g-C3N4复合催化剂的结晶度较低. TEM和XPS表征结果表明, g-C3N4表面含有多种低结晶度的MnOx, 主要含有MnO, MnO2和Mn2O3. 此外, 通过对比MnOx和1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4催化净化NO的XPS结果, 发现反应后的MnOx含有大量Mn-Nitrate且Mn3+和Mn4+大幅度减少; 同时, 反应前后1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4的Mn2+, Mn3+和Mn4+的含量变化微弱. BET-BJH测试结果显示, MnOx/g-C3N4复合催化剂的比表面积和孔容均高于纯g-C3N4. UV-Vis DRS测试结果显示, MnOx/g-C3N4复合催化剂显示了良好的可见光吸收能力. 紫外-可见光催化去除NO的测试结果表明, 1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4(44%)的光催化活性明显高于MnOx(28%)和g-C3N4(36%). ESR测试结果表明, 参与反应的主要活性物种为·O2-自由基. EPR测试结果表明, 1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4的氧空位明显多于MnOx, 丰富的活性氧空位更有利于电子的迁移且促进Mnn+(n = 2, 3和4)的变价而诱导O2分子形成活性氧(O-). 以上结果清晰地表明1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4表现出不同的理化特性.可见光催化氧化NO的原位红外光谱表明, 光照前后MnOx催化氧化NO的过程没有明显的变化, 表明其属于典型的热催化过程, 综合上述表征结果发现MnOx的氧缺陷是Mnn+(n = 3和4)变价的活性位点, 可诱导O2产生活性氧催化氧化NO为硝酸盐吸附在MnOx上; 光照前后1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4催化氧化NO的过程有明显不同, 光照前主要表现为g-C3N4表面MnOx的热催化过程, 而光照后1:5 MnOx/g-C3N4为光热协同催化NO的过程. 具体过程是g-C3N4的光生电子(e-)转移到MnOx上参与光热协同的还原循环(Mn4+→Mn3+→Mn2+), 且低价Mn离子易给出电子(e-)与光生空穴(h+)相结合而诱导逆向的循环(Mn2+→Mn3+→Mn4+)使活性氧空位再生. 通过MnOx(Mn4+/Mn3+/Mn2+)变价而产生的活性氧(O-)可将中间产物(NOH和N2O2-)氧化为终产物(NO2-和NO3-).     

2D/2D BiOBr/g-C3N4 S型异质结光催化性能

近年来,能源短缺和环境污染严重威胁人类的可持续发展.光催化技术具有绿色环保、成本低等优势,被认为是解决上述问题的最佳途径之一,其实用化的核心是开发高效可见光催化材料.石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)因其物理化学性质稳定、无毒、廉价及能带适宜等特点,广泛应用于光催化领域.然而,光生载流子易复合、比表面积小等问题不利于其实际应用,构建g-C3N4基2D/2D异质结不仅能促进载流子有效分离,而且能为反应提供更多表面空间环境,是提高g-C3N4催化活性的有效途径.目前,I型和II型异质结虽能促进电荷分离,但降低了电荷参与表面反应的电势;而S型异质结电荷转移机制遵循热力学和动力学规律,能很好保留高氧化还原能力的电子和空穴,因而备受关注.当前,开发S型g-C3N4基2D/2D异质结有助于发展高效光催化体系.本文首先以三聚氰胺为前驱体,通过二次高温煅烧得到2D g-C3N4纳米片;随后,以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和KBr为反应物,乙二胺和水为溶剂,借助室温原位自组装法获得一系列不同质量比的BiOBr/g-C3N4异质结.研究表明,BiOBr均匀分布于g-C3N4表面形成具有良好接触界面的2D/2D异质结,而且BiOBr/g-C3N4比表面积可提高至g-C3N4的2.4倍.当BiOBr与g-C3N4质量比为1.5:1时,可见光照射30 min,30 mg复合样品可将浓度为10 mg·L-1的RhB(100 mL)几乎全部降解,降解过程符合一级反应动力学,降解速率是g-C3N4的48.2倍.此外,该体系具有一定的光催化析氢活性及良好的循环稳定性.X射线光电子能谱、紫外光电子能谱、莫特肖特基、电化学阻抗谱分析及活性物种捕获等实验结果表明,由于还原性半导体g-C3N4与氧化型半导体BiOBr费米能级不同,二者接触时,电子从费米能级高的g-C3N4转移至费米能级低的BiOBr,在复合材料界面产生强的内建电场,借助带边弯曲和库仑力共同作用,形成了具有S型电荷转移途径的2D/2D BiOBr/g-C3N4异质结.在光照条件下,g-C3N4价带空穴能与BiOBr导带电子快速复合(一般认为是无用的电荷),从而使具有高反应活性的g-C3N4导带电子与BiOBr价带空穴参与表面反应,有效提高了体系的催化活性.综合本文及其他相关研究可知,在由氧化型和还原型半导体组成的异质结中,S型电荷转移机制具有一定普适性,可指导开发高效光催化体系以解决能源和环境问题.     

氧掺杂对VN-g-C3N4催化剂光催化固氮性能的影响

采用介质阻挡放电等离子体法合成了氧原子掺杂的具有氮空穴的石墨相氮化碳催化剂(g-C₃N₄), 并对催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征分析. 结果表明, 等离子体处理没有改变催化剂的形貌, 并同时将氮空穴和氧原子引入了g-C₃N₄的晶格. 在可见光条件下, 制备的共掺杂g-C₃N₄催化剂的铵离子产率高达5.9 mg·L ^-1·h ^-1· {\mathrm{g}}_{\mathrm{cat}}^{-1} , 分别是具有氮空穴的g-C₃N₄和纯g-C₃N₄的2.2倍和20倍, 同时还表现出优异的催化稳定性. 密度泛函理论计算结果显示, 与具有氮空穴的g-C₃N₄相比, 氧原子的引入能提高氮空穴对反应物氮气分子的活化能力, 提高光催化固氮性能.     

化学镀法制备CoP量子点修饰g-C3N4用于光催化产氢（英文）

光催化分解水制氢被认为是解决当前能源危机和环境污染问题的重要途径之一.在众多光催化剂中,石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)因其具有高的热稳定性、高的化学稳定性、合适的能带位置以及成本低廉等优点,受到光催化领域研究者的广泛关注,成为研究热点.然而,由于g-C3N4的禁带宽度较大(Eg=2.7 eV),导致其对可见光的响应较差,而且光生电子-空穴对在其中易于复合,从而导致其光催化产氢活性较低.已有研究表明,助催化剂可以有效地促进催化剂中光生载流子的分离和传输,从而提高光催化剂的光催化活性和氢气的产生速率.目前使用最广泛的助催化剂多为贵金属(Au,Ag,Pt和Pd等),然而贵金属储量低、成本高,极大地限制了其实际应用.因而,开发适用于光催化水分解制氢的非贵金属助催化剂成为该领域的研究热点.其中,用非贵金属助催化剂修饰g-C3N4制备高效光催化剂分解水制氢技术引起了人们极大的兴趣.过渡金属磷化物(FeP,CoP,CuP,NiP等)是一种有效的光催化辅助催化剂.然而,这些金属磷化物的合成通常使用有毒的有机磷化合物和白磷或涉高温煅烧.特别是在传统水热法制备金属磷化物过程中会释放大量氢气,导致容器内压力过高,造成较大的安全问题.据报道,在这些磷化物中,磷化钴由于其合适的能带结构和较高的导电性,作为光催化分解水助催化剂受到了广泛关注.然而,截至目前,关于磷化钴作为助催化剂用于光催化的实用技术报道很少,特别是在温和条件下制备磷化钴修饰的g-C3N4复合光催化剂的研究还有待进行.本文研究了以CoP作为助催化剂来改进g-C3N4(制备g-C3N4/CoP),并用于光催化水裂解制氢气.复合光催化剂g-C3N4/CoP经由两步反应合成.第一步采用尿素热分解法制备g-C3N4,第二步通过化学镀法将CoP修饰在g-C3N4表面.采用XRD,TEM,UV-DRS和XPS等手段表征了g-C3N4/CoP光催剂的性质.结果表明,CoP以量子点(QDs)形式均匀分布在g-C3N4表面,显著提高了g-C3N4的光催化活性.不同CoP负载量的样品中,g-C3N4/CoP-4%表现出优异的光催化活性,H2生成速率为936μmol g^-1 h^-1,甚至高于4%Pt负载的g-C3N4(H2的生成速率仅为665μmol g^-1 h^-1).从紫外可见光谱上看,g-C3N4在451 nm达到吸收波长上限,但与CoP复合后,g-C3N4/CoP-4%的吸收波长上限延展到497 nm.此外,光致发光和光电流测试结果证实,将CoP量子点负载到g-C3N4上不仅可以降低光生电荷-空穴对的复合,而且可以改善光生e--h+对的转移,从而提高光催化剂的产氢性能.这项工作为开发高效的非贵金属助催化剂修饰g-C3N4的技术提供了一个可行策略,所制材料在光催化制氢领域显示出潜在的应用前景.     

二维/二维S-型Bi3NbO7/g-C3N4异质结光催化剂驱动选择性CO2还原制CH4

人工光合作用可直接将二氧化碳转化为一系列碳氢化合物,实现大气中的碳循环,被视为一种既能解决能源短缺又能减少温室气体,进而改善人类生存环境的新型绿色技术.光催化二氧化碳还原体系需要合适的耦合氧化还原反应,以及对外界光源的有效利用以产生足够电子参与反应,因此构建高催化活性和高选择性的催化体系仍然面临着巨大挑战.此外,二维纳米结构(2D)由于具有比表面积大、离子的迁移路径短以及独特的平层电子转移轨道等特性,被证实有利于光催化还原CO₂过程.其中,Bi₃NbO₇特殊的片层结构和合适的能带位置,使其在光催化还原CO₂反应中表现出良好的催化性能.然而,Bi₃NbO₇的光生载流子易复合及反应中光腐蚀严重等缺陷导致其光利用率较低,限制了其实际应用.因此,构建S-型异质结是提高复合材料光催化活性的一种有前途的策略.S-型异质结不仅能有效地分离光生电子和空穴,而且这一电子转移过程赋予了复合物最大的氧化还原能力.同时,S-型光催化体系不仅拥有同样的强氧化和强还原能力,还可显著抑制副反应的发生及副产物的产生,有利于CO₂还原反应的高选择性进行.本文利用简易的溶剂热法制备了一系列S-型Bi₃NbO₇/g-C₃N₄(BNO/UCN)异质结光催化剂,与其纯组分催化剂相比,表现出优异的光催化还原CO₂活性,g-C₃N₄含量为80wt%的BNO/UCN-3光催化剂催化CO₂生成CH₄产率为37.59μmol·g^-1h^-1,是g-C₃N₄的15倍,CH₄选择性为90%;且循环反应10次后仍保持较高的活性及CH4选择性.光催化活性及选择性的显著增强是由于二维分布的纳米结构和S-型电荷转移路径.在可见光照射下,界面内建电场、带边缘弯曲和库仑相互作用协同促进了复合物相对无用的电子和空穴的复合.因此,剩余的电子和空穴具有较高的还原性和氧化性,使复合材料具有较高的氧化还原能力.自由基捕获实验、电子顺磁共振实验和原位X射线光电子能谱实验结果表明,光催化剂中的电子迁移遵循S-型异质结机理.综上,本文不仅为新型S-型异质结CO₂还原光催化剂的设计和制备提供了新方法,而且为未来解决能源短缺及实现碳中和目标提供一定的实验及理论依据.     

一种简单前驱体预处理策略制备多孔氮化碳和负载型多孔氮化碳及其高效可见光光催化活性

作为一种非金属半导体光催化剂,石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)已广泛应用于水中有机污染物去除、劈裂水产氢、二氧化碳还原制碳氢化合物燃料以及选择性氧化有机合成等许多光催化领域.然而,聚集态层状结构和粉末物理状态严重限制了g-C3N4在非均相光催化反应中的实际应用.一方面,g-C3N4的聚集态层状结构限制了光生载流子的表面迁移并增加了光催化反应的传质阻力.另一方面,由于附加的固-液分离步骤,粉体g-C3N4不便于实际应用.因此,为解决g-C3N4的上述缺点,一些研究已经进行并集中于g-C3N4的形貌控制合成及负载.构建多孔微观结构是合成具有优异光催化活性g-C3N4的有效途径之一.本文研究表明,盐酸或乙二醇预处理的三聚氰胺均可用作制备多孔g-C3N4的前驱体.有趣的是,由于在多孔g-C3N4制备体系中不同制孔单元的共存,与通过盐酸或乙二醇单独预处理的三聚氰胺制备的多孔g-C3N4相比,通过二者共同预处理的三聚氰胺制备的多孔g-C3N4具有更丰富的多孔微观结构.与制备负载型二氧化钛不同,由于在制备g-C3N4过程中缺少溶胶-凝胶步骤,因此负载型g-C3N4较难制备.而且,对于氟-锡氧化物(FTO)基底负载的g-C3N4,在实际应用中存在一些不足.首先,FTO基底的片状物理结构不利于反应底物的扩散.其次,FTO基底的吸光效应会导致光能损失,因此g-C3N4只能在FTO基底的单面负载.最后,在g-C3N4和FTO基底之间无化学作用,因此在光催化反应过程中不可避免造成g-C3N4的损失.因此,以盐酸/乙二醇共同预处理的三聚氰胺作原料,氢氟酸/3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷共同预处理的石英棒作基底,首次制备了多孔g-C3N4和负载型多孔g-C3N4.丰富的多孔微观结构使得所制多孔g-C3N4具有优异的光催化活性;且由于多孔g-C3N4与石英棒基底间存在化学作用,因而具有相当高的稳定性.另外,由于在构建石英棒反应器之后不影响光生载流子的表面迁移和目标有机污染物的扩散,因此负载型多孔g-C3N4的光催化活性与粉体多孔g-C3N4相似.所制备多孔g-C3N4和负载型多孔g-C3N4的光催化活性通过在可见光条件下单组份有机废水的处理进行初步评价.在有机污染物降解同时产氢系统中,由于水和有机污染物之间的氧化还原反应难于进行,因此与传统的光催化降解和产氢系统相比,所制多孔g-C3N4的氢气产率和降解效率均显著降低;然而,在有机污染物降解同时产氢系统中,随着该材料光催化活性的提高,氢气产率和降解效率同时提高.这是因为光催化剂电子传递能力的提高促进了有机污染物和水之间的氧化还原反应.     

g-C3N4/rGO杂化催化剂的简易合成及其对罗丹明B的光催化降解作用

在空气中直接加热三聚氰胺和氧化石墨烯(GO)的混合物制备了g-C3N4/rGO杂化催化剂.实验结果表明,混合物中的g-C3N4保留了石墨型氮化碳原始的特征结构, g-C3N4和还原的氧化石墨烯(rGO)之间的异质结主要通过π-π作用构筑.当原料中三聚氰胺/GO的质量比是800/1时,所得催化剂对罗丹明B的催化作用最强,其一阶动力学常数是纯g-C3N4的2.6倍.这种强化作用主要是由于rGO促进了光生电子-空穴对的分离.此外, g-C3N4/rGO还表现出显著的pH值敏感特性,催化降解速率随pH的降低而增加.当pH =1.98时,其一阶动力学常数是纯g-C3N4的8.6倍.这是由于酸性条件下质子(H+)消耗掉光生电子,促进了空穴对罗丹明B的氧化作用,其中rGO充当了一个快速的光生电子转移平台.