Titanium-modified Li<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> with a synergistic effect of surface modifying,bulk doping,and size reducing

In this work, a one-step solid-phase sintering process via TiO₂ and Li₂CO₃ under an argon atmosphere, with ultra-fine titanium powder as the modifying agent, was used to prepare a nano-sized Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Ti composite (denoted as LTO–Ti) at 800 °C. The introduction of ultra-fine metal titanium powder played an important role. First, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates that Ti⁴⁺ was partially changed into Ti³⁺, through the reduction of the ultra-fine metal titanium powder. Second, X-ray diffraction revealed that the ultra-fine metal titanium powder did not react with the bulk structure of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, while some pure titanium peaks could be seen. Additionally, the size of LTO–Ti particles could be significantly reduced from micro-scale to nano-scale. The structure and morphology of LTO–Ti were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical tests showed a charge/discharge current of 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 C; the discharge capacity of the LTO–Ti electrode was 170, 161, 140, and 111 mAh g^?1. It is believed that the designed LTO–Ti composite makes full use of both components, thus offering a large contact area between the electrolyte and electrode, high electrical conductivity, and lithium-ion diffusion coefficient during electrochemical processes. Furthermore, ultra-fine titanium powder, as the modifying agent, is amenable to large-scale production.     

Preparation and characterization of spinel Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles anode materials for lithium ion battery

Spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ nanoparticles were prepared via a high-temperature solid-state reaction by adding the prepared cellulose to an aqueous dispersion of lithium salts and titanium dioxide. The precursors of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ were characterized by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The obtained Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical measurements. The TEM revealed that the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ prepared with cellulose is composed of nanoparticles with an average particle diameter of 20–30 nm. Galvanostatic battery testing showed that nano-sized Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ exhibit better electrochemical properties than submicro-sized Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ do especially at high current rates, which can deliver a reversible discharge capacity of 131 mAh g⁻¹ at the rate of 10 C, whereas that of the submicro-sized sample decreases to 25 mAh g⁻¹ at the same rate (10 C). Its reversible capacity is maintained at ~172.2 mAh g⁻¹ with the voltage range 1.0–3.0 V (vs. Li) at the current rate of 0.5 C for over 80 cycles.     

Preparation of binder-free thin film Li4Ti5O12 anode with an adjustable thickness through anodic TiO2 nanotubes

Binder-free thickness-controllable Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ for application in lithium ion batteries was fabricated by the reaction of Li₂CO₃ and anodic nanotubular TiO₂ at 800 °C. As the concentration of Li₂CO₃ increased, the thickness of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ film increased, leading to increase in discharge capacity. The Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ film prepared at the optimized concentration of Li₂CO₃ of 3.8 × 10^?6 mol displayed the maximum capacity of 104 μA h cm^?2 at the first cycle, which corresponds to 103 mA h g^?1. We found that excess Li₂CO₃ led to creation of LiTiO₂ phases in the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ film, which reduced the discharge capacity. For comparison, a Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ film was prepared by the reaction of Li₂CO₃ on a non-anodized Ti foil. In this case, discharge capacity was dramatically reduced due to the formation of Li₂TiO₃ phases in Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, which was confirmed by TEM and XRD analysis.     

Synthesis and characterization of Li4Ti5O12/graphene composite as anode material with enhanced electrochemical performance

The use of graphene as a conductive additive to enhance the rate capability and cycle stability of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ electrode material has been demonstrated. Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ and its composite with graphene (1.86 wt%) are prepared by ball milling and simple chemical method, respectively. Among the as-synthesized composites, Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ particles uniformly clung to the graphene sheets. When used as an electrode material for lithium ion battery, the composite presents excellent rate performance and high cyclic stability. It is found that the composite displayed high-rate capacity of 118.7 mAh?g^?1 at 20 C. Furthermore, the composite exhibits good cycle stability, retaining over 96 % of its initial capacity after 50 cycles at 10 C. The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to a decrease in the charge-transfer resistance.     

Enhanced high-rate performance of sub-micro Li4Ti4.95Zn0.05O12 as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Zn-doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ was prepared by a ball milling-assisted solid-state method, and the characters were determined by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge–discharge testing. The results show that Li₄Ti_5?x Zn _x O₁₂ (x?=?0, 0.05) exhibits the pure phase structure, and Zn doping does not change the electrochemical reaction process and basic spinel structure of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. The particle size of both samples is about 300–500 nm. The prepared Li₄Ti_4.95Zn_0.05O₁₂ presents an excellent rate capability and capacity retention. At the charge–discharge rate of 1C, the initial discharge capacity of Li₄Ti_4.95Zn_0.05O₁₂ is 268 mAh g^?1. After 90 cycles at 5C, the discharge capacity of Li₄Ti_4.95Zn_0.05O₁₂ is obviously higher than that of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. The excellent electrochemical performance of the Li₄Ti_4.95Zn_0.05O₁₂ electrode could be attributed to the improvement of reversibility by doping zinc and the sub-micro particle size.     

Preparation and characterization of spherical La-doped Li4Ti5O12 anode material for lithium ion batteries

The lithium secondary batteries with high power density need the electrode materials with both high specific capacity and high tap density. An “outer gel” method by TiCl₄ as the raw material has been developed to prepare spherical precursor. High tap density spherical Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ is synthesized by sintering the mixture of precursor and Li₂CO₃. La-doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ is also prepared by this method. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, tap density testing, and the determination of the electrochemical properties show that the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ powders prepared by this method are spherical and exhibits high tap density. La³⁺ dopant improved the electrochemical performance over the pristine Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. It is tested that the tap density of the pristine and La³⁺-doped products is as high as 1.80 and 1.78 g•cm⁻³, respectively. Between 1.0 and 3.0 V versus Li, the initial discharge capacity of the La³⁺ dopant is as high as 161.5 mAh•g⁻¹ at 0.1C rate. After 50 cycles, the reversible capacity is still 135.4 mAh•g⁻¹.     

Preparation and characteristics of Li4Ti5O12 with various dopants as anode electrode for hybrid supercapacitor

Spinel-Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ is successfully synthesized by a solid phase synthesis. The Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ powders with various dopants (Al³⁺, Cr³⁺, Mg²⁺) synthesized at 800 °C are in accordance with the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ cubic spinel phase structure. The dopants are inserted into the lattice structure of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ without causing any changes in structural characteristics. In order to study the effect on various dopants, the hybrid supercapacitor is prepared by using un-doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ and doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ in this work. The electrochemical performance of the hybrid supercapacitor is characterized by impedance spectroscopy and cycle performance. The results show Cr³⁺ and Mg²⁺ dopants enhance the conductivity of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. Also, Al³⁺ substitution improves the reversible capacity and cycling stability of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. It is found that effect of dopant on the electrochemical performance of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ as electrode material for hybrid supercapacitor where the EDLC and the Li ion secondary battery coexist in one cell system.     

Electrospinning preparation of one-dimensional Co<Superscript>2+</Superscript>-doped Li<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> nanofibers for high-performance lithium ion battery

One-dimensional Co²⁺-doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ nanofibers with a diameter of approximately 500 nm have been synthesized via a one-step controllable electrospinning method. The Co²⁺-doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ nanofibers were systematically characterized by XRD, ICP, TEM, SEM, BET, EDS mapping, and XPS. Based on the cubic spinel structure and one-dimensional effect of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, Co²⁺-doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ nanofibers exhibit the enlarged lattice volume, reduced particle size and enhanced electrical conductivity. More importantly, Co²⁺-doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ nanofibers as a lithium ion battery anode electrode performs superior electrochemical performance than undoped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ electrode in terms of electrochemical measurements. Particularly, the reversible capacity of Co²⁺-doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ electrode reaches up to 140.1 mAh g^?1 and still maintains 136.5 mAh g^?1 after 200 cycles at a current rate of 5 C. Therefore, one-dimensional Co²⁺-doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ nanofiber electrodes, showing high reversible capacity and remarkable recycling property, could be a potential candidate as an anode material.     

Pr-modified Li<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> nanofibers as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries with outstanding cycling performance and rate performance

Pr-doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ in the form of Li_4?x/3Ti_5?2x/3Pr_xO₁₂ (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07) was synthesized successfully by an electrospinning technique. ICP shows that the doped samples are closed to the targeted samples. XRD analysis demonstrates that traces of Pr³⁺ can enlarge the lattice parameter of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ from 8.3403 to 8.3765 Å without changing the spinel structure. The increase of lattice parameter is beneficial to the intercalation and de-intercalation of lithium-ion. XPS results identify the existence form of Ti is mainly Ti⁴⁺ and Ti³⁺ in minor quantity in Li_4?x/3Ti_5?2x/3Pr_xO₁₂ (x = 0.05) samples due to the small amount of Pr³⁺. The transition from Ti⁴⁺ to Ti³⁺ is conducive to the electronic conductivity of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. FESEM images show that all the nanofibers are well crystallized with a diameter of about 200 nm and distributed uniformly. The results of electrochemical measurement reveal that the 1D Li_4?x/3Ti_5?2x/3Pr_xO₁₂ (x = 0.05) nanofibers display enhanced high-rate capability and cycling stability compared with that of undoped nanofibers. The high-rate discharge capacity of the Li_4?x/3Ti_5?2x/3Pr_xO₁₂ (x = 0.05) samples is excellent (101.6 mAh g^?1 at 50 °C), which is about 58.48 % of the discharge capacity at 0.2 °C and 4.3 times than that of the bare Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (23.5 mA g^?1). Even at 10 °C (1750 mA g^?1), the specific discharge capacity is still 112.8 mAh g^?1 after 1000 cycles (87.9 % of the initial discharge capacity). The results of cyclic voltammograms (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) illustrate that the Pr-doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ electrodes possess better dynamic performance than the pure Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, further confirming the excellent electrochemical properties above.     

Kinetic performance of Li4Ti5O12 anode material synthesized by the solid-state method

Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ anode was successfully synthesized by solid-state method. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron micrographs show that Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ prepared by solid-state method has a purity phase with a uniform particle size in the range of 0.5?C1???m. Cyclic voltammogram reveals that there is a big irreversible capacity for the first cycle. Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ shows a stable cycling stability at 1?C rate. After 152 cycles, the discharge capacity is 213?mAh?g^?1, which keeps 93% of it at the second cycle. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that the resistance of charge-transfer of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ electrode decreased with increasing the storage temperatures, and the lithium diffusion coefficient is increased with increasing the storage temperatures, revealing that the kinetics of Li⁺ and electron transfer into the electrodes were much faster at high temperature than that at low temperature. The apparent activation energy of the charge transfer and lithium diffusion can be calculated to be 33.1 and 27.3?kJ?mol^?1, respectively.     

Advanced electrochemical performances of Li4Ti5O12/Ag prepared by a facile synthesis route

Spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ coated by highly dispersed nanosized Ag particles was synthesized via a facile and effective ultrasonic-assisted method in this paper. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that Ag was not doped into the lattice of spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. The as-synthesized Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Ag exhibited enhanced electronic conductivity and excellent electrochemical performances. Its electronic conductivity was increased about four times compared to that of the pristine Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. Even at 10 C rate, the as-synthesized Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Ag could keep 86.5 % of the reversible capacity at 1 C rate and its reversible capacity was higher than 140 mAhg^?1 whereas those were 75.3 % and 118 mAhg^?1 for the pristine Li₄Ti₅O₁₂.     

Influence of carbon additive on the properties of spherical Li<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> and LiFePO<Subscript>4</Subscript> materials for lithium-ion batteries

Preparing spherical particles with carbon additive is considered as one effective way to improve both high rate performance and tap density of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ and LiFePO₄ materials. Spherical Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C and LiFePO₄/C composites are prepared by spray-drying–solid-state reaction method and controlled crystallization–carbothermal reduction method, respectively. The X-ray diffraction characterization, scanning electron microscope, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, alternating current impedance analyzing, tap density testing, and electrochemical property measurements are investigated. After hybridizing carbon with a proper quantity, the crystal grain size of active materials is remarkably decreased and the electrochemical properties are obviously improved. The Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C and LiFePO₄/C composites prepared in this work are spherical. The tap density and the specific surface area are as high as 1.71 g cm⁻³ and 8.26 m² g⁻¹ for spherical Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C, which are 1.35 g cm⁻³ and 18.86 m² g⁻¹ for spherical LiFePO₄/C powders. Between 1.0 and 3.0 V versus Li, the reversible specific capacity of the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C is more than 150 mAh g⁻¹ at 1.0-C rate. Between 2.5 and 4.2 V versus Li, the reversible capacity of the LiFePO₄/C is close to 140 mAh g⁻¹ at 1.0-C rate.     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of Li<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript>/Ti<Subscript>4</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript> composite for lithium-ion batteries

In order to improve the rate capability of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, Ti₄O₇ powder was successfully fabricated by improved hydrogen reduction method, then a dual-phase composite Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Ti₄O₇ has been synthesized as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. It is found that the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Ti₄O₇ composite shows higher reversible capacity and better rate capability compared to Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. According to the charge-discharge tests, the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Ti₄O₇ composite exhibits excellent rate capability of 172.3 mAh g^?1 at 0.2 C, which is close to the theoretical value of the spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. More impressively, the reversible capacity of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Ti₄O₇ composite is 103.1 mAh g^?1 at the current density of 20 C after 100th cycles, and it maintains 84.8% of the initial discharge capacity, whereas that of the bare spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ is only 22.3 mAh g^?1 with a capacity retention of 31.1%. The results indicate that Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Ti₄O₇ composite could be a promising anode material with relative high capacity and good rate capability for lithium-ion batteries.     

Li4Ti2.5Cr2.5O12 as anode material for lithium battery

Chromium-substituted Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ has been investigated as a negative electrode for future lithium batteries. It has been synthesized by a solid-state method followed by quenching leading to a micron-sized material. The minimum formation temperature of Li₄Ti_2.5Cr_2.5O₁₂ was found to be around 600 °C using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance spectroscopy, and charge–discharge cycling were used to evaluate the synthesized Li₄Ti_2.5Cr_2.5O₁₂. The particle size of the powder was around 2–4 μm. CV studies reveal a shift in the deintercalation potential by about 40 mV, i.e., from 1.54 V for Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ to 1.5 V for Li₄Ti_2.5Cr_2.5O₁₂. High-rate cyclability was exhibited by Li₄Ti_2.5Cr_2.5O₁₂ (up to 5  C) compared to the parent compound. The conduction mechanism of the compound was examined in terms of the dielectric constant and dissipation factor. The relaxation time has been evaluated and was found to be 0.07 ms. The mobility was found to be 5.133 × 10⁻⁶ cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹.     

Nano Li<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> as sulfur host for high-performance Li-S battery

S/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ cathode with high lithium ionic conductivity was prepared for Li-S battery. Herein, nano Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ is used as sulfur host and fast Li⁺ conductor, which can adsorb effectively polysulfides and improve remarkably Li⁺ diffusion coefficient in sulfur cathode. At 0.5 C, S/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ cathode has a stable discharge capacity of 616 mAh g^?1 at the 700th cycle and a capacity loss per cycle of 0.0196% from the second to the 700th cycle, but the corresponding values of S/C cathode are 437 mAh g^?1 and 0.0598%. Even at 2 C, the capacity loss per cycle of S/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ cathode is only 0.0273% from the second to the 700th cycle. The results indicate that Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ as the sulfur host plays a key role on the high performance of Li-S battery due to reducing the shuttle effect and enhancing lithium ionic conductivity.     

Effects of dopant on the electrochemical properties of Li<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> anode materials

The effects of dopant on the electrochemical properties of spinel-type Li_3.97M_0.1Ti_4.94O₁₂ (M = Mn, Ni, Co) and Li_(4-x/3)Cr_xTi_(5-2x/3)O₁₂(x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.5) were systematically investigated. Charge-discharge cycling were performed at a constant current density of 0.5 mA/cm² between the cut-off voltages of 3.0 and 1.0 V, the experimental results showed that Cr³⁺ dopant improved the reversible capacity and cycling stability over the pristine Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. The substitution of the Mn³⁺ and Ni³⁺ slightly decreased the capacity of the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. Dopants such as Co³⁺ to some extent worsened the electrochemical performance of the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂.     

Li4Ti5O12/Ag composite as electrode materials for lithium-ion battery

The Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Ag composites were prepared by thermal decomposition of AgNO₃ added to Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ powders. The influence of the Ag contents and the mixing media on the particle size, morphology and electrochemical performance of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Ag composites were investigated. The highest discharge capacity of the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Ag composite reached at the 5 wt.% of Ag content. Compared with alcohol medium, distilled water as mixing medium presented the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/Ag composite with higher specific capacity and better cycling performance, leading to a reversible capacity after 50 cycles of 184.2 mAh/g with a capacity degradation of 3.31% compared to the second cycle at 2 C rate.     

Influence of post-calcination treatment on the spinel lithium titanium oxide anode material for lithium ion batteries

The influence of post-calcination treatment on spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ anode material is extensively studied combining with a ball-milling-assisted rheological phase reaction method. The post-calcinated Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ shows a well distribution with expanded gaps between particles, which are beneficial for lithium ion mobility. Electrochemical results exhibit that the post-calcinated Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ delivers an improved specific capacity and rate capability. A high discharge capacity of 172.9 mAh g^?1 and a reversible charge capacity of 171.1 mAh g^?1 can be achieved at 1 C rate, which are very close to its theoretical capacity (175 mAh g^?1). Even at the rate of 20 C, the post-calcinated Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ still delivers a quite high charge capacity of 124.5 mAh g^?1 after 50 cycles, which is much improved over that (43.9 mAh g^?1) of the pure Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ without post-calcination treatment. This excellent electrochemical performance should be ascribed to the post-calcination process, which can greatly improve the lithium ion diffusion coefficient and further enhance the electrochemical kinetics significantly.     

Improvement electrochemical performance of Li1.5Ni0.25Mn0.75O2.5 with Li4Ti5O12 coating

Layered cathode Li_1.5Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.5 has been synthesized and coated by Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. The pristine and coated Li_1.5Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.5 powders are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), indicating the materials remained the layered structure before and after coating. The coated Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ has been detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (DEX). The electrochemical performance, especially rate performance of Li_1.5Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.5 electrode, is improved effectively after Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ coating. The first discharge capacity, coulombic efficiency, and capacity retention of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂-coated Li_1.5Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.5 electrode are 244 mA h g^?1, 81.5 %, and 98.3 % after 50 cycles, respectively. The Li₄Ti₅O₁₂-coated Li_1.5Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.5 electrode exhibits 108 mA h g^?1 at 10 °C rate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results show that the charge transfer resistance (R _ct) of Li_1.5Ni_0.25Mn_0.75O_2.5 electrode decreases after coating, which is due to the existence of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ with high lithium ion diffusion coefficient and suppression of the solid electrolyte interfacial (SEI) layer development and is responsible for the excellent rate capability and cyclic performance.     

Preparation of carbon encapsulated Li<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> anode material for lithium ion battery through pre-coating method

Carbon encapsulated Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (C/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂) anode material for lithium ion battery was prepared by using the pre-coat method of two steps, and the TiO₂ was pre coated before the reaction with Li₂CO₃. The structure and morphology of the resultant C/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical tests showed that at 0.1 C, the initial discharge capacity was 169.9 mAh g^?1, and the discharge capacity was 80 mAh g^?1 at 5 C. After 100 cycles at 2 C, the discharge specific capacity was 108.5 mAh g^?1. Compare with one step coating method, results showed the C/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ prepared by pre-coat method can reduce the particle’s size and effectively improve the electrochemical performance.