菠萝蛋白酶催化大豆蛋白水解反应的热动力学

利用热活性检测仪测定了菠萝蛋白酶催化大豆蛋白水解反应的热功率-时间曲线,按照热动力学理论和对比进度法解析出不同温度、酸度时菠萝蛋白酶催化大豆蛋白水解反应的米凯利斯常数（K_m）和最大速率（V_max）,并建立了K_m与温度和酸度的关系式,从而获得酶催化反应的最适温度（314.63 K）和最适pH（6.99）. 在最适温度和最适pH条件下,测定了金属离子可逆竞争时菠萝蛋白酶催化大豆蛋白水解反应的热功率-时间曲线,对曲线进行处理,得到了酶催化反应的米凯利斯常数（K_m’）和最大速率（V_max’）. 建立了K_m’与金属离子浓度间的关系式,比较了金属离子对酶催化反应的激活或抑制效果.     

微量热法研究单底物酶促反应的热力学和动力学性质及过渡态的分析

用LKB-2107型微量热系统, 测定了漆酶催化氧化3, 4-二羟基苯甲醛、邻甲氧基酚、邻苯三酚、3, 4, 5-三羟基苯甲酸反应的热谱图, 利用热谱图计算了米氏常数(Km)、反应速率常数(k2)和热力学参数(ΔrHm, ΔG0, ΔT^≠, Ea, ΔST^≠)。并应用过渡态理论对其催化过程进行了分析。结果表明: 稳定过渡态结构有利于酶促反应, 酶-底物在反应物时相互作用仅仅是降低酶的催化效率。提出两种可能提高酶催化效率的方法。由活化熵(ΔST)<0得出酶-底物在过渡态的结构较酶-底物复合物的结构更为有序。     

碳纳米管上分子印迹微反应器的构建及催化Diels-Alder反应研究

分子印迹聚合物（MIP）在合成与催化方面的应用受到越来越多的关注.传统的本体聚合生成的聚合物往往具有活性中心的利用率低、活性中心不均一、底物难以到达等问题.由于纳米材料具有很高的比表面积,将MIP制备成纳米级别的材料将有可能解决这些问题.本研究的目的是在纳米材料上构建分子印迹微反应器(MIM).通过多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)上羟基的酯化反应在碳纳米管表面枝接双键,以蒽和马来酸的加成反应产物为模板分子,甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)为交联剂,通过微波辐射聚合在碳纳米管表面枝接一层厚度约为30 nm 的分子印迹催化剂. 该催化剂对蒽和马来酸的加成反应具有明显的催化作用,反应开始后的180min内,催化反应速率是不加催化剂反应速率的1.77倍. 催化动力学遵守Michaelis-Menten方程,催化反应最大速率（vmax）为0.713 umolL-1S-1,米氏常数（KM）为17735.24 umolL-1.     

扫描电化学显微镜研究辣根过氧化物酶催化反应的动力学

本文通过β-环糊精与环氧氯丙烷反应,合成了交联预聚物,进而在酸性条件下与戊二醛和辣根过氧化物酶反应,从而把辣根过氧化物酶固定在所形成的聚合物绝缘体基底上.应用扫描电化学显微镜的反馈模式,研究了辣根过氧化物酶的催化反应动力学.通过对扫描电化学显微镜在酶点上的反馈曲线与理论曲线的拟合,测得了一级反应速率常数,并用此方法研究了pH对反应速率常数的影响.在pH=7.0时,辣根过氧化物酶的活性最高,与文献报道一致,结果满意.     

壳聚糖的酶法降解

用壳聚糖酶降解壳聚糖,探讨了壳聚糖降解过程中温度、pH值、底物浓度和金属离子对酶促反应的影响。结果表明:酶促反应进行到5 h左右时,即可得到聚合度小于10的壳寡糖。该酶促反应的最适温度为50℃,最适pH=5.5;最适底物浓度为0.02 g/mL;金属离子Ca2+和Mg2+对酶降解有一定的促进作用,而Zn2+、Cu2+对酶降解有较强的抑制作用。该酶促反应符合米氏动力学方程,米氏常数Km=7.80 g/L,最大反应速率Vmax=7.72 g/(min.L)。     

镨配合物的热化学及其对酵母菌作用的热动力学研究

用六水合氯化镨、硫代脯氨酸(C4H7NO2S)和水杨酸(C7H6O3)合成了三元固体配合物[Pr(C7H5O3)2(C4H6NO2S)]-2H2O.根据盖斯定律设计一个热化学循环,用溶解-反应量热法研究得到合成反应的标准摩尔焓变为(133.70±1.02)kJ/mol,配合物298.15K时的标准摩尔生成焓为-(2909.3±3.2)kJ/mol.用TAMair微量热仪测定其在28.00℃时对粟酒裂殖酵母作用的产热曲线,进而算出在配合物作用下,酵母菌生长代谢的最大发热功率Pmax、速率常数κ、传代时间tG、抑制率I和半抑制浓度cI,50等热动力学参数.结果表明:稀土水杨酸硫代脯氨酸配合物在低浓度下对酵母菌有刺激作用,高浓度下为抑制作用,即稀土配合物对微生物的生长具有双向生物效应,也称为Hormesis效应.     

微量热法研究头孢菌素对在肠杆菌微生物活性的影响

用微量热法测定了两种头孢菌素头孢哌酮钠(CFZ)和头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠(CFZ-SBT)在37℃时对大肠杆菌DH5α代谢作用的影响.根据产热曲线分别获得了大肠杆菌DH5α在不同浓度的头孢哌酮钠和头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠作用下的生长速率常数(k)、抑制率(I)、最大产热功率(Pm)以及最大产热功率所对应的时间tm等热动力学参数.研究结果表明,头孢哌酮钠和头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠对大肠杆菌的致死量分别为0.1和0.25μg/mL.通过研究k,I,Pm,tm和浓度(c)间的关系发现,舒巴坦钠的加入没有增加头孢哌酮钠对大肠杆菌DH5α的抑制作用.     

微量热法研究头孢菌素对大肠杆菌微生物活性的影响

用微量热法测定了两种头孢菌素头孢哌酮钠(CFZ)和头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠(CFZ-SBT)在37 ℃时对大肠杆菌DH5α代谢作用的影响. 根据产热曲线分别获得了大肠杆菌DH5α在不同浓度的头孢哌酮钠和头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠作用下的生长速率常数(k)、抑制率(I)、最大产热功率(Pm)以及最大产热功率所对应的时间tm等热动力学参数. 研究结果表明, 头孢哌酮钠和头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠对大肠杆菌的致死量分别为0.1和0.25 μg/mL. 通过研究k, I, Pm, tm和浓度(c)间的关系发现, 舒巴坦钠的加入没有增加头孢哌酮钠对大肠杆菌DH5α的抑制作用.     

血红蛋白的过氧化物酶催化特性研究

探讨了用血红蛋白（Hb)作为辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）的替代物，用于率H2O2氧 化对甲基酚的反应体系，研究了血红蛋白的过氧化物酶特征及其酶催化动力学特性 。稳态速率法测定了米氏常数（Km)、米氏速率（Vm)及反应级数等动力学参数。讨 论了对甲基酚作为血红蛋白的氢供体底物的酶催化反应机理，确立了反应速率方程 。实验比较发现血红蛋白作为过氧化物酶（HRP）的替代物，其催化活性比氯化血 红素（Hemin)，β-环糊精－氯化血红素（β－CD－Hemin)等过氧化物模拟酶要高。     

酶注射式葡萄糖生物传感器建模方法研究

建立了酶注射式生物传感器的机理模型,并通过实验验证模型精确性.用传感器检测1和2 mg/mL葡萄糖溶液得到电压数据,通过数据拟合确定模型参数.将浓度值3 mg/mL带入模型得到预测曲线,再将其与传感器检测数据拟合后曲线进行比较,验证模型精确性.结果表明,参加反应的酶液米氏常数Km为1.97,数学模型与实际传感器工作模型相关系数(R2)为0.998.     

碳酸酐酶模型化合物的合成、表征及其催化性能研究

模拟碳酸酐酶的活性中心结构,以三(取代吡唑基)硼氢根[T~p^R^,^R^1]^-为配体,合成了一系列金属配合物[T~p^R^,^R^1]MX[R=Ph,2'-thie(2'-噻吩基),Me;R^1=Ph,2'-thie,Me;M=Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd;X=Cl,NO~3,CH~3COO]共13个,均经元素分析,IR,^1HNMR谱表征。选取其中5个有代表性的配合物,采用Stopped-flow技术,研究了模型物催化CO~2可逆水合反应的动力学,结果表明具备酶促反应动力学的一般特征。详细考察了溶液pH值、模型物的结构(尤其是中心金属离子的电子结构)、浓度对该反应的影响,得出一些重要的结果。计算出该反应有、无催化剂时的活化能,从本质上阐明了反应活化能降低是模型物加速反应的根本原因。     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of l‐Histidine by Permanganate Ions in Sulfuric Acid Medium

The reaction kinetics for the oxidation of l ‐histidine by permanganate ions have been investigated spectrophotometrically in sulfuric acid medium at constant ionic strength and temperature. The order with respect to permanganate ions was found to be unity and second in acid concentration, whereas a fractional order is observed with respect to histidine. The reaction was observed to proceed through formation of a 1:1 intermediate complex between oxidant and substrate. The effect of the acid concentration suggests that the reaction is acid catalyzed. Increasing the ionic strength has no significant effect on the rate. The influence of temperature on the rate of reaction was studied. The presence of metal ion catalysts was found to accelerate the oxidation rate, and the order of effectiveness of the ions was Cu²⁺ > Ni²⁺ > Zn²⁺. The final oxidation products were identified as aldehyde (2‐imidazole acetaldehyde), ammonium ion, manganese(II), and carbon dioxide. Based on the kinetic results, a plausible reaction mechanism is proposed. The activation parameters were determined and discussed with respect to a slow reaction step.     

Complexes of divalent metal ions with cinchomeronic and dinicotinic acid thermal properties

The thermal properties of the complexes of cinchomeronic and dinicotinic acid with several divalent metal ions were determined by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA).For the thermal stability of the anhydrous compounds a sequence may be observed for the metal ions with cinchomeronic (3,4-H₂PC) and dinicotinic acid (3,5-H₂PC):

The thermal stability of the pyridine carboxylic acid for each metal of the series is: dinicotinic > cinchomeronicThe activation energy values for each thermal reaction were also calculated, using the Coats and Redfern algorism, by the Univac 1108 computer, by a program properly implemented for the statistical analysis of the data to obtain the reaction order and the activation parameters with the relative confidence limits.     

Cocatalysis by ruthenium(III) in hydrogen ions catalyzed oxidation of iodide ions: A kinetic study

RuCl₃ further catalyzes the oxidation of iodide ion by K₃Fe(CN)₆, already catalyzed by hydrogen ions. The rate of reaction, when catalyzed only by hydrogen ions, was separated graphically from the rate when both Ru(III) and H⁺ ions catalyzed the reaction. Reactions studied separately in the presence as well as absence of RuCl₃ under similar conditions were found to follow second‐order kinetics with respect to [I^?], while the rate showed direct proportionality with respect to [Fe(CN)₆]^3?, [RuCl₃], and [H⁺]. External addition of [Fe(CN)₆]^4? ions retards the reaction velocity, while changing the ionic strength of the medium has no effect on the rate. With the help of the intercept of the catalyst graph, the extent of the reaction that takes place without adding Ru(III) was calculated and it was in accordance with the values obtained from the reaction in which only H⁺ ions catalyzed the reaction. It is proposed that ruthenium forms a complex, which slowly disproportionates into the rate‐determining step. Arrhenius parameters at four different temperatures were also calculated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 545–553, 2004     

Two-metal-ion mechanism for hammerhead-ribozyme catalysis

The hammerhead ribozyme is one of the best studied ribozymes, but it still presents challenges for our understanding of RNA catalysis. It catalyzes a transesterification reaction that converts a 5',3' diester to a 2',3' cyclic phosphate diester via an S(N)2 mechanism. Thus, the overall reaction corresponds to that catalyzed by bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. However, an essential distinguishing aspect is that metal ions are not involved in RNase catalysis but appear to be important in ribozymes. Although various techniques have been used to assign specific functions to metals in the hammerhead ribozyme, their number and roles in catalysis is not clear. Two recent theoretical studies on RNA catalysis examined the reaction mechanism of a single-metal-ion model. A two-metal-ion model, which is supported by experiment and based on ab initio and density functional theory calculations, is described here. The proposed mechanism of the reaction has four chemical steps with three intermediates and four transition states along the reaction pathway. Reaction profiles are calculated in the gas phase and in solution. The early steps of the reaction are found to be fast (with low activation barriers), and the last step, corresponding to the departure of the leaving group, is rate limiting. This two-metal-ion model differs from the models proposed previously in that the two metal ions function not only as Lewis acids but also as general acids/bases. Comparison with experiment shows good agreement with thermodynamic and kinetic data. A detailed analysis based on natural bond orbitals (NBOs) and natural energy decomposition (NEDA) provides insights into the role of metal ions and other factors important for catalysis.     

Kinetics of the interconversion of parahydrogen and orthohydrogen catalyzed by paramagnetic complex ions

The rate constants of para-/orthohydrogen (p-/o-H2) nuclear spin isomerization have been measured by means of 1H NMR in deuterated solvents at 298.2 K. The indicated reaction is catalyzed by paramagnetic complex ions giving rate constants that are proportional to the concentrations of the catalysts. The second-order rate constants are directly proportional to the squares of the magnetic moments for the solvated metal complexes for two classifications: M(solv)m2+, M = 3d transition metals; Ln(solv)n3+, where in 1:9 D2O-CD3CN the aqua complexes are the predominant species, Ln = lanthanides. The other 3d transition metal complexes with different ligands show rate constants that also depend on the sizes of ligands. Whereas the correlation between the second-order rate constants and magnetic moments is consistent with Wigner's theory, the size of catalyst shows a more modest effect on the rate constants than expected. The effective collision radii of the complexes, calculated from the rate constants, proved to be approximately constant for each series of solvated metal complexes.     

Oxidation of Cyclohexene Catalyzed by PAMAM—SA—M Dendrimers

Oxidation of cyclohexene under 1 atmospheric pressure of molecular oxygen at 70℃ in the absence of solvent catalyzed by PAMAM-SA-M(Where PAMAM=polyamidoamine;SA=salicyaldehyde;M=metal ions Fe^3 ,Co^2 ,Ni^2 ,Mn^2 ,Cu^2 ,Zn^2 ,respectively) dendrimers, afforded 2-cyclohexen-1-ol 1,2-cyclohexen-1-one 2,7-oxabicyclo [4,1,0] heptane 3 and 7-oxabicyl [4,1,0] heptan-2-one 4 as the major products. The factors that affect this reaction are also discussed.     

Thermal oxidative degradation of isotactic polypropylene catalyzed by copper and copper oxide interfaces

The oxidative degradation of isotactic polypropylene films coated on well-defined Cu(Cu₂O), CuO_0.67, and CuO films in a temperature range of 90–120°C in a quartz-spoon-gauge-reaction vessel was studied. This catalytic reaction has been compared with the oxidation of polypropylene without copper or oxide films. The reaction vessel contained, if needed, P₂O₅ and/or KOH as “getters” for H₂O and CO₂, these substances could be menitored continuously. Cu(Cu₂O) films were transformed during oxidation of the polymer to yellow CuO_0.67 below 100°C and above this temperature to black CuO in the presence of H₂O and CO₂, whereas in the absence of these compounds CuO was formed below 100°C and CuO_0.67 at 120°C. Characteristic autoxidation curves obtained in the absence of H₂O and CO₂ showed induction periods that were shorter for copper oxide-polymer interfaces than for glass-polymer interfaces (i.e., for uncatalyzed oxidation). Abnormalities were observed for Cu(Cu₂O)-polymer interfaces because of further oxidation of Cu during the reaction. The rates of oxygen consumption were faster for CuO_0.67-polymer and CuO-polymer than for the uncatalyzed reaction; the catalytic action of CuO_0.67 was somewhat larger than that of CuO. The important observation was made that the mechanism of oxidation is not the same in the absence and presence of reaction products; that is, H₂O and CO₂. This was confirmed by ion beam scattering experiments, which also revealed that an oxidation-reduction process takes place at Cu and their oxide interfaces. A mechanism for the catalytic oxidation process, based on the ease by which copper ions are released from the metal oxides at the interface, was formulated. These ions diffuse subsequently as actions of carboxylate anions into the bulk of the polymer. Arrhenius equations of oxygen consumption are given for all cases; the energy of activation calculated for the initiation of the uncatalyzed oxidation agrees with its literature value. The energy of activation for the initiation of the catalyzed reaction was a few kilocalories lower than that for the uncatalyzed reaction. Catalytic action is mainly operative for the initiation reaction at the interface and for the decomposition of hydroperoxides by copper ions. Preventing the delivery of copper ions to the polymer would be the most efficient way of inhibiting the catalysis.     

Iridium(III) catalyzed oxidation of iodide ions in aqueous acidic medium

Oxidation of iodide ions by K₃Fe(CN)₆, catalyzed by hydrogen ions obtained from hydrochloric acid was found to be further catalyzed by iridium(III) chloride. Rate, when the reaction is catalyzed only by the hydrogen ions, was separated from the rate when iridium(III) and H⁺ions both, catalyze the reaction. Reactions studied separately in the presence as well as in the absence of IrCl₃ under similar conditions were found to follow second order kinetics with respect to [I⁻]. While the rate showed direct proportionality with respect to [K₃Fe(CN)₆] and [IrCl₃]. At low concentrations the reaction shows direct proportionality with respect to [H⁺] which tends to become proportional to the square of hydrogen ions at higher concentrations. Strong retarding affect of externally added hexacyanoferrate(II) ions was observed in the beginning but further addition affects the rate to a little extent. Changes in [Cl⁻] and also ionic strength of the medium have no effect on the rate. With the help of the intercept of catalyst graph, the extent of the reaction, which takes place without adding iridium(III), was calculated and was found to be in accordance with the values obtained from the separately studied reactions in which only H⁺ ions catalyze the reaction. It is proposed that iridium forms a complex, which slowly disproportionates into the rate-determining step. Thermodynamic parameters at four different temperatures were calculated.     

Fe–Co/sulfonated polystyrene as an efficient and selective catalyst in heterogeneous Baeyer–Villiger oxidation reaction of cyclic ketones

A highly efficient catalyst Fe–Co/sulfonated polystyrene (Fe–Co/SPS) was introduced and synthesized, which catalyzed BV oxidation of ketones with aqueous hydrogen peroxide to give the corresponding lactones in high yield and selectivity. Solid acid catalyst of Fe–Co/SPS has been prepared by using the 98-wt% sulfuric acid as the sulfonating agent and CoCl₂ combined FeCl₃ as sources of metal ions. Various physical–chemical characterizations including FT-IR, XRD, SEM and TGA, revealed that bimetallic ions Fe³⁺–Co²⁺ species in the sulfonated polystyrene framework were responsible for the catalytic activities. The BV reaction catalyzed by Fe–Co/SPS highlighted the special effects between metal ions and protonic acids as well as solvent-free heterogeneous catalytic oxidation with excellent conversion.