On the instability of time-domain acoustic boundary element method due to the static mode in interior problems

In the analysis of interior acoustic problems, the time domain boundary element method (TBEM) suffers the monotonically increasing instability when using the direct Kirchhoff integral. This instability is related to the non-oscillatory static acoustic mode describing the constant spatial response in an enclosure. In this work, nonphysical natures of non-oscillatory static mode influencing the instability of TBEM calculation are investigated, and a method for stabilization is studied. In TBEM calculation, the static mode is represented by two non-oscillatory eigenmodes with different eigenvalues. The monotonically increasing instability is caused by the unstable poles of non-oscillatory eigenmodes as well as very small, very low frequency noise of an input signal. Interior problems with impedance boundary condition also exhibit the monotonically increasing instability stemming from its pseudo non-oscillatory static mode due to the lack of dissipation at very low frequencies. Calculation of transient sound fields within rigid and lined boxes provides numerical evidences. It is noted that the stabilization effort by modifying the coefficient matrix based on the spectral decomposition can be used only for correcting the unstable pole. The filtering method based on the eigen-analysis must be additionally used to avoid the remaining instability caused by very low frequency noise of input signal.     

Speech synthesis by linear interpolation of spectral parameters between dyad boundaries.

A recent study [Olive and Spickenagel, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59, 993-996 (1976)] has shown that area parameters derived from linear prediction analysis can be linearly interpolated between dyad boundaries with very little distortion in the resultant synthesized speech. The success of area parameter interpolation raises a question: can other acoustic parameters, such as the power spectrum of the speech waveform, be similarly interpolated? The spectrum is of special interest because speech can be synthesized in real time from spectral parameters on a programmable digital filter. To study this question a speech analysis-synthesis system using spectral parameters (samples of power spectra at different frequencies) was simulated. These parameters were determined from the speech signal at every dyad boundary, and interpolated for intermediate values. Dyad boundaries (representing the limits of transition regions between phonemes) were determined manually. Informal listening tests comparing synthetic speech with and without linear interpolation showed slight degradation in the interpolated speech. This degradation is significantly reduced by using an additional point within the dyad boundaries for interpolation.     

Measuring derived acoustic power of an ultrasound surgical device in the linear and nonlinear operating modes

Objective and motivationThe method for measuring derived acoustic power of an ultrasound point source in the form of a sonotrode tip has been considered in the free acoustic field, according to the IEC 61847 standard. The main objective of this work is measuring averaged pressure magnitude spatial distribution of an sonotrode tip in the free acoustic field conditions at different electrical excitation levels and calculation of the derived acoustic power at excitation frequency (f₀ ≈ 25 kHz). Finding the derived acoustic power of an ultrasonic surgical device in the strong cavitation regime of working, even in the considered laboratory conditions (anechoic pool), will enable better understanding of the biological effects on the tissue produced during operation with the considered device.Experimental methodThe pressure magnitude spatial distribution is measured using B&;K 8103 hydrophone connected with a B&;K 2626 conditioning amplifier, digital storage oscilloscope LeCroy Waverunner 474, where pressure waveforms in the field points are recorded. Using MATLAB with DSP processing toolbox, averaged power spectrum density of recorded pressure signals in different field positions is calculated. The measured pressure magnitude spatial distributions are fitted with the appropriate theoretical models.Theoretical approachesIn the linear operating mode, using the acoustic reciprocity principle, the sonotrode tip is theoretically described as radially oscillating sphere (ROS) and transversely oscillating sphere (TOS) in the vicinity of pressure release boundary. The measured pressure magnitude spatial distribution is fitted with theoretical curves, describing the pressure field of the considered theoretical models. The velocity and displacement magnitudes with derived acoustic power of equivalent theoretical sources are found, and the electroacoustic efficiency factor is calculated. When the transmitter is excited at higher electrical power levels, the displacement magnitude of sonotrode tip is increased, and nonlinear behaviour in loading medium appears, with strong cavitation activity produced hydrodynamically. The presence of harmonics, subharmonics and ultraharmonics as a consequence of stable cavitation is evident in the averaged power spectral density. The cavitation noise with continuous frequency components is present as a consequence of transient cavitation. The averaged pressure magnitude at the frequency components of interest (discrete and continous) in the field points is found by calculating average power spectral density of the recorded pressure waveform signal using the welch method. The frequency band of interest where average power spectral density is calculated is in the range from 15 Hz up to 120 kHz due to measurement system restrictions. The novelty in the approach is the application of the acoustic reciprocity principle on the nonlinear system (sonotrode tip and bubble cloud) to find neccessary acoustic power of the equivalent acoustic source to produce the measured pressure magnitude in the field points at the frequency components of interest.ResultsIn the nonlinear operating mode, the ROS model for the considered sonotrode tip is chosen due to the better agreement between measurement results and theoretical considerations. At higher excitation levels, it is shown that the averaged pressure magnitude spatial distribution of discrete frequency components, produced due to stable cavitation, can be fitted in the far field with the inverse distance law. The reduced electroacoustic efficiency factor, calculated at excitation frequency component as ratio of derived acoustic power with applied electrical power, is reduced from 40% in the linear to 3% in the strong nonlinear operating mode. The derived acoustic power at other frequency components (subharmonic, harmonic and ultraharmonic) is negligible in comparison with the derived acoustic power at excitation frequency.Discussion and conclusionsThe sonotrode tip and loading medium are shown in the strong cavitation regime as the coupled nonlinear dynamical system radiating acoustic power at frequency components appearing in the spectrum. The bubble cloud in the strong nonlinear operating mode decreases the derived acoustic power significantly at the excitation frequency.     

基于LabVIEW的252Cf中子源频谱分析

 从²⁵²Cf中子源频谱测量系统的基本原理出发,针对中子脉冲序列本身“0,1”数据结构的特点,设计了自、互相关快速算法。采用LabVIEW多核处理器、多线程编程技术构建了基于LabVIEW的²⁵²Cf中子源频谱分析系统,不仅获得了自、互相关的快速计算结果,而且获得了自、互功率谱及谱密度比。研究结果表明：基于LabVIEW分析工具,既提升了自、互相关算法代码25%~35%的执行效率,又验证了LabVIEW用于进行频谱系统分析的可行性。     

Controlling waveform of light pulse with light in optical fibers

We present our experimental demonstration of controlling waveform of a signal pulse by using two beams of continuous wave (CW) generated by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fibers with different frequencies. Waveform of the signal pulse is modulated in an “all-optical” way according to total input power. This method is only suitable for light pulse with nanosecond width. We provide a new method for controlling light with light.     

快速正交搜索算法在水声信号处理中的应用*

信号的谱估计技术作为一种十分重要且应用广泛的信号分析处理手段,对其性能的不断提升和改进一直是水声信号处理领域研究的重点和热点。对此,该文将快速正交搜索算法应用于水声信号的谱估计中,通过隐式正交对参数进行搜索,实现对信号频率、幅度、相位的估计。仿真和实验数据处理结果表明,相较于传统的谱估计方法,该方法能稳定且准确地估计水声信号的多个参数,获得频率分辨率较高的谱估计结果。     

Response of unconstrained layer panels to random excitation at a point

The acceleration response of unconstrained layer rectangular panels under random point force excitation has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. In the theory the layer material was assumed to be viscoelastic in nature. Generalized harmonic analysis was used to evaluate the power spectral density and the rms values of acceleration response analytically. The theoretical results are compared with the results obtained from experiments for “all edges simply supported” and “all edges clamped” panel boundary conditions.     

Transmission loss prediction of reactive silencers using 3-D time-domain CFD approach and plane wave decomposition technique

A predictive method is proposed to determine the transmission loss of reactive silencers using the three-dimensional (3-D) time-domain computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach and the plane wave decomposition technique. Firstly, a steady flow computation is performed with a mass-flow-inlet boundary condition, which provides an initial condition for the following two unsteady flow computations. The first unsteady flow computation is conducted by imposing an impulse (acoustic excitation) superimposed on the constant mass flow at the inlet of the model and then adding the non-reflecting boundary condition (NRBC) when the impulse completely propagates into the silencer. The second unsteady flow computation is conducted for the case without acoustic excitation at the inlet. The time histories of pressure and velocity at the upstream monitoring point as well as history of pressure at the downstream monitoring point are recorded during the two transient computations. The differences between the two unsteady flow computational results are the corresponding acoustic quantities. Therefore, the incident sound pressure signal is obtained by using plane wave decomposition at upstream, while the transmitted sound pressure signal is just the sound pressure at downstream. Finally, those two sound pressure signals in the time-domain are transformed into the frequency-domain by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and then the transmission loss (TL) of silencer is determined. For the straight-through perforated tube silencers with and without flow, the numerical results agree well with the published measurements.     

Effectiveness of full spectrum light soaking on solar cell degradation analysis

This study examined the effect of UV-spectrum light soaking on solar cell degradation tests. An indoor light soaking test was evaluated over three different spectral ranges: “UV only”, “UV blocked” and “Full spectrum”. a-Si:H and poly-crystalline silicon solar cell technologies were studied by light soaking tests with the same optical filter configurations.The I–V measurement results demonstrated that “UV only” irradiated solar cells exhibited the smallest output power degradation, which was only half of a percent variation compared with the full spectrum light soaking case. Using a filter that excluded the effect of the UV spectral range on light soaking, the “UV blocked” case also exhibited a significant output power degradation of the solar cells. A comparative analysis of the solar cell response, based on the I–V characteristics and the diode ideality factor under these different light soaking spectra, demonstrated the importance of the full spectrum light soaking test in the evaluation of the long-term performance of solar cells.     

近红外“3R”法双谱自适应去噪

针对近红外透射和吸收双光谱提出一种自适应的去噪方法。同步采集样品的近红外透射谱和吸收谱,在相同分解原则下总体经验模态法分解两组光谱,得到单组分特征模态分量。计算特征模态分量与原透射谱、吸收谱之间相关性,以及两组特征模态分量之间相关性,相关性最小模态分量初判为噪声分量。分析该分量在光谱中点处自相关性,若中点处很大,其他点几乎为零或很小,可以判断该分量为噪声。这种基于模态分量相关性的噪声判别方法称为“3R”法则。剔除噪声分量,重构光谱信号,循环上述分解过程,直到不满足“3R”法则,降噪过程结束。构造理想光谱,叠加噪声,“3R”法降噪效果优于EMD和EEMD低通滤波器,略逊于小波分解。真实光谱实验中,经过上述方法降噪处理过的玉米叶片光谱采用3层BP神经网络建立与叶绿素之间预测模型,“3R”法处理模型具有最大校正相关系数和预测相关系数,最小校正标准差和预测标准差。在四种降噪方法中,“3R”法对光谱谱峰位置和峰高的影响最小。实验表明,“3R”双谱去噪方法无需预设迭代次数,不用考虑分解层数,没有基函数,是自适应的,该方法适合近红外光谱去噪。     

An efficient and stable spectral method for electromagnetic scattering from a layered periodic structure

The scattering of acoustic and electromagnetic waves by periodic structures plays an important role in a wide range of problems of scientific and technological interest. This contribution focuses upon the stable and high-order numerical simulation of the interaction of time-harmonic electromagnetic waves incident upon a periodic doubly layered dielectric media with sharp, irregular interface. We describe a boundary perturbation method for this problem which avoids not only the need for specialized quadrature rules but also the dense linear systems characteristic of boundary integral/element methods. Additionally, it is a provably stable algorithm as opposed to other boundary perturbation approaches such as Bruno and Reitich’s “method of field expansions” or Milder’s “method of operator expansions”. Our spectrally accurate approach is a natural extension of the “method of transformed field expansions” originally described by Nicholls and Reitich (and later refined to other geometries by the authors) in the single-layer case.     

On the sensitivity of sound power radiated by aircraft panels to turbulent boundary layer parameters

The objective of the present study is to investigate and quantify how sensitive the response of an aircraft panel is to the change of the turbulent flow parameters. Several empirical models currently exist that provide the turbulent boundary layer wall pressure cross spectrum. These wall pressure cross spectrum models are usually dependent on four parameters: the reference power spectrum, the flow convective velocity, and the coherence lengths in streamwise and spanwise directions. All the proposed models provide different predictions for the wall pressure cross spectrum. Also, real flow conditions over aircraft do not conform to the ideal behavior of the turbulent boundary layer pressure predicted by the models. In this context, the questions that this work aims to explore are “What is the impact of different wall pressure estimates in the radiated sound power?” and “What is the effect of the range of possible flow conditions on the radiated sound power?”. For that objective, data from flight tests and estimates provided by the empirical models are used to predict radiated sound power, and the results are compared. A sensitivity analysis is performed and the relative contribution of each boundary layer parameter to the radiated sound power is obtained.     

Dynamics of twist point defects with stretching in a polymer crystal

A molecular-dynamics simulation of the behavior of a twist point defect with stretching in a chain of an equilibrium polymer crystal (“united” atoms approximation for polyethylene) is performed for immobile and mobile neighboring chains. It is shown that such a defect in a cold polymer crystal possesses soliton-type mobility. The upper limit of the spectrum of soliton velocities is found, and it is the same for both cases. The maximum possible velocity of defects is three times lower than the theoretical limit of the spectrum (which is equal to the velocity of “ torsional” sound in an isolated chain). An explanation of the reason for this discrepancy is proposed: because of the interaction of two “degrees of freedom” of the defect (twisting and stretching) the energy of a nonlinear wave is dissipated in the linear modes of the system, which results in effective friction whose magnitude depends strongly on the velocity of the defect. The “boundary of the spectrum of soliton velocities” determines the transition between regimes of strong and weak braking of defects.     

基于深度神经网络的水声信号恢复方法研究*

针对干扰或噪声环境下水声目标信号难以获取的问题,该文提出研究基于深度神经网络的自适应水声被动信号波形恢复方法。在单阵元情况下,该方法提取对数功率谱特征作为输入,采用深度神经网络回归模型自适应学习目标信号的自身特征,输出降噪后的对数功率谱特征并还原时域波形。在多阵元情况下,提出阵列深度神经网络降噪方法,将部分或全部阵元特征拼接为长向量作为输入,从而利用空域信息。为全面利用阵列丰富的时频域信息,该文提出一种两阶段特征融合深度神经网络,在第一阶段将阵列分为若干个子阵,将每个子阵分别用阵列深度神经网络进行处理,在第二阶段将第一阶段的各子阵处理结果与阵列接收信号同时输入一个深度神经网络进行融合学习。实验表明,所提出的单阵元和两阶段融合深度神经网络取得了显著优于常规波束形成的恢复结果,能够准确估计目标信号波形和功率并显著提高输出信噪比。     

Diffraction of sound pulses on an elastic spherical shell submerged in an oceanic waveguide

The paper is devoted to simulating an acoustic field scattered by an elastic spherical shell placed in a waveguide with a fluid attenuating bottom. The emitted signal is a wideband pulse with a Gaussian envelope. The normal wave method is used in the frequency domain for calculating the field of a point source in a free waveguide and the shell scattering coefficients. Movement of the receiver along a vertical straight line located behind the shell makes it possible to obtain a “three-dimensional” image of the field scattered by the shell. In this representation, the horizontal axis is time; the vertical axis is the submersion depth of the receiver; the intensity shows the amplitude of the received signal. Such three-dimensional structures make it possible to analyze the dependence of the complex diffraction structure of the acoustic field on receiver depth. In the considered numerical example, a thin, elastic, spherical shell is located near the attenuating fluid bottom.     

光梯度力驱动的纳米硅基光开关

通过一道光改变另一道光的传输路线是光子集成网络中重要而长远的目标, 然而, 由于硅材料的光学非线性较弱, 在硅材料上实现开关的全光控制难以实现. 因此本文提出了一种由光梯度力驱动的纳米硅基光开关, 实现了硅基光开关的全光控制. 该光开关由一个部分悬空的微环谐振器和一个交叉波导结构构成, 当通入一道控制光时, 悬空的微环谐振器在光梯度力的作用下发生弯曲, 微环谐振器的谐振波长随之发生变化, 从而实现光信号的传输路线发生改变. 该光开关利用纳米光子制造技术在标准绝缘体上硅晶圆上制造, 实验数据得出其最小消光比为10.67 dB, 最大串扰为 -11.01 dB, 开关时间分别为180 ns和170 ns. 该光开关具有尺寸小, 响应速度快, 低损耗和可拓展等优点, 在片上集成光路、高速信号处理以及下一代光纤通信网络中具有潜在应用.     

时频谱图和数据增强的水声信号深度学习目标识别方法

水声目标识别一直是水声领域研究的重点问题之一,深度学习方法可以有效地解决目标识别问题,然而,水声样本的稀少限制了该方法的应用.该文提出一种基于数据增强的水声信号深度学习目标识别方法,该方法以Mel功率谱作为网络的输入特征,通过对原始信号在时域和时频域的拉伸和掩蔽等变换,实现数据扩展和增加泛化性能的目的,最后,利用改进的...     

Acoustic ship signature measurements by cross-correlation method

Cross-correlation methods were applied for the estimation of the power spectral density and modulation spectrum of underwater noise generated by moving vessels. The cross-correlation of the signal from two hydrophones allows the separation of vessel acoustic signatures in a busy estuary. Experimental data recorded in the Hudson River are used for demonstration that cross-correlation method measured the same ship noise and ship noise modulation spectra as conventional methods. The cross-correlation method was then applied for the separation of the acoustic signatures of two ships present simultaneously. Presented methods can be useful for ship traffic monitoring and small ship classification, even in noisy harbor environments.     

Spatial correlation of hydroacoustic signals in a biaxial underwater sound channel

In the hydrological conditions of a biaxial sound channel, the cross-correlation between acoustic signals received at points spatially separated (from 10 to 63 km) along the sound propagation track is investigated. The signals are received by a narrow-beam array scanning in the vertical plane. The beam width is ～2° at the mean frequency (1 kHz) of a pseudo-noise signal. It is noted that, as the distance between the points of reception increases, the correlation decreases. This is mainly caused by the effect of the multipath propagation with an incomplete resolution of signals in arrival angles, rather than by changes in the “water” signal spectrum due to the attenuation.     

Transfer matrix method for internal noise prediction of an arbitrary shell-cavity structure induced by temporal-spatial random surface excitation

Combining structural finite element method(FEM),acoustic finite element and boundary element methods,a model of elastic shell vibration of an arbitrary shell-cavity structure coupled with internal and external sound fields is built.In addition,the transfer matrices from the excitation force to vibration of the shell and internal sound field are calculated.As the fluctuating pressure of turbulent boundary layer(TBL) is a temporal-spatial random surface excitation,the overall shape function matrix is introduced,and then the relationship between power spectral density matrix of the generalized nodal force of the elastic shell and power spectral density of the temporal-spatial random surface excitation is derived.Utilizing the vibro-acoustic coupled transfer matrix,relationships between the power spectral densities of vibration of the elastic shell/internal sound field and the power spectral density matrix of the generalized nodal force are obtained.Thus,the calculation method of vibration and internal sound field of an arbitrary shell-cavity structure induced by temporal-spatial random surface excitation is established.A typical vibro-acoustic coupled model of a rectangular cavity with acoustic media internally and externally,and with elastic rectangular plate on one side,is taken as example.The vibration of the elastic shell and power spectral density of the internal sound field are calculated and compared with the analytical method.The two results generally agree with the analytical one,with deviations of about 1 dB and 2 dB,respectively.The transfer matrix method has good adaptability which is not restricted by the shell-cavity structure and the shape of the inner region.