由小斜率近似计算空气声经粗糙海面透射至深海中的声场

采用一级小斜率近似方法处理空气声经粗糙海面透射至深海中的声场问题,导出了透射场及其相干分量的表达式。假定海面高度一维变化且频谱满足PM谱,采用小斜率近似方法计算了相应的透射场。对于空气中的线源,小斜率近似与积分方程方法结果一致。当水下测量点距离较远且深度较浅时,平均声强随海面均方根高度增加而增加至一极限值,相干声强则随海面均方根高度增加而一致减小。对于空气中的点源,小斜率近似计算表明,水下平均声强还依赖于测量点相对于声源的方位,而相干声强则与测量点的方位无关。     

由小斜率近似计算空气声经粗糙海面透射至深海中的声场（英文）

The first-order small slope approximation is applied to the problem of the sound transmission from an airborne source into deep ocean through a rough sea surface,and expressions are derived for the transmitted sound field and its coherent component.Numerical calculations are performed.The sea surface is assumed to be random rough with a PiersonMoskowitz spectrum and to have height variations in only one dimension.For the case of the airborne line source,the small slope approximation results are in good agreement with those from integral equations,and show that the mean of sound intensity at observation direction with shallow depression angle increases and approaches a limit as the root-mean-square surface height increases,while the coherent field intensity consistently decreases.For the case of the point source,the small slope approximation results show that the mean of sound intensity depends significantly on the source-receiver bearing angle,but the coherent field intensity is independent of this angle.     

空气中声源激发的浅海水下声场传播实验研究

为了了解空气中声源激发的水下声场传播特性,对此开展实验研究。2010年在南海北部海域进行了一次空气中声源激发水下声场实验,在水下成功地接收到远至4km处大功率扬声器在空中发射的脉冲声信号。本文通过分析实验数据,研究空气中声源激发的浅海水下声场传播特点。针对接收阵拾取的声传播信号信噪比低的特点,综合利用脉冲压缩以及波束形成方法提高接收信号的信噪比,得到收发距离1~4km、频率200~1000Hz范围内的传播损失实验值。在理论上,采用波数积分方法进行了声场数据模拟,结果表明理论计算的传播损失与实验结果较为一致。     

空气中声源激发浅海水下声场传播特性的实验研究

为了获得空气中远距离声源激发水下声场的精细结构,2013年3月,声场声信息国家重点实验室在南海海域进行了一次空气中声源激发水下声场的实验。采用汽笛作为空气声源,海底放置水听器作为接收,在实验过程中,发射船由距离水听器2.4 km处行驶至9.8 km。本文对该次实验数据进行分析,获得了收发距离远达9.8 km、频率分别为128 Hz和256 Hz的声传播损失曲线,该曲线随传播距离变化存在清晰的震荡结构.利用波数积分方法计算实验环境下的水下声场理论值,并对获得的声场传播特性进行了较好的物理解释。     

空气中声源激发水下声场的水平纵向相关性

声场的空间相关特性是声场的重要特征,对水下探测、水声通讯等各种设备在实际海洋环境中应用的参数选择具有重要意义,是水声工程技术研究的重要基础之一。相比于水中声源激发声场的相关特性研究,空气中声源的相关研究很少。本文推导了空气中声源激发水下声场的水平纵向相关的简正波表达式,并通过数值仿真分析,比较了声源分别位于空气中和水中时水下声场的水平纵向相关特性。对南海海域进行的一次悬挂汽笛空气声源、海底水平阵接收信号海上实验获得的数据进行分析,结果表明:空气中声源位于不同距离时,其发射的声信号激发水下声场的水平纵向相关均存在明显的起伏结构,基于本文提出的空气中声源激发水下声场的水平纵向相关系数的简正波表达式能够较好地解释该现象.     

浅海声场单模激发的自适应逆控制算法

提出了一种基于自适应逆控制理论的单模激发闭环控制算法,采用ε-滤波LMS结构,以期望单模声压矢量作为控制指令,并引入抖动信号,通过误差抵消和误差过滤技术,自适应生成对象控制器。计算结果: (1)期望波形能量与均方误差能量之比SER曲线能较快地达以信噪比SNR为极限的平稳线; (2)控制器c的收敛不以对象Q的自适应准确为前提,即对对象的抖动不敏感。结果表明对于由声源阵列和水听器阵列构成的多输入多输出(MIMO)单模激发控制系统,算法简单、有效,能很好地消除海域对象的扰动和噪声,在浅海波导中激发预期单模。     

基于小斜率近似的深海海面混响

收发设备在海面附近的深海混响实验中,多途时延使得最先到达水听器的为海面混响信号,且不受海底散射声场的干扰.本文利用射线理论描述深海声传播的格林函数,采用粗糙界面一阶小斜率近似方法描述全角度海面散射,给出海面混响声场的表达式.同时考虑了海面表层气泡散射的贡献,获得了海面混响理论.通过数值仿真数据和深海实验数据的比较对海面混响模型进行验证,分析了不同接收深度、频率下的海面混响强度衰减趋势.结果表明:低海况条件下,低频海面混响由粗糙界面散射主导,气泡散射可以忽略,随频率升高,气泡散射对海面混响的贡献逐渐增大,海面附近收发深度的小幅变化对混响衰减曲线的影响不明显.基于该模型提出一种反演海面粗糙界面谱参数的方法,数值计算结果验证了该模型能够在风速已知的前提下,通过海面混响数据提取海面粗糙界面谱参数.     

理想浅海波导中声场奇异点与声源深度的关系

为了有效利用声场奇异点蕴含的声源参数信息,研究了在理想浅海波导中,远场不同邻阶模态组的声场奇异点与声源深度之间的关系。推导计算了典型浅海声源声场的邻阶模态组奇异点位置,并通过仿真对奇异点的分布进行分析,结果显示邻阶模态组的阶数和阶差越大,奇异点分布越复杂。进一步研究发现,邻阶模态组第一组奇异点的深度和声源深度之间存在联系,并且基于奇异点与声压场的对应关系,在获得准确模态分布的前提下,可以通过两个邻阶模态组的第一组奇异点深度逆运算获得对应声源深度信息,也可以通过第一组奇异点深度反演获得声源深度信息。该文为获取浅海声源深度提供了思路。     

典型浅海温跃层内波对声场起伏的影响

本文描述了在夏季典型海区,温跃层内波起伏和不同距离声振幅起伏的实验测量结果。温度起伏记录时间48.96h,温跃层厚度约2-4m,温差达10-15℃。等温线内波垂直位移有5-6m,且主要受最低阶模式支配。测量获得的内波垂直空间频谱特性中,除潮周期占主要成分外,0.05-0.143cpm(7-20min)之间有明显的谱峰,谱衰减系数在-1.5--1.7之间。数值计算表明内波相、群速度在低频段完全相同,均为0.329m/s;随频率增加,相、群速度从约0.03cpm(33.33min)开始分离,且群速度值下降更快。在不同距离接收点,声振幅信号起伏有8-10dB;随距离增加,起伏有加快的趋势,并伴有信号衰落现象。谱衰减系数在-1,45--2之间。最后,用PE算法,模拟计算在内波起主导作用下的声振幅起伏。     

圆管内的偏心声源在圆管内外激发的声场

为了分析环形声波测井、扇区水泥胶结测井以及声波成像测井仪器在套管井内测量的波形,识别套管外界面的腐蚀或串槽情况,研究了偏心声源在圆管内、外激发的二维声场,给出了不同时刻的声场分布图和不同方位角的波形图,分析了不同回管厚度和声速时环绕圆管传播的波,并给出了实验结果。     

Sound transmission from air into shallow water through rough sea surfaces by small slope approximation

The first-order small slope approximation is applied to the problem of the sound transmission from an airborne source into shallow water through a rough sea surface.By assuming a three-layer homogeneous fluid model and decomposing the sound field in water layer into up-going and down-going waves,the expressions for the down-going wave and thus the total field are derived.The expressions can be calculated by the FFT,but the alias problem will arise.To mitigate the alias effect,additional medium a...     

Enhanced transmission through randomly rough surfaces

We present an experimental and theoretical study of two enhancement effects that occur in the transmission of light through a thin metal film whose illuminated surface is a one-dimensional random surface while its back surface is planar. The first is a well defined peak in the antispecular direction in the angular distribution of the intensity of the incoherent component of the transmitted light (enhanced transmission). The second is an additionally well defined peak in the forward direction in the angular distribution of the intensity of the incoherent component of the transmitted light, when the illuminated surface is not only randomly rough but has even symmetry as well (enhanced refraction). A fully automated bidirectional reflectometer has been used to measure the intensity of the incoherent component of He-Ne laser light transmitted through gold and silver films of these two types and the results are compared with the predictions of theoretical calculations of the enhancement effects.     

Enhanced transmission through randomly rough surfaces

Abstract

We present an experimental and theoretical study of two enhancement effects that occur in the transmission of light through a thin metal film whose illuminated surface is a one-dimensional random surface while its back surface is planar. The first is a well defined peak in the antispecular direction in the angular distribution of the intensity of the incoherent component of the transmitted light (enhanced transmission). The second is an additionally well defined peak in the forward direction in the angular distribution of the intensity of the incoherent component of the transmitted light, when the illuminated surface is not only randomly rough but has even symmetry as well (enhanced refraction). A fully automated bidirectional reflectometer has been used to measure the intensity of the incoherent component of He-Ne laser light transmitted through gold and silver films of these two types and the results are compared with the predictions of theoretical calculations of the enhancement effects.     

Second-order small perturbation method for transmission from dielectric rough surfaces

Although the small perturbation method (SPM) for rough surface scattering has been studied extensively in problems in optics, remote sensing and propagation, there are fewer studies on rough surface transmission by the SPM. In this paper, from Huygens’ principle and the extinction theorem, the SPM is used to derive the transmitted field to the second order, and expressions for the bidirectional transmission coefficient and the total surface transmittance to the second order are developed for the random rough surface. The refined expressions can be applied to the situations where the transmission characteristics of a random rough surface need to be more accurately calculated. For example, to calculate the brightness temperature of stratified rough media by the incoherent method, we have to know the bidirectional transmission coefficient or transmittance of random rough surface as accurately as possible. The accuracy of the presented expressions is verified through the conservation of energy. It is shown that the transmission characteristics calculated by SPM to the first order violate conservation of energy, whereas solutions to the second order conform to energy conservation much better. This is particularly important for the calculation of transmittance or emissivity.     

浅海空气声入水传播特性分析

结合射线和波数谱积分方法,对空气声入水传播途径进行了分析,利用海上试验数据进行了比较检验。结果表明,在浅海环境中,对水下声场有主要贡献的空气声入水传播途径,主要是透射穿过海面边界的折射直达声以及后续的海底反射声途径,其中折射直达声途径的贡献主要集中在声源正下方附近区域,当距离较远时,由于声线扩展损失效应以及直达声影区两方面的限制,折射直达声传播损失显著增加,对接收声场起主要贡献的是可以到达更远水平距离上的海底反射声,包括海底海面多次反射声。     

浅海周期起伏海底环境下的声传播

海底粗糙对水下声传播及水声探测等应用具有重要影响.利用黄海夏季典型海洋环境,分析了同时存在海底周期起伏和强温跃层条件下的声传播特性,结果表明:由于海底周期起伏的存在,对于低频(<1 kHz)、近程(10 km)的声信号,传播损失可增大5—30 d B.总结了声传播损失及脉冲到达结构随声源深度、海底起伏周期及起伏高度等因...     

Non-local small-slope approximation for wave scattering from rough surfaces

A new general analytical approach to solving the problems of wave scattering from rough surfaces, referred to as the non-local small-slope approximation (NLSSA), is suggested. It is formulated in the general form both for vector and scalar waves. This approach is valid for an arbitrary wavelength of radiation provided that the slopes of the undulations are small enough. The NLSSA represents a generalization of the small-slope approximation to situations where double scattering (in the optical sense) appears. It is demonstrated that with appropriate approximations the NLSSA of the lowest order reduces to the small-slope approximation of the second order.     

The weighted curvature approximation in scattering from sea surfaces

A family of unified models in scattering from rough surfaces is based on local corrections of the tangent plane approximation through higher-order derivatives of the surface. We revisit these methods in a common framework when the correction is limited to the curvature, that is essentially the second-order derivative. The resulting expression is formally identical to the weighted curvature approximation, with several admissible kernels, however. For sea surfaces under the Gaussian assumption, we show that the weighted curvature approximation reduces to a universal and simple expression for the off-specular normalized radar cross-section (NRCS), regardless of the chosen kernel. The formula involves merely the sum of the NRCS in the classical Kirchhoff approximation and the NRCS in the small perturbation method, except that the Bragg kernel in the latter has to be replaced by the difference of a Bragg and a Kirchhoff kernel. This result is consistently compared with the resonant curvature approximation. Some numerical comparisons with the method of moments and other classical approximate methods are performed at various bands and sea states. For the copolarized components, the weighted curvature approximation is found numerically very close to the cut-off invariant two-scale model, while bringing substantial improvement to both the Kirchhoff and small-slope approximation. However, the model is unable to predict cross-polarization in the plane of incidence. The simplicity of the formulation opens new perspectives in sea state inversion from remote sensing data.