金属-有机骨架材料在催化氧化反应中的应用

本文综述了近几年金属-有机骨架(metal-organic frameworks,MOFs)材料在催化氧化反应中的研究进展。由于MOFs材料在结构上常具有特殊活性位点、孔隙率高、比表面积大且孔尺寸与性质可调等特点,在催化上有极大的应用潜力。本文主要介绍了MOFs材料自身作为催化剂和其作为载体负载具有催化活性组分的催化氧化反应。其中,着重介绍了具有配位不饱和金属位点的MOFs和MOFs做为载体负载金属纳米颗粒、多金属氧酸盐和金属卟啉用于催化的氧化反应,包括一些有机分子如烷烃、苄基化合物、烯烃、醇、酚、硫化物和无机小分子CO、水的催化氧化,也介绍了相关仿生催化和有机染料的催化氧化。MOFs和MOFs载体的催化性能主要从稳定性、非均相性、尺寸选择性及活性位的析出四个方面进行了评价。同时,对MOFs材料在催化应用中的发展趋势作了展望。     

CuBTC在苯甲醇需氧氧化反应中的催化性能

CuBTC(BTC:1,3,5-均苯三酸)作为一种高效、可重复利用的非均相催化剂,在催化领域有着重要的应用。论文主要研究了在Cu-TEMOP体系下,CuBTC对苯甲醇的需氧氧化反应的催化效果。研究表明,在CuBTC的催化下,多种苯甲醇衍生物被有效的氧化成相应的醛,并且该催化体系有着较高的选择性,能高效氧化伯醇。与传统的均相铜盐催化剂相比,Cu(II)能稳定的固定在CuBTC的刚性结构骨架中,并且催化活性不会降低。但是,羧酸类物质会使CuBTC催化剂中毒,所以CuBTC不适用于原料、产物或者副产物中存在羧酸的反应体系。     

金属有机框架用于一氧化碳氧化

鉴于一氧化碳(CO)氧化在基础研究、 环境保护和实际应用中的重要性, 人们对其进行了广泛的研究. 金属有机骨架(MOFs)由于具有永久孔隙, 结构多样且可调控, 是一种很有前途的CO氧化催化剂. 本文对近年来MOFs和MOF基催化剂用于CO氧化的研究进展进行了系统的总结, 并根据催化剂活性物种/位点进行了简要的分类介绍. 除了催化剂的化学结构, 催化剂的负载量、 制备方法和预处理技术以及反应温度等对催化性能的影响也在文中进行了讨论. 最后, 本综述对该研究领域进行了总结和展望.     

UiO-67-Sal-CuCl2在空气中催化芳香醇的选择性氧化

利用水热法一步合成了金属有机骨架(MOFs)材料UiO-67-Sal, 并将3种铜盐固定在其表面, 研究了3种铜MOFs材料催化芳香醇选择性氧化的性能. 结果表明, UiO-67-Sal-CuCl₂催化剂对芳香醇选择性氧化反应具有良好的催化活性, 且在重复使用4次后, 依然保持较好的催化效果.     

K/CeO_2催化剂上碳黑催化燃烧性能及稳定性(英文)

采用不同的钾盐前体制备了一系列K/CeO2催化剂,利用热重和程序升温氧化(TPO)等技术考察了其催化性能及稳定性.结果表明,K/CeO2催化剂可使碳黑完全燃烧温度降低近200oC.钾盐前体对催化活性和稳定性具有较大影响,由于硝酸钾熔点低,金属在载体上的流动性强,有利于催化剂与碳黑的有效接触,因而表现了较高的活性,三次TPO循环试验中催化活性稳定.碳酸钾的熔点高且碱性较强,使碳黑燃烧生成的CO2不可逆吸附在其表面,导致反应活性低,TPO循环实验表明其反应速率降低,失活明显.     

K/CeO2催化剂上碳黑催化燃烧性能及稳定性（英文）

采用不同的钾盐前体制备了一系列K/CeO2催化剂,利用热重和程序升温氧化(TPO)等技术考察了其催化性能及稳定性.结果表明,K/CeO2催化剂可使碳黑完全燃烧温度降低近200oC.钾盐前体对催化活性和稳定性具有较大影响,由于硝酸钾熔点低,金属在载体上的流动性强,有利于催化剂与碳黑的有效接触,因而表现了较高的活性,三次TPO循环试验中催化活性稳定.碳酸钾的熔点高且碱性较强,使碳黑燃烧生成的CO2不可逆吸附在其表面,导致反应活性低,TPO循环实验表明其反应速率降低,失活明显.     

COAPO-5和MnAPO-5分子筛的合成、表征及在环己烷选择氧化反应中的应用

合成一系列具有不同质量分数Co、Mn的磷铝分子筛CoAPO 5和MnAPO 5;通过X 衍射、扫描电镜、氮气物理吸附、热重分析以及紫外可见漫反射光谱等技术对分子筛的结构、形貌以及Co、Mn原子在分子筛骨架中的存在状态进行了表征;考察了氧气作氧化剂时分子筛在环己烷低温液相氧化反应中的催化性能。结果表明,所合成的CoAPO 5和MnAPO 5具有典型的AlPO4 5分子筛结构,金属Me/P比小于0.1时,分子筛结晶度较高。金属的种类、价态、质量分数及存在形式决定了模板剂与分子筛骨架作用的强度及方式,而有机模板剂的脱附、燃烧温度与这种作用密切相关;部分模板剂需在高温下脱除,说明分子筛骨架与模板剂之间存在着强相互作用。在CoAPO 5和MnAPO 5分子筛的骨架结构中,存在四配位的Co(II)和Mn(II),经过焙烧可以部分氧化为Co(III)和Mn(III),说明在焙烧样中存在着氧化还原活性中心。对于环己烷选择氧化反应,CoAPO 5和MnAPO 5分子筛都具有适中的催化活性,氧化反应产物分布均随反应时间而变化。虽然MnAPO 5的催化活性比CoAPO 5高,但其深度氧化能力也较强;采用MnAPO 5为催化剂,环己烷氧化反应的环己酮选择性及深度氧化产物的量都较高。同时,骨架Co质量分数对环己烷氧化反应活性具有显著影响,Co/P比为0.05的CoAPO 5分子筛催化活性最高,130℃反应24h,主要目的产物环己醇和环己酮的选择性可达88.5%。     

钙钛矿型氧化物负载纳米金属催化剂结构的动态调变及其催化氧化CO反应性能

研究了钛酸钡和钛酸钙担载的Ag和Pt纳米催化剂的表面结构随氧化-还原处理过程的动态变化及其对CO完全氧化反应性能的影响.发现氧化物担载的Ag催化剂在氧化处理后其催化活性较还原处理的高; X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征结果表明,氧化处理能够提高载体表面Ag颗粒的分散度,而还原处理导致Ag颗粒的聚集,从而降低了催化氧化CO反应的活性.氧化-还原处理改变了担载Ag纳米粒子的尺寸并影响其CO氧化反应活性.与此相反,氧化物担载的Pt催化剂在还原处理后所表现出的CO氧化反应活性较氧化处理的高; 对比研究发现,氧化和还原处理后Pt纳米粒子的尺寸基本相同,但是氧化处理的样品中Pt表面物种以氧化态为主,而还原处理后Pt表面物种主要为金属态.Pt纳米粒子表面化学状态随氧化-还原处理的调变是导致表面催化活性差异的主要原因.     

金属有机骨架材料MIL-53(Al)负载钴催化剂的CO催化氧化反应性能

采用溶剂法合成了热稳定性高的金属有机骨架材料MIL-53(Al)(MIL:Materials of Institut Lavoisier),用此材料为载体负载钴催化剂用于CO的催化氧化反应,并与Al2O3负载的钴催化剂进行了对比.采用热重-差热扫描量热(TG-DSC)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附-脱附、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等方法对催化剂的结构性质进行了表征.TG和N2物理吸附-脱附结果表明,载体MIL-53(Al)有好的稳定性和高的比表面积;XRD以及TEM结果表明Co/MIL-53(Al)上负载的Co3O4颗粒粒径(平均约为5.03 nm)明显小于Al2O3上Co3O4颗粒粒径(平均约为7.83 nm).MIL-53(Al)的三维多孔结构中分布均匀的位点能很好地分散固定Co3O4颗粒,高度分散的Co3O4颗粒有利于CO的催化氧化反应.H2-TPR实验发现Co/MIL(Al)催化剂的还原温度低于Co/Al2O3催化剂的还原温度,低的还原温度表现为高的催化氧化活性.CO催化氧化结果表明,MIL-53(Al)负载钴催化剂的催化活性明显高于Al2O3负载钴催化剂,MIL-53(Al)负载钴催化剂在160°C时使CO氧化的转化率达到98%,到180°C时CO则完全转化,催化剂的结构在催化反应过程中保持稳定.     

钛嫁接介孔分子筛Ti-HMS的合成、表征与催化性能

 以有机金属二氯二茂钛作为Ti源,以HMS作为载体,采用嫁接法合成了一系列不同载Ti量的Ti-HMS.HMS的模板剂通过600 ℃焙烧或乙醇萃取紧随400 ℃焙烧脱除.合成Ti-HMS用热重-差热分析、 X射线粉末衍射、 N2吸附-脱附等温线、漫反射紫外可见光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱进行了表征,并在温和反应条件下考察了Ti-HMS对过氧化氢液相氧化对叔丁基甲苯的催化性能. 结果表明,对载体采取乙醇萃取和低温焙烧的方法脱除模板剂有利于保护嫁接反应所需要的羟基; 随着载Ti量增加,骨架Ti逐渐减少,四配位的骨架Ti在对叔丁基甲苯氧化反应中具有催化活性; 非骨架Ti导致催化活性降低.在实验条件下,对叔丁基甲苯的转化率可达9.3%, 对叔丁基苯甲醛的选择性为100%.     

CO oxidation mechanism on CeO(2)-supported Au nanoparticles

Density functional theory was used to study the CO oxidation catalytic activity of CeO(2)-supported Au nanoparticles (NPs). Experimental observations on CeO(2) show that the surface of CeO(2) is enriched with oxygen vacancies. We compare CO oxidation by a Au(13) NP supported on stoichiometric CeO(2) (Au(13)@CeO(2)-STO) and partially reduced CeO(2) with three vacancies (Au(13)@CeO(2)-3VAC). The structure of the Au(13) NP was chosen to minimize structural rearrangement during CO oxidation. We suggest three CO oxidation mechanisms by Au(13)@CeO(2): CO oxidation by coadsorbed O(2), CO oxidation by a lattice oxygen in CeO(2), and CO oxidation by O(2) bound to a Au-Ce(3+) anchoring site. Oxygen vacancies are shown to open a new CO oxidation pathway by O(2) bound to a Au-Ce(3+) anchoring site. Our results provide a design strategy for CO oxidation on supported Au catalysts. We suggest lowering the vacancy formation energy of the supporting oxide, and using an easily reducible oxide to increase the concentration of reduced metal ions, which act as anchoring sites for O(2) molecules.     

Adsorptive and acidic properties, reversible lattice oxygen evolution, and catalytic mechanism of cryptomelane-type manganese oxides as oxidation catalysts

Cryptomelane-type manganese oxides have been synthesized, characterized, and tested in the total oxidation of volatile organic compounds and CO oxidation. The structural, compositional, morphological, acid-base, physisorptive-chemisorptive, and thermal stability properties (especially the reversible evolution of lattice oxygen) have been studied in detail using ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy), HRSEM (high-resolution scanning electronic microscope), XRD (X-ray diffraction), IR (infrared) and adsorbate-IR, N2 and CO2 physisorption at 77 and 273 K, respectively, TPD-MS (temperature-programmed decomposition-mass spectroscopy), and TGA-DSC (thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry) techniques. Kinetic and mechanistic studies for the catalytic function have been conducted and related to the characterization results. Cryptomelane has shown to be highly microporous, by using CO2 physisorption, and highly hydrophobic, possessing both Br?nsted and Lewis acid sites. A part of the lattice oxygen atoms can be reversibly removed from the framework and recovered at elevated temperature without changing the framework structure. These lattice oxygen atoms can react with CO even at room temperature and are active sites for the oxidation of benzene. The consumed lattice oxygen atoms are replenished by gaseous oxygen to complete a catalytic cycle. The ease of reversible evolution of lattice oxygen, together with the high porosity, hydrophobicity, and acidity, leads to the excellent oxidation properties of OMS-2.     

Reversible gas-phase redox processes catalyzed by Co-exchanged MFU-4l(arge)

Postsynthetic metal ion exchange in a benzotriazolate-based MFU-4l(arge) framework leads to a Co(II)-containing framework with open metal sites showing reversible gas-phase oxidation properties.     

Carborane-based metal-organic frameworks as highly selective sorbents for CO(2) over methane

Separation of CO(2)/CH(4) mixtures was studied in carborane-based metal-organic framework materials with and without coordinatively unsaturated metal sites; high selectivities for CO(2) over CH(4) ( approximately 17) are obtained, especially in the material with open metal sites.     

Single-walled polytetrazolate metal-organic channels with high density of open nitrogen-donor sites and gas uptake

The self-assembly between zinc dimer and 1,3,5-tris(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)benzene (H(3)BTT), promoted by a urea derivative, leads to a highly porous 3D framework with a large percentage (67%) of N-donor sites unused for bonding with metals. The material exhibits high gas storage capacity (ca. 1.89 wt % H(2) at 77 K and 1 atm; 98 cm(3)/g CO(2) at 273 K and 1 atm), even in the absence of open metal sites. The high percentage of open N-donor sites, coupled with the low framework density resulting from single-walled channels, is believed to contribute to the high uptake capacity.     

Synthesis and catalytic study of open metal site metal–organic frameworks of Cu3(BTC)2 microbelts in selective organic sulfide oxidation

The synthesis of open metal site metal–organic frameworks of Cu₃(BTC)₂ with microbelt morphology and a study of the catalytic oxidation of organic sulfides are reported. This CuBTC was found to be an efficient, selective and waste‐free green heterogeneous co‐catalyst for the green H₂O₂ catalytic oxidation of sulfides. The catalyst can be isolated from the reaction mixture and reused at least five times. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comprehensive mechanism and structure-sensitivity of ethanol oxidation on platinum: new transition-state searching method for resolving the complex reaction network

Ethanol oxidation on Pt is a typical multistep and multiselectivity heterogeneous catalytic process. A comprehensive understanding of this fundamental reaction would greatly benefit design of catalysts for use in direct ethanol fuel cells and the degradation of biomass-derived oxygenates. In this work, the reaction network of ethanol oxidation on different Pt surfaces, including close-packed Pt{111}, stepped Pt{211}, and open Pt{100}, is explored thoroughly with an efficient reaction path searching method, which integrates our new transition-state searching technique with periodic density functional theory calculations. Our new technique enables the location of the transition state and saddle points for most surface reactions simply and efficiently by optimization of local minima. We show that the selectivity of ethanol oxidation on Pt depends markedly on the surface structure, which can be attributed to the structure-sensitivity of two key reaction steps: (i) the initial dehydrogenation of ethanol and (ii) the oxidation of acetyl (CH3CO). On open surface sites, ethanol prefers C-C bond cleavage via strongly adsorbed intermediates (CH2CO or CHCO), which leads to complete oxidation to CO2. However, only partial oxidizations to CH3CHO and CH3COOH occur on Pt{111}. Our mechanism points out that the open surface Pt{100} is the best facet to fully oxidize ethanol at low coverages, which sheds light on the origin of the remarkable catalytic performance of Pt tetrahexahedra nanocrystals found recently. The physical origin of the structure-selectivity is rationalized in terms of both thermodynamics and kinetics. Two fundamental quantities that dictate the selectivity of ethanol oxidation are identified: (i) the ability of surface metal atoms to bond with unsaturated C-containing fragments and (ii) the relative stability of hydroxyl at surface atop sites with respect to other sites.     

Interaction of carbon monoxide with Au(111) modified by ion bombardment: a surface spectroscopy study under elevated pressure

Gold based model systems exhibiting the structural versatility of nanoparticle ensembles and being accessible for surface spectroscopic investigations are expected to provide new information about the adsorption of carbon monoxide, a key process influencing the CO oxidation activity of this noble metal in nanoparticulate form. Accordingly, in the present work the interaction of CO is studied with an ion bombardment modified Au(111) surface by means of a combination of photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS), sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). While no adsorption was found on intact Au(111), data collected on the ion bombarded surface at cryogenic temperatures indicated the presence of stable CO adsorbates below 190 K. A quantitative evaluation of the C 1s XPS spectra and the surface morphology explored by STM revealed that the step edge sites created by ion bombardment are responsible for CO adsorption. The identification of the CO binding sites was confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Annealing experiments up to room temperature showed that at temperatures above 190 K unstable adsorbates are formed on the surface under dynamic exposure conditions that disappeared immediately when gaseous CO was removed from the system. Spectroscopic data as well as STM records revealed that prolonged CO exposure at higher pressures of up to 1 mbar around room temperature facilitates massive atomic movements on the roughened surface, leading to its strong reordering toward the structure of the intact Au(111) surface, accompanied by the loss of the CO binding capacity.