Frequency-tunable, high-power microwave emission from cyclotronautoresonance maser oscillation and gyrotron interactions

The authors report experimental observations of high-power microwave emission from both the high-frequency cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM) oscillation and the low-frequency gyrotron interaction. High-power (3-10 MW) microwave emission is attributed to the CARM mechanism, which is magnetically tunable through discrete axial cavity modes from 15 through 16.7 GHz. For the same experimental parameters, megawatt-level microwave emission is observed, which is magnetically tunable from 10 through 14 GHz, indicating low-frequency gyrotron oscillation. High-frequency microwave pulse-lengths of up to 0.2 μs have been generated, which is a factor of five greater than those achieved in previous CARM experiments     

大功率微波真空电子器件的应用

 大功率微波真空电子器件具有工作频率高、峰值和平均功率大等特点,已广泛应用于微波电子系统,在科学研究和国民经济方面的应用越来越广泛。在科学研究方面,它主要应用在高能粒子加速器和可控热核聚变加热装置等大型科学装置上,主要包括高峰值功率速调管、连续波和长脉冲高功率速调管和高功率回旋管等器件。在国民经济方面,则主要应用于天气雷达、导航雷达、医用和工业辐照加速器、电视广播和通信等微波电子系统,主要包括大功率脉冲和连续波速调管、分布作用速调管、行波管、磁控管和感应输出管等。为此,介绍了这些微波真空电子器件的技术现状、共性技术问题和发展趋势。     

大功率微波真空电子器件的应用

大功率微波真空电子器件具有工作频率高、峰值和平均功率大等特点,已广泛应用于微波电子系统,在科学研究和国民经济方面的应用越来越广泛。在科学研究方面,它主要应用在高能粒子加速器和可控热核聚变加热装置等大型科学装置上,主要包括高峰值功率速调管、连续波和长脉冲高功率速调管和高功率回旋管等器件。在国民经济方面,则主要应用于天气雷达、导航雷达、医用和工业辐照加速器、电视广播和通信等微波电子系统,主要包括大功率脉冲和连续波速调管、分布作用速调管、行波管、磁控管和感应输出管等。为此,介绍了这些微波真空电子器件的技术现状、共性技术问题和发展趋势。     

Polarization control of the nonlinear emission of semiconductor microcavities

The degree of circular polarization ( Weierstrass p ) of the nonlinear emission in semiconductor microcavities is controlled by changing the exciton-cavity detuning. The polariton relaxation towards K approximately 0 cavitylike states is governed by final-state stimulated scattering. The helicity of the emission is selected due to the lifting of the degeneracy of the +/-1 spin levels at K approximately 0. At short times after a pulsed excitation Weierstrass p reaches very large values, either positive or negative, as a result of stimulated scattering to the spin level of lowest energy (+1/-1 spin for positive/negative detuning).     

High-power microwave generation from large-orbit devices

Experimental and theoretical studies conducted at the University of Maryland on the production of high-power microwave radiation in cusp-injected, large-orbit devices are reviewed. Three classes of devices belonging to this category are discussed. In the first case, an axis-encircling rotating electron beam interacts via the negative mass instability with the modes of a smooth cylindrical waveguide, producing broadband radiation at multiple harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. In the second case, the beam interacts with a multiresonator magnetron circuit designed to provide mode control, resulting in high-power radiation at a desired cyclotron harmonic. In the third case, the beam interacts with a transverse wiggler magnetic field produced by samarium-cobalt magnets placed interior and/or exterior to the beam. In this last case the interaction is analogous to a circular-geometry free-electron laser. Experimental results form all three configurations are reviewed and compared with theoretical expectations. The possibility of enhanced operational efficiency in all of these devices by electron energy recovery is discussed and a design for a first experiment to test this concept is presented     

Nonthermal microwave emission from frog muscles

Emission has been detected from electrically stimulated frog gastrocnemius muscles. It had wavenumbers certainly below 50cm⁻¹, and arguably less than 5cm⁻¹. The radiation has been shown to be non thermal, thus originating in some subsystem rather than in the muscle as a whole. This is in line with a pumped phonon prediction by Fr?hlich.     

高功率微波振荡器的相位控制

基于相对论返波管振荡器,提出了一种小信号牵引相位控制的方法,通过外加小信号对振荡器起振过程的引导,实现对输出微波的相位控制。相比于传统的方法,该方法可以利用ns量级的脉冲在较宽的带宽和较低的注入功率下实现对高功率微波振荡器的相位控制。在X波段相对论返波管振荡器相位控制实验中,利用百kW级的小信号,实现了对GW级高功率微波的输出相位控制,相位抖动小于±15°。     

高功率微波振荡器的相位控制

基于相对论返波管振荡器,提出了一种小信号牵引相位控制的方法,通过外加小信号对振荡器起振过程的引导,实现对输出微波的相位控制。相比于传统的方法,该方法可以利用ns量级的脉冲在较宽的带宽和较低的注入功率下实现对高功率微波振荡器的相位控制。在X波段相对论返波管振荡器相位控制实验中,利用百kW级的小信号,实现了对GW级高功率微波的输出相位控制,相位抖动小于15。     

Polarization state of high-order harmonic emission from aligned molecules

High harmonic emission in isotropic gases is polarized in the same direction as the incident laser polarization. Laser-induced molecular alignment allows us to break the symmetry of the gas medium. By using aligned molecules in high harmonic generation experiments, we show that the polarization of the extreme ultraviolet emission depends strongly on the molecular alignment and the orbital structure. Polarization measurements give insight into the molecular orbital symmetry. Furthermore, molecular alignment will allow us to produce attosecond pulses with time-dependent polarization.     

用于回旋管测试台的高压电源及控制系统设计

从一套用于回旋管测试台的基于脉冲阶梯调制(PSM)技术的-60 kV DC/50 A高压电源入手,提出了一套基于单片机和现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的控制系统设计,不仅满足了电源系统各种运行尤其是1 kHz调制的要求以及各种监控的要求,还满足了回旋管测试台的各种逻辑控制与快速联锁保护的要求。最终测试结果表明：该套电源及控制系统逻辑结构清晰,操作简洁,运行可靠,能够满足测试台系统对高压电源各项逻辑控制、精确定时控制、快速保护等控制要求。     

用于回旋管测试台的高压电源及控制系统设计北大核心CSCD

从一套用于回旋管测试台的基于脉冲阶梯调制(PSM)技术的-60kV DC/50A高压电源入手,提出了一套基于单片机和现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的控制系统设计,不仅满足了电源系统各种运行尤其是1kHz调制的要求以及各种监控的要求,还满足了回旋管测试台的各种逻辑控制与快速联锁保护的要求。最终测试结果表明:该套电源及控制系统逻辑结构清晰,操作简洁,运行可靠,能够满足测试台系统对高压电源各项逻辑控制、精确定时控制、快速保护等控制要求。     

用于高功率微波器件的永磁体的设计和测试

报道了用于高功率相对论返波管振荡器的永磁体的设计和试制。以Halbach阵列结构为基础, 通过选择高性能的永磁材料, 调整磁钢的充磁方向、排列方式和尺寸, 优化设计了可用于某相对论返波管振荡器的永磁体结构, 其均匀区磁场强度0.98 T。采用粒子模拟方法, 进行了永磁体与返波管振荡器的一体化设计, 设计结果表明：器件输出功率超过1 GW, 设计的永磁体能够满足器件对磁场强度和位形的要求。对永磁体进行了试制和测试, 测试结果为：均匀区磁场0.88 T, 均匀区长110 mm, 磁体重量约306 kg。     

用于高功率微波器件的永磁体的设计和测试

报道了用于高功率相对论返波管振荡器的永磁体的设计和试制。以Halbach阵列结构为基础, 通过选择高性能的永磁材料, 调整磁钢的充磁方向、排列方式和尺寸, 优化设计了可用于某相对论返波管振荡器的永磁体结构, 其均匀区磁场强度0.98 T。采用粒子模拟方法, 进行了永磁体与返波管振荡器的一体化设计, 设计结果表明:器件输出功率超过1 GW, 设计的永磁体能够满足器件对磁场强度和位形的要求。对永磁体进行了试制和测试, 测试结果为:均匀区磁场0.88 T, 均匀区长110 mm, 磁体重量约306 kg。     

碳化硅纳米线的电子发射特性

以聚碳硅烷为原料,通过1 200 ℃高温裂解工艺制备了碳化硅纳米线,并采用碳化硅纳米线作为高功率微波源用阴极材料,进行了电子发射实验。结果表明：与天鹅绒阴极材料相比,碳化硅纳米线具有更高的电子发射电流密度,在115 kV外加激励脉冲高压下,电子发射密度为23.7 kA/cm2,而天鹅绒材料为14.0 kA/cm2,并具有更好的电子发射品质及更长的使用寿命。因此碳化硅纳米线作为高功率微波源用阴极,具有很好的应用潜力。     

Polarization of emission spectra from Ti3+-doped oxide crystals

The Ti³⁺ ion in YAlO₃ (YAP), Y₃Al₅O₁₂ (YAG), and Al₂O₃ crystals occupies distorted octahedral sites relative to the nearest neighbour ligand ions. Such distortions are of even-parity in YAG where the zero-phonon lines in emission occur via magnetic dipole transitions. In contrast, the zero-phonon transitions occur by electric dipole processes in Ti³⁺:YAP and Ti³⁺:Al₂O₃ where there are odd-parity distortions from octahedral symmetry. This paper reports measurements of the zero-phonon lines of Ti³⁺ ions in YAP, YAG, and Al₂O₃ at 10 K. The zero-phonon lines of Ti³⁺:YAP are strongly polarized perpendicular to the tetragonal axis and those of Ti³⁺:Al₂O₃ parallel to the trigonal axis. The experimental results are shown to be in accord with a molecular orbital model of the radiative transition according to which the transition intensities derive from odd-parity ligand wavefunctions induced into even-parity ground and excited Ti³⁺ wavefunctions by odd-parity crystal distortions.     

Polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation

In re-ionized models, the measurement of polarization of CMBR can be a good criterion to narrow down the parameter space for cosmological models. A Vishniac-type effect in second order polarization over arc minute scales has been calculated. It has been shown that while the effect is very small (∼10⁻² μK) for CDM models, it can be significant (∼0.3μK) for some isocurvature models.     

微波射频场在微波管中产生爆炸电子发射特性初步分析

对微波射频场在微波管内引起的场致发射和爆炸电子发射及等离子体的产生进行了分析,推导了等离子体产生强度与微波振幅、材料的电阻率、热传导系数、质量密度和比热容之间的关系,得到了晶须温度分布的表达式,通过数值解析的方式总结出在远大于微波周期的时间尺度上晶须温度提高随时间线性上升。在模型所述材料特性下,温度的上升率达到了3.22×1010 ℃/s,在100 ns量级就可以使晶须发生气化形成等离子体。