Development and validation of an analytical method for determination of endocrine disruptor, 2,4-D, in paddy field water

The acidic herbicides are an important class of chemical compounds that are used to control a variety of weeds that threaten many crops. Owing to their low microbial activity levels, the acidic herbicides exhibit a residual activity remaining for periods of up to several months in soils and water. The principal objective of this study was to develop an analytical method based on liquid–liquid and solid‐phase extraction followed by HPLC, for the determination of 2,4‐D in paddy field water. The residues were verified via tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in negative‐ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. Linearity was good over a concentration range of 1–100 µg/L with a correlation coefficient (r²) of 0.999. The mean recovery rates of triplicate results ranged from 85.2 to 90.85%. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.4 and 1.0 µg/L, respectively. The method proposed herein was applied to field samples acquired from Hampyung and Sunchang counties, Republic of Korea. The analyte was detected at a concentration range of 6.8–12.8 and 3.55–24.0 µg/L, respectively. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜和水果中6种新型酰胺类杀菌剂的残留量

建立了蔬菜、水果中啶酰菌胺、氟啶酰菌胺、环氟菌胺、嘧菌胺、双炔酰菌胺和硅噻菌胺6种新型酰胺类杀菌剂残留量的液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)检测方法。试样经乙腈提取、Florisil固相萃取柱净化、以乙腈和水为流动相梯度洗脱、结合新型核壳型填料色谱柱(Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈)分离,采用电喷雾正离子扫描、多反应监测模式质谱检测,外标法定量。结果表明:固相萃取结合新型色谱柱分离解决了酰胺类农药分析中基质效应强的难点问题。6种杀菌剂在0.5~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)≥0.9990;对7种蔬菜及3种水果进行0.5、5和50 μg/kg 3个加标水平的回收试验,回收率为65%~124%,相对标准偏差(RSD, n=5)为1%~18%; 6种杀菌剂的方法检出限(S/N≥3)为0.10~0.17 μg/kg。该净化、分离模式显著降低了蔬菜、水果中6种新型酰胺类农药的基质效应,方法简单准确,可满足蔬菜和水果中啶酰菌胺等6种新型酰胺类杀菌剂残留检测的要求。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物源性食品中20种磺酰脲类除草剂残留

建立了动物源性食品中20种磺酰脲类除草剂多残留的分析方法.样品经乙腈均质提取2次,经Waters Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱净化后,在高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱仪多反应监测模式下测定,采用质谱法定性,外标法定量.除草剂采用Eclipse AAA色谱柱,以甲醇和0.1%乙酸溶液为流动相,在梯度洗脱条件下可以得到很好...     

Development and validation of a multiresidue method for the determination of 323 pesticide residues in dry herbs using QuEChERS method and LC-ESI-MS/MS

A multiresidue method was studied for determination of 323 pesticides representing a wide range of physicochemical properties in dry herbs (chamomile and parsley) based on QuEChERS method and LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. In the current study, three different parameters were optimised for a higher accuracy and a lower matrix effects: extraction procedures, cleanup and matrix effect. Optimum extraction efficiency was obtained at sample hydration of 10 mL water on 2 g dry herbs and soaking time for 10 min. Use of different extraction techniques supported the use of mechanical shaker in comparison with ultrasound and handed shaking. As a way to remove interfering components from final extract, different cleanup techniques were studied: three dispersive solid phase extraction (D-SPE) (C₁₈, primary secondary amine and graphitised carbon black) have been investigated; matrix effect was reduced, but several pesticides were lost during the cleanup process. Unlike the SPE (hydrophilic lipophilic balanced polymer) produced a good recovery with all substances without expected reduction in matrix effect. Moreover, sample dilution and LC-MS/MS injection volume were studied, 3 µL injection volume was found to be the best sensitive condition without sample dilution. The developed method was validated by performing recovery tests at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg, the average recoveries ranged from 70% to 120%. The reproducibility expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD %) was ≤ 20%.     

Multiresidue Method for the Determination of Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using Gas Chromatography-Negative Chemical Ionization-Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The feasibility of gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS-MS), as a routine multiresidue method for simultaneous analysis of 82 pesticides in fruits and vegetables, was investigated. The precursor ions, product ions and collision energy were selected using experiments, and 164 different multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions were monitored simultaneously in one run. Prior to GC-NCI-MS-MS analysis, co-extractives were removed from the concentrated acetonitrile extracts by using dispersive solid phase extraction with octadecyl (350 mg) and primary secondary amine (100 mg) sorbents. Large volume injection (10 µL) combined with a temperature-programmed vaporizer (PTV) system of gas chromatography was used to improve the sensitivity of analytes. To evaluate performance of this method, validation experiments were carried out on cabbage and apples at two spiking levels (10 and 20 ??g kg^?1). The average recoveries ranged between 58.7 and 124.4% with intra-day relative standard deviations (RSD) between 3.9 and 15.9%. The limits of detection (LOD), limits of confirmation (LOC) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of all pesticides were below its maximum residue levels (MRLs). The proposed method was successfully applied in the analysis of fruits and vegetables.     

Multi-pesticide Residues Determination in Samples of Fruits and Vegetables Using Chemometrics Approach to QuEChERS-dSPE Coupled with Ionic Liquid-Based DLLME and LC–MS/MS

Pesticides play vital roles in agricultural practices, but the nature and mishandling of the chemicals have led to their accumulation in moist soil, vegetables and fruits. Thus, development of efficient methods for pesticides determination is one of the most important ways to address such challenges. Multivariate response surface methodology optimisation using Placket–Burman and Box–Behnken designs were respectively used for screening and optimisation of significant factors of quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) with dispersive solid-phase extraction (SPE). Consequently, the optimised QuEChERS-dSPE technique coupled with modified ionic liquid-based (IL-based) dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was used for sample preparation before LC–MS/MS. The developed method was validated (SANTE 11831-2017) for multi-pesticide residues determination in samples of bananas, cabbages, tomatoes, oranges and onions. The precision results were satisfactory in terms of relative standard deviation (≤?20%) as recommended. The results of accuracy for relative recoveries (82–137%) were satisfactory because 92.5% of results were within the recommended range (70–120%). The matrix effects in all the samples were very weak (less effective) (≤???80%). The linearity of the evaluated results was 5–400 µg kg^?1 and regression coefficients (R²) were?>?0.99. The resulting limits of detection and quantitation were 0.02–0.32 and 0.07–1.06 µg kg^?1, respectively, and therefore satisfactory. Certifiably, the estimated measurement uncertainties range (1–16%) was acceptable (≤?50%). Thus, the developed method could be reliable and suitable for routine determination of multiple pesticide residues in various vegetable and fruit samples.     

Analytical method for the accurate determination of tricothecenes in grains using LC-MS/MS: a comparison between MRM transition and MS3 quantitation

The current food crisis demands unambiguous determination of mycotoxin contamination in staple foods to achieve safer food for consumption. This paper describes the first accurate LC-MS/MS method developed to analyze tricothecenes in grains by applying multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transition and MS(3) quantitation strategies in tandem. The tricothecenes are nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, fusarenon X, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and HT-2 and T-2 toxins. Acetic acid and ammonium acetate were used to convert the analytes into their respective acetate adducts and ammonium adducts under negative and positive MS polarity conditions, respectively. The mycotoxins were separated by reversed-phase LC in a 13.5-min run, ionized using electrospray ionization, and detected by tandem mass spectrometry. Analyte-specific mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios were used to perform quantitation under MRM transition and MS(3) (linear ion trap) modes. Three experiments were made for each quantitation mode and matrix in batches over 6 days for recovery studies. The matrix effect was investigated at concentration levels of 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 μg kg(-1) (n = 3) in 5 g corn flour and rice flour. Extraction with acetonitrile provided a good overall recovery range of 90-108% (n = 3) at three levels of spiking concentration of 40, 80, and 120 μg kg(-1). A quantitation limit of 2-6 μg kg(-1) was achieved by applying an MRM transition quantitation strategy. Under MS(3) mode, a quantitation limit of 4-10 μg kg(-1) was achieved. Relative standard deviations of 2-10% and 2-11% were reported for MRM transition and MS(3) quantitation, respectively. The successful utilization of MS(3) enabled accurate analyte fragmentation pattern matching and its quantitation, leading to the development of analytical methods in fields that demand both analyte specificity and fragmentation fingerprint-matching capabilities that are unavailable under MRM transition.     

Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticides in Vegetables and Citrus Fruits by LC–MS–MS

In this work, an analytical multiresidue method using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS) with triple quadrupole in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode for the simultaneous determination of 54 pesticides in vegetables (pepper and tomato) and citrus fruits (orange and lemon) has been developed. The procedure involves initial single phase extraction of sample with acetonitrile by agitation, followed by liquid–liquid partition aided by “salting out” process using NaCl. The average recovery by the LC–MS–MS method obtained for these compounds varied from 65.5 to 114.5% with a relative standard deviation between 2.3 and 8.3%. The method presents good linearity over the range assayed 10–500 μg L^?1 (except famoxadone 50–1,000 μg L^?1) and the detection limits for the pesticides studied varied from 0.03 to 14.9 μg kg^?1. The proposed method was used to determine pesticide levels in vegetables and citrus fruit samples from different experimental orchards and greenhouses from the Region of Murcia.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜和水果中氟吗啉的残留量

建立了高效液相-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)分析蔬菜和水果中氟吗啉残留量检测的方法。通过氟吗啉光照实验,研究了氟吗啉顺反异构体转化规律。以醚菌胺为内标(I.S.),乙酸乙酯提取,经HLB(亲水-疏水净化住)固相萃取小柱净化并富集后,以液相色谱分离,采用质谱正离子多反应监测模式进行定量分析。方法定量限为0.05μg/kg;线性范围为0.05～25μg/kg;提取回收率为77.64%～92.83%;相对标准偏差均小于8.6%。本方法灵敏度高、选择性好,实际样品检测中的检出率达到70%;样品中最高残留量为1.83μg/kg,能满足蔬菜和水果中氟吗啉残留量检测要求。     

稳定同位素iTRAQ标记/高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时定量分析人体中42种氨基酸及典型病例

建立稳定同位素iTRAQ标记/高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时定量分析人体中42种氨基酸的方法.人生物样本经磺基水杨酸沉淀蛋白,稳定同位素iTRAQ-115衍生化后,加入iTRAQ-114同位素标记的氨基酸内标液进样,选用AAA-C18色谱柱,以水乙腈(含有0.01％七氟丁酸、0.1％甲酸)为流动相,采用梯度洗脱进行分离,选用3200QTRAP型质谱仪的多重反应监测(MRM)扫描方式进行检测.同位素内标消除了系统误差,实现了氨基酸的定量分析,42种氨基酸及同分异构体均能基线分离.本方法快速、灵敏、专属性强、高通量,可用于临床氨基酸代谢疾病的诊疗和营养评估.     

Multiresidue liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of 52 non gas chromatography-amenable pesticides and metabolites in different food commodities

A multiresidue method is developed for the screening, quantification and confirmation of 43 pesticides, belonging to different chemical families of insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, herbicides and plant growth regulators, and 9 pesticide metabolites in four fruit and vegetable matrices. Pesticide residues are extracted from the samples with MeOH:H2O (80:20, v/v) 0.1% HCOOH, and then a cleanup step using OASIS HLB SPE cartridges is applied. The SPE eluate is concentrated and the final volume adjusted to 1 mL with MeOH:H2O (10:90, v/v) before injection into LC-MS/MS. Analyses are performed using electrospray ionization (ESI) and triple quadrupole (QqQ) analyzer. The method has been validated based on the SANCO European Guidelines for representative samples that were chosen to study the influence of different matrices: high water content (tomato), high acidic content (lemon), high sugar content (raisin) and high lipidic content (avocado). Special attention has been given to minimize the degradation of some pesticides into their metabolites and the losses observed in the evaporation step. Under the optimized conditions, the recoveries were, with a few exceptions, in the range 70-110% with satisfactory precision (CV < or = 15%). The quantification of analytes was carried out using the most sensitive transition for every compound and by "matrix-matched" standards calibration. The method can be used for the accurate determination of 52 pesticides and metabolites in one single determination step at the 0.01 mg/kg level. Confirmation of residues detected in samples is performed by an independent injection into the LC-MS/MS system by acquiring additional MS/MS transitions to that used for quantification. The acquisition of the highest number of available transitions is suggested for unequivocal confirmation of the analyte.     

液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法测定生姜中的215种农药残留

建立了生姜中215种农药多残留测定的液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(LC-ESI-MS/MS)方法。样品用1%醋酸-乙腈溶液均质提取,经Sep-Pak Vac固相萃取柱净化,乙腈-甲苯(3:1, v/v)洗脱,旋转蒸发浓缩至约0.5 mL后,于室温氮气吹干,用乙腈-水(3:2, v/v)溶解,以电喷雾电离串联质谱在正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式下进行测定。在定量限水平进行添加回收率实验,方法的回收率范围为68.1%～132.6%,其中回收率在70%～120%的占94.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)范围为0.4%～25.0%。方法的检出限(S/N=3)和定量限(S/N=10)范围分别为0.01～70.45 μg/L和0.04～234.84 μg/L。该方法操作简便,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合农药多残留检测技术要求,适用于生姜中215种农药多残留的快速测定。     

Screening Method for the Determination at Parts Per Trillion Levels of Pesticide Residues in Vegetables Combining Solid‐Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

A new analytical method is proposed for determining residues of 70 pesticides of different chemical families at parts per trillion levels in fresh vegetables. For that, only 4 g of the vegetable samples were quickly extracted with 10 ml of ethyl acetate. The method is based on a vanguard/rearguard strategy that reduces the average time required per sample when the method is applied to a high number of vegetable samples in a quality control laboratory. At the beginning, an aliquot of the extract is evaporated and re‐dissolved in a mixture water:acetone (9∶1 v/v). For screening purposes, the pesticides were extracted for only 10 min by direct immersion of a solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) fiber (65 µm polydimethylsiloxane‐divinylbenzene, PDMS‐DVB). The SPME device was automated and on‐line coupled to a gas chromatograph with an ion trap mass spectrometer (GC‐MS) operated in full scan mode for screening in less than 18 min those samples that potentially contain pesticides above 0.01 mg kg^?1 (cut off value). After that, only those potentially non‐negative samples were reanalyzed by a sensitive quantifying/confirming method that re‐extract by SPME the pesticides in 55 min of absorption and determine them by GC with tandem MS (MS/MS). The method has been validated following EU guidelines and compared with a conventional extraction method based on the use of higher amounts of organic solvents. The limits of detection (LOD), confirmation (LOC) and quantitation (LOQ) as well as the calibration curves obtained allowed the determination of the target pesticides at concentrations clearly below the maximum residue levels (MRL) stated by EU being possible the determination of parts per trillion of the pesticides in ecological (green) vegetables. The method has been applied to the analysis of real samples and the results compared with those obtained by a conventional extraction method accredited by ENAC (Spanish Accreditation Body). The proposed method was also evaluated participating in a proficiency test with adequate results (z‐score among±2).     

Validation of short run time LC-ESI (+) MS/MS method for determination of twenty recommended pesticide residues in food based on QuEChERS extraction technique

Food is expected to contain pesticide residues that might have many problems due to their toxicities for human and animals. So, it is very important to detect and quantify the pesticides contamination levels to increase food safety for the human. The target of our study is to analyse a 20 new pesticides including different pesticide classes such as 1 acaricide, 3 fungicides, 2 plant growth regulators, 11 herbicides, 1 insecticide, 1 rodenticide, and 1 metabolite which were selected according to their modern application in the Egyptian agriculture as well as the recommendation of the Egyptian Agriculture Pesticides Committee (APC). The research is focused on the method validation for the routine analysis of the targeted pesticide residues according to the European SANTE/11,813/2017 guideline. The validation was carried out by fortifying of three levels at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg in four blank matrices: apple, green beans, fennel seeds and rice which represent different classes of food. The most common citrate buffered QuEChERS extraction method and liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) device were used. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive electrospray ionisation ESI (+) mode and the non-scheduled multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) method in a short run time of 16.0 min. The limits of quantifications (LOQs) for all pesticides ranged between 0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg. Good linearity of the method was in the concentration range 0.001–0.5 μg/ml with acceptable correlation coefficients (r²) ≥ 0.99 for all analytes. The average recoveries for all the target pesticide residues were in the range of 70–120% with relative standard deviations RSDs ≤ 20%. The matrix effect was compensated by using the standard addition method. This short run time LC ESI (+) MS/MS Method may help laboratories which deal with the routine pesticide residues analysis in different food samples.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检测蔬菜中248种农药残留

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UHPLC-MS/MS）技术建立了快速检测蔬菜中248种农药残留的分析方法。蔬菜样品采用乙腈提取,盐析后无需净化,缩短了样品前处理的时间。采用正负离子多反应监测（MRM）模式对蔬菜中248种农药残留进行定性和定量分析。245种农药在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好（r>0.99）。除丁硫克百威、灭蝇胺、苯磺隆和二氯喹啉酸4种农药外,其余244种农药在3个添加水平下的平均回收率范围为63.0%～126.4%,相对标准偏差（RSD）范围为0.5%～26.7%,方法的定量限为0.001～0.030 mg/kg。该方法具有简单、快速、灵敏度高、准确度高等优点,适合蔬菜样品中农药多残留的快速检测分析。     

Multiresidue GC-MS/MS pesticide analysis for evaluation of tea and herbal infusion safety

ABSTRACT

A fast, simple, low-cost and high-throughput multiresidue pesticide analysis method was developed and validated for 300 pesticides in herbal and fruit infusion samples based on modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) procedure combined with gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method (GC-MS/MS). The objectives were to develop low cost GC-MS/MS method, validate the method in accordance to SANTE/11,813/2017 guidance document and application in routine. The results obtained using different GC and MS/MS parameters were evaluated in order to develop quick, robust, accurate and effective multiresidue method. Total analysis time was 28 min with 0.6 µL injection volume. For accurate quantification, matrix-matched calibration (MMC) curves (in range of 10 µg/kg – 250 µg/kg) were applied to compensate matrix effect. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were ranged between 0.06 µg/kg and 135 µg/kg, and for the majority of the pesticides the LOQ were below the regulatory maximum residue limits. Most recoveries at 10 µg/kg and 100 µg/kg were in the range 70%–120% indicating satisfactory accuracy. The validated method was applied to commercial herbal and fruit infusion products detecting chlorpyriphos, DEET, tebuconazole, terbuthylazine, piperonyl butoxide, biphenyl, pendimethalin, pirimiphos-methyl and p,p’-DDE in more than 100 samples from 1,466 so risk assessment on human health was calculated specially for those pesticides.     

改良QuEChERS方法快速测定果蔬中8种新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂

建立了一种同时测定果蔬中啶酰菌胺、吡噻菌胺、吡唑萘菌胺、氟唑菌酰胺、联苯吡菌胺、氟唑环菌胺、氟唑菌苯胺和氟吡菌酰胺8种新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂残留量的液相色谱-串联质谱方法。通过比较乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷（PSA）和十八烷基键合硅胶吸附剂（C₁₈）两种分散固相萃取剂不同添加剂量下的吸附作用和净化效果,优化QuEChERS方法净化过程,以乙腈-0.1%（体积分数）甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,使8种目标化合物在Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈色谱柱上分离,经电喷雾正/负双离子扫描、多反应监测模式质谱检测,外标法定量。8种目标化合物在0.5~500.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.998,方法检出限为0.2~1.7 μg/kg,定量限为0.5~5.0 μg/kg。各种目标化合物在8种基质中3个添加水平（5.0、25.0和125.0 μg/kg）下的回收率为71.4%~121.3%,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=6）为0.8%~17.2%。该方法操作简单、净化效果好,适用于果蔬中新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂的快速检测。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测花生中36种农药及其代谢物残留

建立了花生中36种农药及其代谢物残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)快速检测技术。采用乙腈提取,增强型脂质去除净化剂(EMR-Lipid)净化,正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式测定。结果表明,所有农药的线性相关系数均大于0.994,在0.005,0.01,0.10 mg/kg 3个加标水平下,36种农药的平均回收率为70.4%~119%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为1.3%~19.4%,方法的定量下限为0.002 5~0.05 mg/kg。该方法简便、快速,灵敏度高、净化效果好,适用于花生中农药多残留的快速检测分析。     

QuEChERS-液相色谱串联质谱法快速检测果蔬中的农药多残留

建立了果蔬样品中氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类、苯并咪唑类、苯甲酰脲类等各类29种农药多残留的液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。采用QuEChERS方法进行前处理,样品经1%冰醋酸乙腈提取、醋酸钠和无水硫酸镁盐析后,上清液加入伯仲胺粉、C18粉及石墨化碳黑粉进行分散固相萃取净化。提取液经Waters SunFire C18(5μm,4.6×150 mm)色谱柱分离后,进行LC-MS/MS多反应监测模式下的定性及定量分析。29种农药的检出限在0.005~0.352μg/kg之间,定量限在0.015~1.176μg/kg之间。在1~10μg/kg的3个添加水平范围上,平均回收率在70%~119%之间,RSD小于16%。本方法可用于果蔬样品中农药多残留的确证检测。     

高效液相色谱法和液相色谱-质谱法测定大豆中的磺酰脲类除草剂多残留量

建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)法和液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)选择离子监测法同时检测大豆中10种磺酰脲类除草剂多残留量的方法。样品经乙腈提取、正己烷液-液分配、弗罗里硅土填充柱净化,然后采用RP-HPLC-DAD和HPLC-MS方法测定。对HPLC和LC-MS法的分离条件、样品前处理条件进行了优化。建立的方法简便、快速、灵敏,净化效果较好,线性、回收率、精密度和检出限均符合残留分析的要求,可同时满足进出口大豆中多种除草剂残留量同时检验的需要。