激发态Rb原子间的碰撞能量转移

脉冲激光器激发Rb原子到5P_1/2态,通过碰撞能量转移Rb(5P_1/2)+Rb(5S_1/2)Rb(5P_3/2)+Rb(5S_1/2)产生5P_3/2原子,研究了5P_1/2+5P_1/2,5P_3/2+5P_3/2,5P_1/2+5P_3/2的碰撞能量合并产生态的过程。5P_1/2态原子密度利用Rb空心阴极灯通过光学吸收方法得到,而5P_3/2态密度通过5P_3/25S_1/2(D2线)与5P_1/25S_1/2(D₁线)跃迁的荧光比得到。因为5P_3/2+5P_3/2或5P_1/2+5P_3/2的能量和与5D态的能量差远小于5P_1/2+5P_1/2与5D态的能量差,因此5P_3/2+5P_3/2,5P_1/2+5P_3/2的过程将影响5P_1/2+5P_1/2的测量结果。由于精细结构能量转移的时间比5D态寿命小得多,故5P_1/2+5P_1/2,5P_1/2+5P_3/2和5P_3/2+5P_3/2产生的5D5P荧光是同时产生的。在不同的池温下测量了积分荧光信号的相对强度,5P态原子有效寿命由辐射陷获的理论得到,结合激发态原子密度得到了5P_1/2+5P_1/2,5P_1/2+5P_3/2和5P_3/2+5P_3/2碰撞能量合并截面分别为7.810-15,2.9×10-14和3.1×10-14 cm2。结果表明5P_1/2+5P_3/2与5P_3/2+5P_3/2产生5D_3/2态的截面基本是相等的。     

Cs-He混合蒸气中的辐射陷获效应和6P3／2能级有效辐射率的测量

测量了Cs-He混合蒸气中Cs(6P3/2)共振能级的有效辐射率,圆柱形样品池充入金属Cs和气压PHe为0~500Pa的He,样品池温度控制在330~370K之间,在池中产生1012~1013cm-3的Cs原子密度,使用单模半导体激光器(泵浦激光)将Cs原子激发至6P3/2态,另一调谐到6P3/2→8S1/2的单模激光束(检测激光)与泵浦束反平行通过样品池,并在池的直径方向平行移动,通过对检测激光束的吸收测定了激发态原子密度及其空间分布。由于辐射陷获存在,有效辐射率是自然辐射率与透射因子(发射的光子在探测区域内没有被吸收的平均概率,它与吸收截面及激发态原子密度和空间分布有关)的乘积。由6P3/2原子密度及其空间分布结合6P3/2←6S1/2跃迁线的碰撞增宽计算了透射因子,从而得到了不同He气压下,CsD2线的有效辐射率。从6P3/26→S1/2跃迁线强度I852的测量,得到的不同He气压下有效辐射率的比值与理论计算得到的比值相符。     

光学厚Rb蒸气界面附近后向荧光光谱研究

在存在表面耗散层的纯Rb光学厚蒸气中,利用小功率可调谐半导体激光器泵浦Rb(5P_3/2)的超精细结构能级,测量和分析了780 nm(5P_3/2→5S_1/2)和795 nm(5P_1/2→5S_1/2)后向荧光的强度和线形,耗散层(近区)起光谱滤波器的作用。有两种可能产生5P_1/2态原子的机制,第一种机制是Rb(5P_3/2)+Rb(5S_1/2)→Rb(5P_1/2)+Rb(5S_1/2);第二种机制是Rb(5D)+Rb(5S)→Rb(5P)+Rb(5P),对于每一种机制,给出了后向敏化荧光的理论公式。研究后向荧光时,必须要确定荧光强度与激光功率的关系和荧光线形。激光频率扫描超精细结构共振线,得到的敏化后向荧光795 nm线形与共振荧光780 nm线形相似,其荧光强度与荧光功率有线性关系。因此,基本上可以用第一种机制解释5P_1/2态布居机制。理论证明了,第二种机制产生的敏化后向荧光强度应与激光功率平方成比例,这与实验结果是不同的,第二种机制不能解释耗散层界面后向敏化荧光的产生。     

低He气压下Rb(5P3/2)激发态有效辐射率的计算与测量

计算和测量了Rb-He混合蒸气中Rb(5P3/2)共振能级的有效辐射率,使用单模半导体激光器(泵浦激光)将Rb原子激发至5P3/2态,另一调谐到5P3/2→7S1/2的单模激光束(检测激光)与泵浦束反平行通过样品池,并在池的直径方向平行移动,通过对检测激光束的吸收测定了激发态原子密度及其空间分布.由于辐射陷获存在,有效辐射率是自然辐射率与透射因子(发射的光子在探测区域内没有被吸收的平均概率,它与吸收截面及激发态原子密度和空间分布有关)的乘积.5P3/2原子密度及其空间分布结合5P3/2←5S1/2跃迁线的碰撞增宽计算了透射因子,从而得到了不同He气压下,Rb D2线的有效辐射率.从5P3/2→5S1/2跃迁线强度I780的测量,得到的不同He气压下有效辐射率的比值与理论计算得到的比值相符.     

圆柱形介质阻挡放电等离子体光谱诊断

在350~1150 nm范围内对开放空间Ar气介质阻挡放电等离子体的发射光谱进行测量,表明Ar发射谱线主要集中在680 nm~950 nm,且都为Ar原子谱线。采用发射光谱相对强度对比法,选取相距较近且有相同下能级的727.29 nm(2P2-1S4),738.40 nm(2P3-1S4)和751.47 nm(2P5-1S4)三条光谱测量电子温度。通过对在Ar气和空气中放电谱线的对比和分析,得出发射光谱相对强度与电源功率的关系。最终得出若要便于工业应用和光谱测量,需要选择特定的气体流量和电源功率。     

用光学-光学双共振光谱技术研究Cs蒸气中的共振交换碰撞

利用窄带半导体激光器泵浦所有具有相同z分量速度的基态Cs原子至激发态,研究了Cs(6P_3/2, v) +Cs(6S_1/2, v′)→Cs(6S_1/2, v) +Cs(6P_3/2, v′)的共振交换碰撞过程。与泵浦光反向平行的另一单模激光器激发6P_3/2至8S_1/2态,以检测6P_3/2态原子的速度分布,确定激发态原子的热能化效应。通过测量8S_1/2→6P_1/2荧光的尖峰强度与相应的多普勒背景的强度比,得到共振交换碰撞速率系数为k=9.62×10-7 cm3·s-1。证明了在纯碱金属蒸气中,由共振交换机制产生的热能化效应的大小比由速度改变碰撞引起的大3个数量级。     

He-Ne激光器旁侧光谱强度与激光输出功率的关系

理论分析和实验结果都证明：He-Ne激光器的旁侧光谱强度与激光输出功率有着密切的关系．对于3S2能级，有激光输出的粒子数少于无激光输出的粒子数，而对于2P4能级，有激光输出的粒子数多于无激光输出的粒子数．对于3S2和2P4能级都有如下关系：有无激光输出的粒子数差随激光输出功率单调变化，前单调上升，后单调下降；当激光输出功率增大到一定值时，粒子数差变化很小。     

Observation of the Hadronic transitions chi(b1,2)(2P)-->omegaUpsilon(1S)

The CLEO Collaboration has made the first observations of hadronic transitions among bottomonium (bbmacr;) states other than the dipion transitions among Upsilon(nS) states. In our study of Upsilon(3S) decays, we find a significant signal for Upsilon(3S)-->gammaomegaUpsilon(1S) that is consistent with radiative decays Upsilon(3S)-->gammachi(b1,2)(2P), followed by chi(b1,2)(2P)-->omegaUpsilon(1S). The branching ratios we obtain are B[chi(b1)(2P)-->omegaUpsilon(1S)]=(1.63(+0.35+0.16)(-0.31-0.15))% and B[chi(b2)(2P)-->omegaUpsilon(1S)]=(1.10(+0.32+0.11)(-0.28-0.10))%, in which the first error is statistical and the second is systematic.     

Experimental determination of the helium 2(3)P(1)-1(1)S0 transition rate

We present the first experimental determination of the 2(3)P(1)-1(1)S0 transition rate in helium and compare this measurement with theoretical quantum-electrodynamic predictions. The experiment exploits the very long (approximately 1 minute) confinement times obtained for atoms magneto-optically trapped in an apparatus used to create a Bose-Einstein condensate of metastable (2(3)S1) helium. The 2(3)P(1)-1(1)S0 transition rate is measured directly from the decay rate of the cold atomic cloud following 1083 nm laser excitation from the 2(3)S1 to the 2(3)P1 state, and from accurate knowledge of the 2(3)P1 population. The value obtained is 177+/-8 s(-1), which agrees very well with theoretical predictions, and has an accuracy that compares favorably with measurements for the same transition in heliumlike ions higher in the isoelectronic sequence.     

Influence of helium metastable states on the E-H mode transition in an inductively coupled plasma

A helium (He) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source combined with two diode laser systems with the wavelengths of 396.5 nm (2¹S–4¹P) and 1082.9 nm (2³S–2³P) was configured to investigate the influence of He metastable states on the E-H mode transition. The population densities of 2¹S and 2³S states were measured by laser absorption spectroscopy as the functions of RF power, He pressure, and the distance from RF antenna. Correlations between the E-H mode transition and the population density ratio of the 2³S metastable state to the 2¹S metastable state as well as the line intensity ratio (LIR) of the 3³D-2³S transition to the 3¹P–2¹S transition were investigated. The E-H mode transition of He ICP was analyzed by the electron impact ionization rate and it was confirmed that the 2³S metastable state plays a key role in the E-H mode transition.     

Pulsed Optical Pumping as a Tool for the Determination of Population Mechanisms of Excited States in a Low-Pressure Mercury Discharge

Experiments are described in which a low-pressure mercury discharge is irradiated with a dye-laser pulse tuned resonant to one of the 6 3P-7 3S1 mercury transitions. The effects of this optical pumping process are monitored via fluorescence on many mercury transitions. The sign and time behavior of each fluorescence signal are different, and are determined by one or more of the following processes: a) radiative decay of the 7 3S1 level; b) a change in electron-impact excitation rate from the ground state induced by the optogal-vanic effect (OGE). This OGE results from the population redistribution in the 6 3P levels after radiative decay of the 7 3S1 level; c) a change in electron-impact excitation rate from the 6 3P levels; and d) a change in 6 3P-6 3P collisional excitation rate. It is demonstrated that the signal and time behavior of the fluorescence signals induced by the pulsed optical pumping process can be used to determine the population mechanism(s) of excited states qualitatively.     

Photon transitions in Upsilon(2S) and Upsilon(3S) decays

We have studied the inclusive photon spectra in Upsilon(2S) and Upsilon(3S) decays using a large statistics data sample obtained with the CLEO III detector. We present the most precise measurements of electric dipole (E1) photon transition rates and photon energies for Upsilon(2S) --> gammachi(bJ)(1P) and Upsilon(3S) --> gammachi(bJ)(2P) (J = 0, 1, 2). We measure the rate for a rare E1 transition Upsilon(3S) --> gammachi(b0)(1P) for the first time. We also set upper limits on the rates for the hindered magnetic dipole (M1) transitions to the eta(b)(1S) and eta(b)(2S) states.     

Rb(5PJ)与He,N2的碰撞精细结构混合和猝灭

在气体样品池条件下,研究了Rb(5PJ) (He,N2)碰撞能量转移过程.用调频半导体激光器激发Rb原子至Rb(5P3/2)态,在不同的He或N2气压下,测量了直接5P3/2→5S1/2荧光和转移5P1/2→5S1/2荧光.对于Rb(5PJ)与He的碰撞,只发生精细结构转移(略去碰撞猝灭效应),电子态能量仅能转移为He原子的平动能.在与N2的碰撞中,向分子振转态的转移是重要的.本实验中,Rb的密度为4.5×1011 cm-3,由辐射陷获理论得到5P1/2→5S1/2的有效辐射率为2.47×107 s-1.利用速率方程分析,可以得到碰撞转移速率系数,对于He,5P3/2→5S1/2转移速率系数kHe21=2.61×10 12 cm3·s.对于N2,测量5PJ He和5PJ N2两种情况下直接荧光与敏化荧光的相对强度比,利用最小二乘法确定5Pa/2→5S1/2转移速率系数kN212=2.36×10-11 cm3·s,5PJ态猝灭速率系数kN2=1.44×10-11 cm3·s-1.由实验结果证实了Cs-N2主要是直线式碰撞传能机制,与其他实验结果进行了比较.     

Cs(6P)+(Ne,N2)碰撞能量转移

在气体样品池条件下,研究了Cs(6P3/2) (Ne,N2)碰撞能量转移过程.用调频半导体激光器激发Cs原子至Cs(6P3/2)态,在不同的Ne或N2气压下,测量了直接6P3/2→6S1/2荧光和转移6P1/2→6S1/2荧光,对于6P3/2与Ne的碰撞,电子态能量仅能转移为Ne原子的平动能.在与N2的碰撞中,向分子振转态的转移是重要的.利用速率方程分析,可以得到碰撞转移速率系数,对于Ne,6PJ精细结构碰撞转移速率系数为1.45×10-12cm3·s-1.对于N2,测量6P Ne和6P N2二种情况下荧光的相对强度比,确定精细结构速率系数为1.64×10-12cm3·s-1,6P态猝灭速率系数为4.88×10-12cm3·s-1.     

852.3 nm激光线共振激发Cs蒸气的荧光光谱

研究了Cs蒸气被单模半导体激光器的852.3 nm线激发产生的荧光光谱。由Cs,Cs₂的荧光及其强度确定了在受激Cs-Cs₂系统中的若干碰撞和辐射过程。高位态原子线是由Cs(6P_3/2)+ Cs(6P_3/2)到Cs(6D,8S)的碰撞能量合并形成的,Cs₂(B 1∏_u)带则由Cs(6P)+Cs₂(X 1Σ+_g)碰撞转移产生。通过激发转移、能量碰撞合并和Cs₂-Cs碰撞传能研究了6 2P原子的精细结构混合,得到了6P_3/2→6P_1/2碰撞转移速率系数是(5.2±2.1)×10-11 cm3·s-1,给出了过程Cs₂(B 1∏_u)+Cs(6S)→Cs₂(X 1Σ+_g)+Cs(6P_1/2)的速率系数是(1.0±0.4)×10-9 cm3·s-1。     

Resonance enhanced two photon spectroscopy of magnetically trapped atomic hydrogen

We show that resonant enhanced two photon spectroscopy is a very powerful and promising diagnostic method for trapped atomic hydrogen and antihydrogen. This method, in which photons of different wavelengths are used to excite H atoms from the 1S to the 3D or 3S level, uses the resonant enhancement of the intermediate 2P level to obtain high sensitivity while at the same time offering potentially much higher spectral resolution than single photon (Lyman α) excitation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Rb（5PJ）＋Rb（5PJ）→Rb（5JS）＋Rb（nl=5D，7S）碰撞能量合并

研究了Rb(5PJ)+Rb(5PJ)→Rb(nlJ')+Rb(5S)碰撞能量合并过程,利用单模半导体激光器分别共振激发Rb原子的5P1/2或5P3/2态,利用另一与泵浦激光束反向平行的单模激光束作为吸收线探测激发态原子密度及其空间分布,吸收线分别调至5P1/2→5D3/2和5P3/2→7S1/2跃迁.由激发态原子密度和谱线荧光比得到碰撞能量合并过程的截面,对5P3/2激发,碰撞转移得到5D5/2,5D3/2和7S1/2的截面分别是(1.32士0.59)×10-14,(1.18士0.53)×10-14和(3.21士1.44)×10-15cm2;对5P1/2激发,碰撞转移到5D5/2和5D3/2的截面分别是(6.57士2.96)×10-15和(5.90士2.66)×10-15cm2.与其他的实验结果进行了比较.     

Competition between Quantum Interference and Stimulated Electronic Raman Scattering Processes via Hybrid Excitation in a Na2-Na System

An experimental observation of the competition between quantum interference and stimulated electronic Raman scattering (SERS) via equal-frequency hybrid excitation and collision-aided radiative excitation in a Na2-Na system is reported for the first time.It is found that the SERS for 3P1/2,3/2-4P are suppressed and the optically pumped stimulated emission (OPSE) for 5S-4P are enhanced dramatically at a particular excitation wavelength where constructive quantum interference between two transitions 3P1/2-5S and 3P3/2-5S in atomic sodium takes place.A theoretical analysis based on the dressed-atom approach is carried out to explain the experimental results.     

Competition between Quantum Interference and Stimulated Electronic Raman Scattering Processes via Hybrid Excitation in a Na_2-Na System

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Infrared and photoelectron spectroscopy study of vapor phase deposited poly (3-hexylthiophene)

Poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was thermally evaporated and deposited in vacuum. Infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm that the thin films were indeed P3HT, and showed that in-situ thermal evaporation provides a viable route for contaminant-free surface/interface analysis of P3HT in an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) environment. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments were carried out to examine the frontier orbitals and core energy levels of P3HT thin films vapor deposited in UHV on clean polycrystalline silver (Ag) surfaces. UPS spectra enable the determination of the vacuum shift at the polymer/metal interface, the valence band maximum (VBM), and the energy of the π-band of the overlayer film. The P3HT vacuum level decreased in contrast to that of the underlying Ag as the film thickness increased. XPS and UPS data confirmed the chemical integrity (stoichiometry) of the polymer at high coverage, as well as the shift of the C 1s and S 2p binding energy peaks and the secondary-electron edge with increasing film thickness, indicating that band bending is present at the P3HT/Ag interface and that the measured onset of the valence band is about 0.8 ± 0.05 eV relative to the Fermi level.