基于白光干涉的光学球面半径测量研究

光学球面曲率半径是决定光学球面光学特性的重要参量,通过测量光学球面的曲率半径，可以审核光学元件设计制造质量。在基于白光干涉理论基础上，将莫尔光栅位移测量系统及CCD数字图像采集处理系统集成到迈克尔逊干涉仪上，利用CCD数字图像处理技术，构建了光学球面曲率半径自动测量系统。该测量系统对于大曲率半径的光学球面测量精度较高；对于半径R＝71.2037mm的光学球面,其测量标准误差σR＝0.4723mm。实验结果表明：设计的光学球面自动测量系统可以对大曲率半径光学球面实现高精度测量。     

Wavelength dependence of focusing properties of two-dimensional photonic quasicrystal flat lens

We investigated the wavelength dependence of the focusing properties of a germanium-cylinder-based two-dimensional (2D) decagonal Penrose-type photonic quasicrystal (PQC) flat lens for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. We found that near the second bandgap and in the high-frequency side (between the bandgap boundary and the first light intensity peak) of the pass band, the flat lens can exhibit a focusing effect for a point light source and that the focusing wavelengths can directly be drawn from the photonic band structure. For all the focusing wavelengths, the summation of the object distance and the image distance is less than the thickness of the flat lens when the object distance is half the thickness of the flat lens. As the wavelength increases, the image distance, the image quality, and the effective refractive index of the flat lens increase, whereas the image power of the point light source decreases. The effective refractive index of the flat lens is less than -1.     

Analysis of polymer adsorption onto colloidal particles

The structure of the layer formed after polymer adsorption onto a spherical particle is numerically studied by means of the application of the Single-Chain Mean-Field theory. We have determined several overall layer properties including the monomer volume fraction profiles, the layer thickness, adsorbances related to loops and to tails, as well as the variation of the crossover distance between loops and tails for different particle radii and fixed polymer length. When the radius of the sphere is small enough to affect the loop layer, one enters a single-adsorbed-chain regime, characterized by a critical sphere radius. In this regime, structural changes in the adsorbed layer arise. For such small sphere, the loop layer is confined to a region whose thickness is of the order of the radius of the adsorbing sphere, and two long tails dominate the outer layer and the adsorbance due to tails dominates that due to loops. An analysis of the structure of the outer tail layer for this small sphere case is also presented.     

The DORT solution in acoustic inverse scattering problem of a small elastic scatterer

The DORT (French acronym for Décomposition de l’Opérateur de Retournement Temporel) method is a novel approach for active detection and focusing of acoustic waves on the targets in the scattering medium. This technique involves the determination of the invariant of the time-reversal operator obtained by measurement of the scattering data in a pulse-echo mode. In this paper, a proposed approach based on the DORT method is developed to solve the acoustic inverse scattering problem of a small metallic scatterer. The proposed approach not only estimates the position of the scatterer, but also determines the physical properties of an unknown metallic scatterer such as the shape (cylinder or sphere), the material (density), and the size (radius) in an anisotropic scattering case. Theoretical and numerical simulation results are also studied and investigated to show that the proposed approach can simultaneously characterize all those properties of an unknown metallic scatterer. Moreover, the advantage of the proposed approach is to avoid the complex iterative scheme in solving the direct scattering problem and results in smaller computational load and faster implementation.     

Scatterer size estimation in pulse-echo ultrasound using focused sources: theoretical approximations and simulation analysis

The speckle in ultrasound images has long been thought to contain information related to the tissue microstructure. Many different investigators have analyzed the frequency characteristics of the backscattered signals to estimate the scatterer acoustic concentration and size. Previous work has been mostly restricted to unfocused or weakly focused ultrasound sources, thus limiting its implementation with diagnostically relevant fields. Herein, we derive equations capable of estimating the size of a scatterer for any reasonably focused source provided that the velocity potential field in the focal region can be approximated as a three-dimensional Gaussian beam, scatterers are a sufficient distance from the source, and the field is approximately constant across the scatterer. The calculations show that, when estimating the scatterer size, correcting for focusing requires a generalized attenuation-compensation function that includes both attenuation and focusing along the beam axis. The Gaussian approximation is validated by comparing the ideal velocity potential field for three spherically focused sources with f-numbers of 1, 2, and 4 to the Gaussian approximation for frequencies from 2 to 14 MHz. The theoretical derivations are evaluated by simulating the backscatter by using spherically focused sources (f-numbers of 1, 2, and 4) adjacent to attenuating media (0.05 to 1 dB/cm/MHz) that contain scatterers with Gaussian impedance distributions. The generalized attenuation-compensation function yielded results accurate to 7.2% while the traditional attenuation-compensation functions that neglected focusing had errors as high as 103%.     

Determination of structure of weak scatterers from holographic images

For a weak scatterer a three dimensional Fourier transform of the image formed by a generalized hologram is shown to yield directly the Fourier transform of the scattering potential evaluated on the Ewald sphere. The entire scattering potential can be approximately determined if the object is illuminated from all directions in a series of experiments and if the scattering potential is essentially bandlimited to within a sphere of radius 4π/λ.     

Metal radii in surface science

The saturation monolayer coverage of an adsorbed metal overlayer on a smooth metal surface is largely determined by the adsorbed metal's radius. Experimental maximum packing densities in two-dimensional metal overlayers are compared with predictions based on several different definitions of metal atom radii: atomic radii, covalent radii, minimum bulk interatomic distance (:2) and the Zachariasen [J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 35 (1973) 3487] metal radii. Best agreement is found with the last, which is obtained by assuming that the bulk, pure metal density is obtained from an ideal, hexagonal close-packed structure of spheres of that radius.     

Comparison of photonic bandgaps of two-dimensional periodic and quasi-periodic photonic crystals with different relative permittivity dielectric

Photonic bandgaps (PBGs) of two-dimensional (2D) triangular-lattice and square-lattice and decagonal quasi-periodic photonic crystals (PCs) have been analyzed, with a given scatterer radius and dielectric relative permittivity changing from 1 to 30 within air-cylinders-in-dielectric and dielectric-cylinders-in-air constructions. The results have shown that 2D quasi-periodic PC is more likely to generate PBG and complete PBG than 2D periodic PC. For the given scatterer radius and two constructions, PBG widths of the two types of 2D PCs vary little, whereas the corresponding center frequencies decrease in smooth “hyperbola-like” curves with dielectric relative permittivity increasing monotonically. The present results will guide the design of PBG-type microstructure photonic devices.     

高功率激光系统中全息“热像”效应

对高功率激光系统中存在的一种类似于小尺度自聚焦的非线性过程“热像”效应进行了理论分析和模拟计算。当一束经过遮光物调制的激光光束通过非线性介质后,在随后的光路上将产生一个亮点,即“热像”。“热像”处的光强比背景光强大几倍,因此位于“热像”附近位置的光学元件很可能遭受损伤。从全息成像的角度对“热像”的形成过程进行了分析。结果表明：“热像”的位置处于以非线性介质为中心与遮光物大约对称的地方,“热像”的光强是原始光强的(1+B)2倍。计算机模拟与理论计算结果吻合较好,验证了上述结果。     

高功率激光系统中全息“热像”效应

 对高功率激光系统中存在的一种类似于小尺度自聚焦的非线性过程“热像”效应进行了理论分析和模拟计算。当一束经过遮光物调制的激光光束通过非线性介质后，在随后的光路上将产生一个亮点，即“热像”。“热像”处的光强比背景光强大几倍，因此位于“热像”附近位置的光学元件很可能遭受损伤。从全息成像的角度对“热像”的形成过程进行了分析。结果表明：“热像”的位置处于以非线性介质为中心与遮光物大约对称的地方，“热像”的光强是原始光强的(1+B)2倍。计算机模拟与理论计算结果吻合较好，验证了上述结果。     

Controlling the focusing properties of a triangular-lattice metallic photonic-crystal slab：

This paper studies the focusing properties of a two-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) slab consisting of a triangular lattice of metallic cylinders immersed in a dielectric background. Through the analysis of the equifrequency-surface contours and the field patterns of a point source placed in the vicinity of the PC slab, it finds that both the image distance and image quality can be controlled by simply adjusting the refractive index of the background material.     

Design of the spatial filter window for digital holographic convolution reconstruction of object beam field

In the convolution reconstruction process of digital holographic object beam field, the object beam fields with different magnifications can be obtained when the reconstructing beams are spherical waves with different wave curvature radii. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental discussion on the useful spatial frequency spectrum of the hologram numerically illuminated by the spherical wave. The result shows that there would be an image in the spatial frequency spectrum of digital hologram, which is completely the same as the object, if the wave surface radius of the spherical wave is equal to the distance from the object to the CCD sensor. Taking this image as a reference and designing a filter, the position of the reconstructed images with different magnifications can be predicted correctly in the reconstructed plane. Additionally, since the spectrum distribution of zero-order diffraction can be forecasted accurately in theory, its contribution can be effectively eliminated through changing the spatial filter shape; then a reconstructed object field containing more high-frequency information can be obtained.     

Nanophotonics of isolated spherical particles

The problem of extreme focusing of an optical beam into the spatial region with wavelength dimensions is considered with the use of the special features of radiation interaction with isolated spherical particles. Results of numerical computations of the optical field intensity at the surface of silver particles of different radii upon exposure to laser radiation with different wavelengths are presented. It is demonstrated that the relative intensity of the plasmon optical field on the nanoparticle surface increases and the field focusing region decreases with increasing particle radius. Results of numerical computations illustrating the influence of the shell of composite nanoparticles comprising a dielectric core and a metal shell on the optical field intensity in the vicinity of the particle are presented. The problem of local optical foci of a transparent microparticle (photonic nanojets) is investigated. It is established that variation of the micron particle size, its optical properties, and laser radiation parameters allows the amplitude and spatial characteristics of the photonic nanojet region to be controlled efficiently.     

Modulation of the secondary Bjerknes force in multi-bubble systems

The behaviours of insonated bubble clusters are regulated by the secondary Bjerknes force between bubble pairs. While the force has been investigated extensively for two-bubble systems, the modulation of the force by nearby bubbles remains unclear. This problem is investigated in this paper by theoretical analyses and numerical simulations of a three bubble system. For weak oscillations, the third bubble is found to have strong effects when its radius is close to the resonant radius. The equilibrium distance between the bubble pair is reduced when the radius of the third bubble is smaller than the resonant threshold, and increased when it is larger. For strong oscillations of bubbles with radii of a few microns, the third bubble reduces the magnitude of the force, hence increasing the equilibrium distance. The modulation effects depend strongly on the relative sizes of the bubbles. Stronger effects can be produced when the third bubble is placed closer to the smaller bubble in the bubble pair. The findings highlight the need for a more accurate parametrization of the secondary Bjerknes force in the simulation and manipulation of bubble clusters.     

Focusing properties of small lenses

The potential use of small substrate lenses for coupling to antennas at millimeter wave frequencies is investigated by analyzing the focusing properties of dielectric spheres with quarter-wave matching layers. The fields and the power density are calculated at various points within the sphere to learn how the focusing deteriorates as the lens is made smaller. The absorption loss of the lens is also calculated. The calculations show that quartz spheres with quarter-wave matching layers, can exhibit good focusing properties down to a radius of about half a free space wavelength. This minimum radius was found to increase almost linearly with the refractive index of the lens. The calculations also indicate that at 94GHz the absorption losses of fused quartz, silicon and gallium arsenide lenses, with radii of one free space wavelength or less, are less than 0.2 dB. As the minimum diameter of a quartz lens is comparable with the spot size in free space, it should be possible to build an imaging lens array in which each lens will act as a separate imaging element.     

超高斯涡旋光束在空间中的传输特性

研究了超高斯涡旋光束光强最大值、光斑半径以及环围能量半径等参数随传输距离和拓扑荷数的变化规律,并与高斯涡旋光束做了比较,结果表明：超高斯涡旋光束的光斑半径和环围能量半径随拓扑荷数及传输距离呈近似线性关系;对同一拓扑荷数和传输距离,高斯涡旋光束的能量较超高斯涡旋光束要发散;当拓扑荷数较大时,超高斯涡旋光束的光斑半径比高斯涡旋光束更大。针对光束质量研究了广义光束质量因子随传输距离和拓扑荷数的变化,结果表明传输距离足够远时,拓扑荷数较小的超高斯涡旋光束具有更好的光束质量。     

Interaction dynamics of elastic waves with a complex nonlinear scatterer through the use of a time reversal mirror

This Letter reports on work performed to locate and interrogate a nonlinear scatterer in a linearly elastic medium through the use of a time reversal mirror in combination with nonlinear dynamics. Time reversal provides the means to spatially and temporally localize elastic energy on a scattering feature while the nonlinear dynamics spectrum allows one to determine whether the scatterer is nonlinear (e.g., mechanical damage). Here elastic waves are measured in a solid and processed to extract the nonlinear elastic response. The processed elastic signals are then time reversed, rebroadcast, and found to focus on the nonlinear scatterer, thus defining a time-reversed nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy process. Additionally, the focusing process illuminates the complexity of the nonlinear scatterer in both space and time, providing a means to image and investigate the origins and physical mechanisms of the nonlinear elastic response.     

飞秒光学参量振荡器中谐振腔的最佳聚焦设计

本文运用ABCD定律对光学参量振荡器共线谐振腔的聚焦参数及其匹配进行了计算分析。数值计算给出了当OPO腔增益最高时,泵浦光聚焦透镜焦距及聚焦束腰尺寸随振荡光聚焦镜曲率半径的变化及相应的拟合曲线,并对结果进行了讨论。在考虑非线性晶体的接收角的情况下,讨论了光束聚焦镜容许的最短曲率半径。计算同时指出,非临界相位匹配结构比临界相位匹配结构具有更大的接收角.     

Charged particle energy analyzer based on a modified cylindrical mirror

A modified design of an electrostatic energy analyzer of the cylindrical mirror type is suggested. The outer electrode of the modified analyzer consists of three cylinders with equal radii and different potentials. The electron-optical properties of the analyzer are numerically simulated, and it is demonstrated that it may offer a much higher focusing quality than a conventional cylindrical mirror. Optimal design and operating conditions are found for which the spherical aberration decreases fivefold compared with the conventional mirror.     

非晶一次晶化过程微观组织演化和生长动力学的相场法研究

在晶化物理模型中添加扩散系数对晶化过程的影响, 采用相场方法研究初始形核率和初始形核半径对一次晶化过程中微观组织和生长动力学的影响。结果表明: 随着初始形核率的增加, 相同时间内非晶一次晶化的晶粒数量逐渐增加, 晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。晶化分数随着演化时间和初始形核率的增加逐渐增大, 初始形核率越大, 相同演化时间内的晶化分数越高。不同初始形核半径情况下, 非晶一次晶化过程中的晶粒数量和尺寸随着演化时间的增加基本保持不变。晶化分数随着演化时间的增加而增大。不同初始形核率和初始形核半径情况下所对应的生长指数均小于1, 表明初始形核率和初始形核半径对晶化方式无影响, 均为一次晶化。改变初始形核率和初始形核半径可调控一次晶化微观组织结构, 而晶粒尺寸及晶化分数直接关系到合金性能。