制备参数对聚乙烯醇水凝胶-玻璃基板摩擦行为的影响

采用不同方法制备了聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶,研究了制备参数对水凝胶/玻璃摩擦体系的影响.结果表明,混合溶剂有利于凝胶均匀网络的形成,制备的凝胶强度较高;冷冻解冻次数的增加有利于PVA水凝胶强度的提高;超高相对分子质量聚氧化乙烯(PEO)的加入,可使PVA形成更为致密、均匀的网络,显著提高PVA水凝胶的模量(E).低滑动速率(v)时,高E的水凝胶具有较高的摩擦力(f),但易在较低v下形成流体动力润滑,使其在较高v(10-1~100m/s)时反而呈现出较低的摩擦力,该速率范围与人体正常行走时膝关节软骨的运动速率相当.PEO的加入可降低较高v时的f,而低v区f的降低与加入的PEO浓度有关.     

聚乙烯醇水凝胶溶胀特性研究

在前文对聚乙烯醇水溶液冰冻凝胶化浓度依赖性研究基础上，对接触浓度（Ｃ）以上聚乙烯醇水溶液通过冰冻－融化处理，制得了一种含水率高达９５～９８％的水凝胶．系统研究了该水凝胶在蒸馏水中的溶胀及溶解特性．得到了一个与实验结果相吻合的溶胀动力学方程：Ｑ１＝Ｑｅ－（Ｑｅ－ＱＯ）／ｅｋｔ，及平衡溶胀比Ｑｅ与浓度之间的定量关系：Ｑｅ＝６０．３－４．４５×１０２Ｃ．发现当冰冻－融化次数Ｎ≤５时，平衡溶胀比Ｑｅ及溶解量Ｗ与冰冻－融化次数（Ｎ）间满足幂函数关系：Ｑｅ。Ｗ通过对聚乙烯醇水凝胶平衡溶胀比与经冰冻处理的聚乙烯醇水溶液特性粘数进行比较，发现反映链间氢键凝聚缠结效应与反映链内氢键凝聚缠结效应的定量指标具有等效性．     

低分子物质在聚乙烯醇水凝胶中的扩散

水凝胶是指一种网络结构中含大量水,而不溶于水的高分子材料。近年来,发现聚乙烯醇(PVA)水溶液在低温冷冻一段时间,可形成强度较高的水凝胶弹性体,用这种水凝胶制得的固定化增殖细胞凝胶,在生物工程材料开发中取得了很好的效果。本文旨在研究低分子物质在PVA水凝胶中的扩散性能。     

抗菌淀粉-聚乙烯醇水凝胶的制备及性能

以环氧氯丙烷为键合剂将胍盐低聚物（PHMG）接枝到淀粉分子上,设计了正交试验优化接枝反应条件。将产物添加到淀粉和聚乙烯醇（PVA）水溶液中,采用化学交联法合成了具有抗菌性能的淀粉-聚乙烯醇（S-PVA）水凝胶,测试了水凝胶的溶胀率、脱水率以及抗菌性能。结果表明：当反应温度为40°C、时间为0.5 h、pH为9时,PHM...     

低温聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶结构的初步研究

本文采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了低温PVA水凝胶的结构,直接观察到该体系呈明显的相分离结构,可将所形成结构视为聚集态水平上的宏观网络结构,认为正是这种网络结构的形成而赋予了体系强度和弹性.观察到,随着冷冻时间的增长,逐渐形成完善的网络结构,随着体系中PVA浓度的增大,网络结合得更加紧密.还从DSC测定了该相分离结构解体的热焓变化,进一步证实了显微镜的观察结果,提出了该体系凝胶化过程的宏观机制.     

聚乙烯醇磷酸酯水凝胶电刺激响应行为的研究

以脲为催化剂,将聚乙烯醇(PVA)磷酸酯化制成聚乙烯醇磷酸酯,再经戊二醛交联制备了一种新型的聚乙烯醇磷酸酯水凝胶.研究了水凝胶的溶胀性能,力学性能和电刺激响应行为.结果表明,该凝胶在NaCl水溶液中其平衡溶胀率随NaCl溶液的离子强度增大而减小.在离子强度为0~0.2的NaCl水溶液中,其弹性模量为0.300~0.356 MPa,抗张强度为91.5~137.8 kPa,断裂伸长率为32.0%~37.5%,且均随离子强度的增大而增大.在去离子水和NaCl水溶液中于非接触直流电场作用下,凝胶向电场负极弯曲,弯曲速度和应变随外加电压的增大而增大,并随NaCl离子强度的增大于0.005处出现极大值.在循环电场作用下,聚乙烯醇磷酸酯水凝胶的电刺激响应行为具有良好的可逆性.     

交联聚乙烯醇水凝胶对胆红素的吸附性能研究

本文采用反相聚合的方法以戊二醛为交联剂合成了珠状交联聚乙烯醇凝胶，并研究了它对胆红素的吸附性能。结果表明交联聚乙烯醇对胆红素的体外吸附率受到吸附剂的交联度、颗粒直径、溶液中白蛋白的浓度、吸附温度及离子强度的影响。该类吸附剂对胆红素具有良好的吸附动力学性能。     

聚乙烯醇/丙烯酸共聚物水凝胶的制备及溶胀性

制备了具有pH敏感性的聚乙烯醇(PVA)/丙烯酸(AA)共聚物水凝胶,研究了PVA与AA之间配比、交联剂、引发剂用量对凝胶转化率的影响,对水凝胶的溶胀行为和pH敏感性也进行了详细研究.实验表明PVA与AA的质量比为(1∶9)~(3∶7)之间时,引发剂和交联剂分别为PVA和AA总量的0.2%和0.3%时,凝胶转化率高.随着水溶液pH值从3增加到9,凝胶的溶胀比也相应的增加,表现出明显的pH敏感性.     

黄原胶以三价铬交联的水凝胶的脱水行为

对黄原胶／三价铬水凝胶在７０，８０和９０℃下的脱水行为进行了研究．脱水与凝胶的交联密度即参与交联反应的三价铬的含量有密切联系．突发脱水之后的过程可以用一级反应动力学描述，反应速度常数随三价铬的浓度和温度的增高而增大，活化能为３４．５ｋｃａｌ／ｍｏｌ．一价盐（ＮａＣｌ）的含量对脱水过程没有影响．     

肝素钠/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶的制备与性能

通过循环冷冻-解冻法,制成了肝素钠/聚乙烯醇(HS/PVA)复合水凝胶材料。 探讨了不同质量分数肝素钠对复合水凝胶材料的可见光透过率、含水率、亲水性、力学性能以及肝素钠释放量的影响。 结果表明,复合水凝胶的可见光透过率为92%以上,溶胀平衡的含水率为72%~78%,亲水性较纯PVA水凝胶有所提升,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率都稍有下降。 细胞粘附实验结果表明,适量的肝素钠的释放可以达到减少细胞粘附的效果。 这种HS/PVA复合水凝胶材料有望用作人工角膜中心区材料。     

Study on Biological Safety of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Collagen Hydrogel as a Tissue Substitute (II)

Physically crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol/collagen composite hydrogels were prepared by a cyclic freezing-drying technique. The biological properties of the hydrogels, including hemolysis, anaphylaxis, pyrogen and acute systemic toxicity tests and implantation in-vivo, were investigated. The hemolysis test suggested that the polyvinyl alcohol/collagen, with a hemolysis index of 1.19%, did not have an obvious hemolysis reaction. There was no toxicosis or death cases observed in the acute systemic toxicity test, and the hydrogel showed no anaphylaxis or pyrogen response. The composite hydrogel showed a good histological compatibility in the in-vivo study. The results indicated that the polyvinyl alcohol/collagen composite hydrogels have promising applications for pharmaceutical and biomedical fields.     

多孔β-磷酸三钙/壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶的制备与性能

以NaCl为致孔剂,采用溶盐致孔法制备了多孔β-磷酸三钙/壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇（β-TCP/CS/PVA）复合水凝胶材料。 通过对比其含水率、溶胀比、拉伸强度、X射线衍射谱图、SEM和热重分析曲线,探讨了在相同环境下壳聚糖与β-磷酸三钙（β-TCP）的不同用量对聚乙烯醇(PVA)的结晶度以及对材料性能的影响。 此复合材料含水率为70%~76%。 当壳聚糖与β-TCP的质量比为2∶8时,复合材料的拉伸强度为0.56 MPa,断裂伸长率达到370%,其较好的力学性能,足以承受正常人眼压,可用作人工角膜周边支架材料。     

Dehydration of polymeric hydrogels designed for gelcasting method in ceramics

Key issue in the gelcasting method is the way water is released from the ceramic–hydrogel system. It is the first step to the formation of ceramic materials called green body. The purpose of the presented investigations is to establish the range of temperatures in which dehydration of the various hydrogels takes place, and at what temperatures the eight prepared hydrogels are disintegrated. The set of hydrogels polymers was obtained by radical polymerization from ionic and non-ionic monomers. The polymers were solved in water causing formation of clear gels. The dehydration and thermal decomposition of the obtained hydrogel samples was studied using thermal analysis techniques. The amount of water contained in hydrogels was determined as well as the temperature and products of polymer disintegration. Enthalpies of dewatering were also determined.     

高强度聚乙烯醇水凝胶微球的制备

以三氯甲烷/丙酮为凝固液, 用高压静电技术制备了高强度、物理交联的聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶微球. 研究了凝固液组成、PVA溶液浓度、温度和湿度、电场强度、进样速度及微球冷冻次数等对PVA微球的形貌、粒径和强度的影响. 结果表明, 采用常压水蒸气控制PVA溶液温度与湿度的高压静电技术, 可克服高浓度PVA溶液在强电场下出现微丝现象, 形成的水凝胶微球具有强度高、粒径在一定范围内可控的特点.     

化学-物理法制备聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖/纳米羟基磷灰石复合水凝胶及其性能

采用化学 物理交联法制备了聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖/纳米羟基磷灰石（PVA/CS/n-HA）复合水凝胶材料。 通过对比其含水率、拉伸强度、红外光谱和TG谱图,探讨了PVA含量及戊二醛加入量对材料性能的影响。 结果表明,m(PVA)∶m（CS+n-HA）=5∶1,戊二醛质量分数为2%时,复合水凝胶材料具有较好的综合性能：含水率为82.0%、拉伸强度为2.14 MPa、断裂伸长率为343.26%;同步热分析表明,25~140 ℃,仅存在水分的蒸发,直至360 ℃材料才发生分解,说明材料的热稳定性良好;红外分析表明,CS与戊二醛发生了交联反应。     

PVA水凝胶的弹性和溶胀特性研究

采用硼酸与聚乙烯醇化学交联方法制备了聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶,通过对PVA水凝胶的弹性与溶胀性能的研究,优选出交联剂硼酸与聚乙烯醇的最佳配比量;探究温度对PVA水凝胶弹性的影响以及时间、矿化度、温度对PVA水凝胶溶胀特性的影响。结果表明,随硼酸用量的增加,PVA水凝胶的溶胀率与弹性模量值都表现出先增大后减小的特征,当硼酸:PVA=10%时,PVA水凝胶的弹性和溶胀特性均最佳;PVA水凝胶在水溶液中溶胀率随时间的增长逐渐增大,40h后基本达到溶胀平衡;随矿化度的增大而减少,耐矿化度强,在10%盐度水中还能膨胀1倍,适用于高矿化度油藏;耐温性强,随温度的增大变化不大,适用于油藏温度。     

Miscibility of Some Polycarbonates with Polyvinyl Chloride and Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

The phase behavior of several polycarbonate homopolymers and copolymers blended with PVC and chlorinated PVCs (CPVCs) has been investigated. Tetrachlorobisphenol-A polycarbonate (TCPC) is miscible in all proportions with PVC and CPVCs containing up to70.2 wt% chlorine. CPVCs having chlorine contents greater than 70.2% (by weight) are immiscible with TCPC. Tetrabromobisphenol-A polycarbonate (TBPC) exhibits phase mixing with PVC and CPVCs; however, the high T_g of this polycarbonate (260°C) prevents adequate investigation of equilibrium phase behavior. Bisphenol-A polycarbonate (BPC), tetramethylbisphenol-A polycarbonate (TMPC), and hexafluorobisphenol-A polycarbonate (HFPC) form two-phase mixtures with the vinyl polymers. Microstructural differences in the CPVCs due to chlorination method (solution chlorination vs. slurry chlorination) have no effect on the miscibility results. Miscibility was observed in several copolycarbonate/CPVC blends and was found to be dependent on copolymer composition. Using a binary interaction, mean-field theory, segmental interaction parameters were estimated for repeat unit interactions. Based on the estimated interaction parameters, miscibility in these blends is primarily the result of intramolecular repulsive effects, rather than strong intermolecular attractive forces.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Application of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) Hydrogel Produced by Conventional Crosslinking or by Freezing and Thawing

Hydrogels for this study were prepared from a mixture of PVA and CMC using three different techniques, i.e., freezing and thawing, electron‐beam irradiation or combined freezing and thawing and electron beam irradiation. A comparative study between the three techniques was carried out in terms of gel fraction (%) and swelling (%). It was found that the physical properties of the hydrogel were improved when the combination of freezing and thawing and irradiation were used rather than just freezing and thawing, or irradiation only. The effects of temperature and soil fertilizers on swelling (%) were examined to evaluate the usefulness of the hydrogel as a super absorbent in the soil. It was found that the swelling ratio increased as the composition of CMC increased in the blend. Hence, the blend having the composition 80/20 (CMC/PVA) was used as a super absorbent in the soil for agriculture. Moreover, the water retention increased in the soil containing this hydrogel. Thus, this type of hydrogel can be used to increase water retention in desert regions.     

用于柔性超级电容器的凝胶聚合物电解质膜的制备

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)提高戊二醛(GA)交联的聚乙烯醇(PVA)凝胶在1 mol/L的H2SO4溶液中的溶胀度,制备出一种用于柔性超级电容器的凝胶聚合物电解质膜,并对该电解质膜的结构、形貌、溶胀度、力学性能和电导率等进行了表征.在此基础上,组装了一种基于石墨烯电极的柔性超级电容器.结果表明:随着PVP用量的增加,膜孔数量增多且孔径增大,溶胀度增加,电导率提高,但力学强度下降.电解质膜中PVP质量分数为20％时,所组装的柔性超级电容器的比电容为111 F/g,其电化学性能的温度依赖性较低,稳定性较好.