基于圆柱定程干涉法测量气体黏度的探索

黏度是流体的重要输运性质, 实验测量是获取黏度数据的基本手段. 圆柱定程干涉法是目前测量气相声速最精确的方法之一, 其测量参数为工质的声学共振频率和共振峰半宽. 共鸣腔中气相工质的黏性会导致共振频率的偏移和共振峰半宽的增加, 是声速测量中的重要非理想影响因素. 但通过对共振频率和共振峰半宽的精确测定, 并结合热边界层、进气导管、声学传感器及壳体振动等其他非理想因素的修正, 可以精确反推获得黏度. 本文从理论上探讨了应用圆柱定程干涉法测量共振频率或者共振峰半宽来得到黏度的新方法, 以氩 (Ar) 为例进行了实验验证, 测量结果与文献值具有较好一致性, 证实了方法的可行性. 关键词： 黏度 圆柱共鸣腔 共振频率 共振峰半宽     

微波脉冲与带介质孔缝矩形腔体耦合的数值模拟研究

利用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法对微波脉冲与带介质孔缝矩形腔体的耦合过程进行了数值模拟研究. 如果孔缝填有介质, 则预期对微波耦合进入腔体的物理过程有重要影响, 研究了微波与带介质孔缝矩形腔体耦合的过程中影响介质孔缝耦合共振峰和共振频率点的因素, 包括孔缝长度、宽度和介质相对介电常数等物理量的影响. 通过大量不同孔缝尺寸的模拟研究, 发现孔缝的介质对孔缝耦合共振频率有明显影响, 我们对微波与带介质孔缝耦合发生共振的公式进行了拟合, 最后得出了微波脉冲与带介质孔缝矩形腔体耦合的共振条件.     

微波脉冲与带介质孔缝矩形腔体耦合的数值模拟研究

利用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法对微波脉冲与带介质孔缝矩形腔体的耦合过程进行了数值模拟研究.如果孔缝填有介质,则预期对微波耦合进入腔体的物理过程有重要影响,研究了微波与带介质孔缝矩形腔体耦合的过程中影响介质孔缝耦合共振峰和共振频率点的因素,包括孔缝长度、宽度和介质相对介电常数等物理量的影响.通过大量不同孔缝尺寸的模拟研究,发现孔缝的介质对孔缝耦合共振频率有明显影响,我们对微波与带介质孔缝耦合发生共振的公式进行了拟合,最后得出了微波脉冲与带介质孔缝矩形腔体耦合的共振条件.     

耦合声阻抗在扩散吸声体设计中的应用研究

为解决小房间的音质设计问题,需要设计不同的扩散吸声体。利用共振吸声的边缘效应,通过不同共振频率的共振器耦合共振时的非线性声阻抗变化组合,形成既能高效吸声,又能均匀散射的声学界面。数值分析及实验结果表明,新型的扩散吸声体内部没有任何传统吸声材料的情况下,单位面积吸声量在中低频段可达1.3 m2,在高频段由于非线性声阻抗与共振器的辐射阻抗不匹配影响,相应吸声量降低到0.7 m2左右。耦合声阻抗的运用使得新型扩散吸声体吸声的效率高,频带宽,免去传统吸声材料的使用,在小房间的声学应用中具有突出的优势。     

传感器驱动电压对声学温度计中声速测量的影响

声学温度计通过声速的精密测量得到热力学温度,是目前测量热力学温度不确定度最小的方法之一。压电陶瓷传感器结合端盖薄膜结构的声学传感器和传统麦克风传感器相比能够显著提高圆柱共鸣腔的共振频率测量信噪比。在圆柱共鸣腔中,纯轴向声学模式共振峰的幅值和信噪比随着压电陶瓷传感器驱动电压的增加而增加。压电陶瓷传感器驱动电压的变化对共振峰的频率和半宽影响较小,不会引起额外频率扰动。共振频率的随机偏差在气体压力低于150 kPa时随压电陶瓷传感器驱动电压升高逐渐减小;在气体压力高于150 kPa时驱动电压的影响不明显。该研究对于提高采用圆柱定程干涉法声学温度计测量热力学温度的精度具有重要的意义。     

圆柱声学共鸣腔边界层扰动的二阶修正模型

圆柱声学共鸣法是测量Boltzmann常数和研究声学温度计的重要方法.热边界层和黏性边界层是影响圆柱声学共振频率的最主要因素。目前已有的声学一阶微扰理论已不能满足圆柱声学共鸣法精确测量Boltzmann常数的需求(不确定度小于1×10~(-6)).本文建立了基于声学二阶微扰理论的边界层扰动修正模型,计算结果表明,与一阶修正相比,二阶修正不影响圆柱声学腔的共振频率,但对频率半宽产生不可忽略的影响,且随着圆柱腔内的声学共振模式而变化,压力越低影响越大.对于长度80 mm、半径40 mm的圆柱腔,在273.16 K、50 kPa,二阶修正对Ar的(2,0,0)频率半宽的影响接近7×10~(-6).采用二阶修正模型,更符合真实物理规律,满足精确测量的需求.     

水中矩形板的共振声辐射

研究共振声辐射理论(Resonance Radiation Theory:RRT)在水中矩形板的应用。导出了矩形板的共振声辐射公式、并数值验证了其适用性。深入分析了有流体负荷矩形板的复共振频率的物理意义及其与导纳留数、模态辐射率的关系,复共振频率的实部表示实际共振频率,虚部反映模态辐射能力。根据复共振频率容易找到辐射能力相对较强的模态,为有针对性控制声辐射提供了新的思路。鉴于复平面搜根求解模态复共振频率的困难,针对矩形板的特点提出了一种求解复共振频率及留数的快速方法。结合该方法及RRT,提出了一种快速计算辐射声功率的方法,数值验证表明该方法精度高、速度快。      

计算机曲线拟合求压电换能器的特征频率及动态参量

求压电换能器的特征频率及动态参量时通常采用“导纳圆图”的分析方法。测量“导纳圆”时,在换能器的共振频率附近只能测出几个频率点,因此从“导纳圆”上求得的特征频率为较粗糙的线性插值,误差较大,特别是在高Q值时更为明显。实际上,由这种方法确定串联、并联共振频率,电共振与反共振频率等较为困难。因此求与其相关的动态参数也同样困难,利用测量的频率、阻抗模量及幅角,采用计算机作曲线拟合的方法作数据处理,可求得换能器的全部特征频率以及对应的导纳值、机械及电品质因数、有效机电耦合系数等动态参量。在一定程度上提高了精度,编成通用程序后可提高工作效率。     

表面共振圆环结构对Si纳米线热传导的调控

利用声子的波动性,在纳米线表面引入共振结构,可以有效阻碍声子输运.为进一步优化共振结构,本文基于平衡态分子动力学(EMD)方法,研究表面共振圆环结构的高度和宽度对Si纳米线热输运性质的影响.结果表明：随着共振圆环高度的增加,Si纳米线的热导率逐渐减小,最大减幅可达61.9%.当高度达到2nm以后,热导率基本不再变化.共振圆环宽度则对热导率的影响较小.声子色散关系中出现的平带,证实了共振圆环引起的声子共振效应;最低共振频率的变化说明了共振圆环中的声子波长决定了共振圆环高度对纳米线热导率的最大影响程度.研究进一步发现,随着共振圆环高度的增加,声学支声子对热导率贡献的比重变小.本文研究结果对高效热电材料和隔热材料的微纳结构设计提供了一种新的思路.     

唢呐的声频谱和音管的计算

本文给出唢呐的声学结构，并用圆锥复合管模拟音管。音管和双簧片哨声容的共振决定声音的基频。文中给出音管输入导纳和传递函数的计算方法。计算表明，唢呐声中基波主要由指孔辐射，而高次谐波主要由碗开口辐射。声频谱包络的特点和音管的传递函数有相应的关系。     

穿孔管消声器声学长度修正的理论公式

推导出穿孔管消声器声学长度修正以及共振频率的理论公式。证明了在均匀分布情况下,多小孔向膨胀腔声辐射与单个小孔向膨胀腔声辐射的声学长度修正系数是一致的。对于小孔向主管道的声辐射,根据理论公式研究了穿孔率、周向均布数以及亥姆赫兹数对声学长度修正的影响,有限元计算得出在直径比小于0.4的情况下声学长度修正系数理论公式与仿真计算结果吻合良好。并利用理论公式的性质以及仿真结果获得了实用的拟合公式,提升了穿孔管消声器在高频时共振频率的计算精度。      

圆芯型边孔光纤双折射的有限元分析

对网芯型边孔光纤固有双折射的研究结果进行了报道。在对边孔光纤固有烈折射的产生机理和计算原理进行研究的基础之上,采用有限元法分析了网芯型边孔光纤的内部应力分布和双折射的大小。研究结果表明圆芯型边孔光纤的几何双折射较小,以应力双折射为主;边孔的存在导致光纤纤芯和包层区域的应力分布发生了较大的变化。文章提出了两边孔的连线方向为边孔光纤的快轴方向．并就不同的边孔结构对光纤双折射的影响进行了研究,发现网芯网孔型边孔光纤的同钉双折射随边孔张角的增加而成指数关系增长．可通过增大边孔半径和减小两孔间距提高边孔光纤的双折射。     

Radiation characteristics of multiple and single sound hole vihuelas and a classical guitar

Two recently built vihuelas, quasi-replicas of the Spanish Renaissance guitar, one with a small body and one sound hole and one with a large body with five sound holes, together with a classical guitar are investigated. Frequency dependent radiation strengths are measured using a 128 microphone array, back-propagating the frequency dependent sound field upon the body surface. All three instruments have a strong sound hole radiation within the low frequency range. Here the five tone holes vihuela has a much wider frequency region of strong sound hole radiation up to about 500 Hz, whereas the single hole instruments only have strong sound hole radiations up to about 300 Hz due to the enlarged radiation area of the sound holes. The strong broadband radiation of the five sound hole vihuela up to about 500 Hz is also caused by the sound hole phases, showing very consistent in-phase relations up to this frequency range. Also the radiation strength of the sound holes placed nearer to the center of the sound box are much stronger than those near the ribs, pointing to a strong position dependency of sound hole to radiation strength. The Helmholtz resonance frequency of the five sound hole vihuela is influenced by this difference in radiation strength but not by the rosettas, which only have a slight effect on the Helmholtz frequency.     

缓变动态Kerr-Newman黑洞的量子热力学性质

引入局域热平衡概念，用Damour-Ruffini方法和薄膜模型研究了缓变动态Kerr-Newman黑洞的Hawking辐射和熵.得到了黑洞的Hawking温度和辐射谱公式，Hawking温度随时间和视界面上的位置而变化，辐射谱为准黑体谱；计算了黑洞熵，当取与静态球对称黑洞情况相同的截断关系时便得到了黑洞的Bekenstein-Hawking熵.结果表明，缓变动态黑洞的温度是局域量，缓变动态黑洞的熵与稳态黑洞情况一样正比于黑洞视界面面积. 关键词： 缓变动态黑洞 Hawking辐射 黑洞熵     

Effect of interstitial air holes on Bragg gratings in photonic crystal fibre with a Ge-doped core

The effect of interstitial air holes on Bragg gratings in photonic crystal fibre (PCF) with a Ge-doped core is numerically investigated by using the beam propagation method (BPM). It is shown that the interstitial air holes (IAHs) can make Bragg resonance wavelength λ_B shift a little towards short wavelengths and increase λ_B-λ₁ (the wavelength spacing between the main peak with Bragg resonance wavelength λ_B and the first side peak with wavelength λ₁ and the coupling coefficient к of Bragg resonance. Moreover, when the ratio of air hole diameter (d) to pitch (Λ), d/Λ, is small, IAHs can suppress the cladding mode resonance. When d/Λ is large, IAHs increase the number of mode that could strongly interact with the fundamental mode. By comparing the transmission spectral characteristics of PCF-based fibre Bragg grating (FBG) with IAHs with those without IAHs at the same air-filling fraction, it is clarified that the change of transmission spectral characteristics of PCF-based FBG with IAHs is not due to a simple change in air-filling fraction. It is also closely related to the distribution of interstitial air holes.     

Area Spectrum of D-Dimensional Large Schwarzschild-AdS Black Hole from Asymptotic Quasinormal Modes

We investigate the area and entropy spectra of D-dimensional large Schwarzschild black holes. By utilizing the new physical interpretation of quasinormal mode frequency we find that a large Schwarzschild-AdS black hole has an equally spaced area spectrum and an equidistant entropy spectrum; both are dependent on the spacetime dimension.     

带缝隙矩形腔的屏蔽效能传输线法修正及扩展分析

为研究入射电磁波与缝隙参量对矩形腔体屏蔽效能的影响,提出基于透射定律结合等效传输线方法对腔体的电磁屏蔽特性进行分析。详细推导了经缝隙透射进腔体内的电场,将透射电场作为等效电压源并对传统的传输线模型进行了修正,使之能计算任意方位入射的电磁波及缝隙偏离体壁中心时的情况;并对此方法的计算公式进行了扩展,使其能分析不同形状、孔阵、孔距及损耗等参量对腔体屏蔽效能的影响。研究表明:缝隙位于体壁中心时的屏蔽效能比靠近体壁边沿时差;相对入射角和方位角而言,极化角对腔体的屏蔽效能影响较大;在保持孔阵总面积不变的情况下,通过减小孔径来增加孔的数目或增大孔间距都可提高腔体的屏蔽效能;屏蔽体内损耗因子越大,则对腔体内的谐振频率抑制效果越明显。通过与腔体内谐振频率理论值、数值方法结果的比对分析表明,修正和扩展的解析方法结果可信,且利于各参量对腔体屏蔽效能的分析,适用范围更广。     

Analysis and optimisation of the tuning of the twelfths for a clarinet resonator

Even if the tuning between the first and second register of a clarinet has been optimized by instrument makers, the lowest twelfths remain slightly too large (inharmonicity). In this article, we study the problem from two different points of view. First, we systematically review various physical reasons why this inharmonicity may take place, and the effect of different bore perturbations inserted in cylindrical instruments such as bore flare, open and closed holes, taper, temperature gradients, visco-thermal effects, etc. Applications to a real clarinet resonator and comparisons with impedance measurements are then presented. A commonly accepted idea is that the register hole is the dominant cause for this inharmonicity: it is natural to expect that opening this hole will shift the position of the resonances of the instrument to higher frequencies, except of course for the note for which the hole is exactly at the pressure node. We show that the real situation is actually more complicated because other effects, such as open holes or bore taper and bell, introduce resonance shifts that are comparable but with opposite sign, so that a relatively good overall compensation takes place. This is checked by experimental and theoretical studies of the acoustical impedance curves of a clarinet. The origin of the observed inharmonicity in playing frequencies is therefore different, maybe related to the reed or the vocal tract. In a second part, we use an elementary model of the clarinet in order to isolate the effect of the register hole: a perfect cylindrical tube without closed holes. Optimization techniques are then used to calculate an optimum location for the register hole (without taking into account the use of the register hole as a B flat tone hole); the result turns out to be close to the location chosen by clarinet makers. Finally, attempts are made numerically to improve the situation by introducing small perturbations in the higher part of the cylindrical resonator, but no satisfactory improvement is obtained.     

Panel of resonators with variable resonance frequency for noise control

The article focuses on acoustic resonators made of perforated sheets bonded onto honeycomb cavities. This kind of resonators can be used in adverse conditions such as high temperature, dirt and mechanical constraints. For all these reasons, they are, for example, widely used in aeronautic applications. The acoustic properties are directly linked to the size, shape and porosity of holes and to the thickness of air gaps. Unfortunately, the acoustic absorption of these resonators is selective in frequency and conventional acoustic resonators are only well adapted to tonal noises. In case of variable tonal noise, the efficiency is limited if the resonators are not tunable. One common solution is to control the depth of cavities based on the noise to be attenuated. This article proposes another technology of tunable resonators with only a very small mass and size increase. It consists of two superposed and identically perforated plates associated with cavities. One plate is fixed and bonded to the cavities and the other plate is mobile. The present concept enables to change the internal shapes of the holes of the perforated layers. The article describes this system and gives a theoretical model of the normal incidence acoustic impedance that allows to predict the acoustic behavior, in particular the resonance frequency. The model shows that the resonance frequency varies with hole profiles and that the absorption peak moves towards the lower frequencies. The proposed model is validated by measurements on various configurations of resonators tested in an impedance tube. The perspectives of this work are to adapt the hole profiles using an actuator in order to perform active control of impedance.     

Spectroscopy of persistent hole burning in the quantum dot-matrix system: Quantum-confined stark effect and electroabsorption

A theory of persistent spectral hole burning is developed. Within a simple, exactly solvable model (a cubic potential well with infinitely high walls in a uniform electric field), the energy spectrum and the rate of electron-hole pair generation are determined with due regard for the effect of the field induced in this case owing to the spatial separation of electrons and holes. The dependence of the energy spectrum on the field vector orientation relative to the symmetry axes of a quantum dot is studied. An expression describing the shape of the differential spectrum is derived.