超衍射极限相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微成像技术中空心光束的形成

空心光束的质量是超衍射极限相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微成像技术中决定成像质量的一个至关重要的因素. 本文基于菲涅耳衍射理论,分析了螺旋相位片法产生空心光束的物理机理,并且模拟了不同的入射条件对产生的空心光束的影响. 模拟结果表明:波长与相位片中心波长匹配且光强呈圆对称分布的高斯光垂直入射到相位片上,当高斯光束中心与相位片中心完全对准时,可获得较理想的空心光束;入射光光强分布的圆对称性以及入射光中心与相位片中心的对准程度都会影响产生的空心光束的强度分布;同时,高斯光束小角度倾斜入射时,空心光的强度分布仍呈圆对称,却在观察面发生一定的位移;此外,入射光中心波长偏离相位片中心波长不大时,对产生的空心光束的强度分布几乎没有影响. 上述分析结果对用于超衍射相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射显微成像技术中理想空心光束的获取具有重要的指导意义. 关键词： 空心光束 超衍射极限 相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射 螺旋相位片     

Modified hollow Gaussian beam and its paraxial propagation

A model named modified hollow Gaussian beam (HGB) is proposed to describe a dark hollow beam with adjustable beam spot size, central dark size and darkness factor. In this modified model, both the beam spot size and the central dark size will be convergent to finite constants as the beam order approaches infinity, which are much different from that of the previous unmodified model, where the beam spot size and the central dark size will not be convergent as the beam order approaches infinity. The dependences of the propagation factor of modified and unmodified HGBs on the beam order are found to be the same. Based on the Collins integral, analytical formulas for the modified HGB propagating through aligned and misaligned optical system are derived. Some numerical examples are given.     

Propagation and coherence properties of higher order partially coherent dark hollow beams in turbulence

We formulate and evaluate in terms of graphical outputs, source and receiver plane expressions, the complex degree of coherence, beam size variation and power in bucket performance for higher order partially coherent dark hollow beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere. Our formulation is able to cover square, rectangular, circular, elliptical geometries for dark hollow and flat-topped beams in one single expression. From the graphical outputs of the receiver plane, it is observed that higher order partially coherent dark hollow beams will initially develop an outer ring around a central lobe, but will eventually evolve towards a Gaussian shape as the propagation distance is extended. It is further observed that stronger turbulence levels and greater partial coherence have similar effects on beam profile. During propagation, modulus of complex degree of coherence of partially coherent dark hollow beams appears to rise above that of the source plane values, reaching as high as near unity. Beam size analysis shows that, among the types examined, (nearly) flat-topped beam experiences the least beam expansion. Power in bucket analysis indicates that lowest order square fully coherent dark beam offers the best power capturing.     

Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Study on Generation of a Dark Hollow Beam by a Micron-sized Hollow Optical Fiber

ＴｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓａｎｄＥｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＧｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆａＤａｒｋＨｏｌｏｗＢｅａｍｂｙａＭｉｃｒｏｎ┐ｓｉｚｅｄＨｏｌｏｗＯｐｔｉｃａｌＦｉｂｅｒＷＡＮＧＷｅｎｂｏ１，２ＧＡＯＷｅｉｊｉａｎ２ＹＩ...     

产生纳米级暗中空光束的方法研究

用时域有限差分法，给出光纤头近场区电场强度模的空间分布.讨论了当光纤纤芯分别取不同尺寸时，对此空间光场强度的影响.要想得到较大范围的暗中空光束，必须增加光纤纤芯尺寸.并且，对光纤纤芯尺寸取一较大值和光纤中空区域尺寸取一较小值时的情况进行讨论，可得在光纤头附近可以出现与光纤中空区域尺寸大小相当的暗斑(10¹ nm量级).但是，暗中空光束中背景光较强.为此，将光纤的空心设计为金属. 发现此时中心暗斑的背景光明显减弱，在近场区域可获得较为理想的暗中空光束.如进一步缩小光纤中空区域尺寸，可以在光纤头附近获得暗斑更小甚至纳米量级的暗中空光束.为获得一种纳米量级的暗中空光束提供一种方法.     

Self-deflection of a bright soliton in a separate bright－dark spatial soliton pair based on a higher-order space charge field

The self-deflection of a bright solitary beam can be controlled by a dark solitary beam via a parametric coupling effect between the bright and dark solitary beams in a separate bright－dark spatial soliton pair supported by an unbiased series photorefractive crystal circuit. The spatial shift of the bright solitary beam centre as a function of the input intensity of the dark solitary beam (\hatρ) is investigated by taking into account the higher-order space charge field in the dynamics of the bright solitary beam via both numerical and perturbation methods under steady-state conditions. The deflection amount (Δs_0), defined as the value of the spatial shift at the output surface of the crystal, is a monotonic and nonlinear function of \hatρ. When \hatρ is weak or strong enough, Δs_0 is, in fact, unchanged with \hatρ, whereas Δs_0 increases or decreases monotonically with \hatρ in a middle range of \hatρ. The corresponding variation range (δs) depends strongly on the value of the input intensity of the bright solitary beam (r). There are some peak and valley values in the curve of δs versus r under some conditions. When \hatρ increases, the bright solitary beam can scan toward both the direction same as and opposite to the crystal's c-axis. Whether the direction is the same as or opposite to the c-axis depends on the parameter values and configuration of the crystal circuit, as well as the value of r. Some potential applications are discussed.     

Propagation of a phase-locked circular dark hollow beams array in a turbulent atmosphere

The propagation of phase-locked circular dark hollow beams array in a turbulent atmosphere is studied. An analytical expression for the average intensity distribution at the receiving plane is obtained based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle. The effects of turbulence, dark parameter and beam order of the beams array on the intensity pattern are studied and analyzed. It is found that the intensity pattern of the phase-locked circular dark hollow beams array will evolve from a multiple-spot-pattern into a Gaussian beam spot under the isotropic influence of the turbulence. The intensity pattern of beam array with a larger dark parameter and beam order evolves into the Gaussian-shape faster with increasing propagation distance.     

Dark incoherent soliton splitting in biased photorefractive-photovoltaic crystals

Using the coherent density approach, we study the dark incoherent soliton splitting in biased photorefractive-photovoltaic crystals. We show that when the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the optical beam’s intensity is increased, the odd incoherent dark beam splits into an odd-number sequence of multiple dark stripes, whereas the even incoherent dark beam splits into an even-number sequence of multiple dark stripes. We find that when more incoherent solitons are generated, the separations between adjacent dark stripes become smaller and the stripes far away from the center become less visible and that for a given physical system and for a given splitting, the separations between adjacent dark stripes decrease with an increase in the intensity FWHM of the optical beam. On the other hand, the dark incoherent soliton splitting in biased photorefractive-photovoltaic crystals is the dark incoherent screening soliton splitting when the bulk photovoltaic effect is neglectable and the dark incoherent closed- and open-circuit photovoltaic soliton splitting when the external bias field is absent.     

广义双曲正弦-高斯光束的Gyrator变换性质和暗空心光束产生

基于Gyrator变换,推导了广义双曲正弦-高斯光束场分布的解析表达式,研究了广义双曲正弦-高斯光束在Gyrator变换平面上的光强分布和相位特性.结果表明,在Gyrator变换过程中,具有边缘位错相位特性的双曲正弦-高斯光束能转换为具有涡旋的暗空心光束,并确定产生的暗空心光束的拓扑荷指数为一,而不具有边缘位错相位特性的双曲余弦-高斯光束则不可能出现空心结构.对影响变换场强度和相位分布的束结构参数及系统参数进行了分析讨论.     

Observing the spin Hall effect of pseudothermal light through weak measurement

The spin Hall effect of light(SHEL) can be observed by the dark strip resulting from weak measurement. We find that the SHEL of a partially coherent beam(PCB) has a similar phenomenon as well. However, the dark strip in the SHEL of a PCB cannot be explained by considering the beam as an assemblance of coherent speckles. Also,the dark strip in a PCB is not purely dark. By analyzing the autocorrelation, we show that the SHEL of a PCB is the result of overlapping coherent speckles' SHEL. We further prove our conclusion by adjusting convergence and incident angles. Finally, we develop a qualitative theory to clarify the SHEL of a PCB.     

Spatial Dark Solitons in an Atom Laser Beam

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｗｏＢｏｓｅＥｉｎｓｔｅｉｎｃｏｎｄｅｎｓａｔｅｓ［１］ｈａｖｅｇｒｅａｔｌｙｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄａｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｔｈｅｒｅａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｎａｔｏｍｌａｓｅｒ［...     

三维自散焦介质中的暗光束诱导亮光束聚焦

为了获得一种对称压缩圆光束的方法,系统研究了三维自散焦介质中亮暗光束对的共同传输。数值结果表明:当两光束中心重合时,若抽运光(暗光束)初始振幅远大于信号光(亮光束)初始振幅,抽运光将通过交叉相位调制(XPM)诱导信号光聚焦,使得信号光的圆形光斑被对称压缩。讨论了光束参量对信号光聚焦效果的影响,发现抽运光初始振幅越大,信号光聚焦越强。当抽运光初始振幅一定时,暗光束的初始束宽存在最佳值使得信号光压缩最强。当抽运光与信号光的波长比取值为0.5~1.5时,信号光聚焦程度随着波长比的增大而有所降低。还设计了验证理论结果的实验方案。     

对数型非线性介质中一维空间暗、灰孤子的存在性分析

对在对数型非线性介质中空间灰孤子的存在性进行了研究，认为对数型非线性介质中可以同 时支持暗和灰空间孤子态.并对暗空间孤子的宽度变化作了分析，指出当峰值功率较低时， 束宽随功率的增大而急剧减小，表现出良好的非线性效应；当峰值功率逐渐增大时，束宽的 减小趋势逐渐放慢直至趋于停止. 关键词： 空间暗孤子 空间灰孤子 对数型非线性介质     

Nonparaxial propagation of a partially coherent dark hollow beam

Based on the generalized Raleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integral, an analytical nonparaxial propagation formula of a partially coherent dark hollow beam (DHB) in free space is derived. The paraxial approximation is dealt with as a special case of our general result. By using the derived formula, the nonparaxial propagation properties of DHBs are studied and are compared with the paraxial results. It is shown that the nonparaxiality properties of a partially coherent DHB are closely related to its initial beam parameters (i.e., beam waist size, wavelength, coherence length, dark size) and the propagation distance.     

Hollow Gaussian beam generated by beam shaping with phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator

Based on the refractive beam shaping system, the transformation of a quasi-Gaussian beam into a dark hollow Gaussian beam by a phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) is proposed. According to the energy conservation and constant optical path principle, the phase distribution of the aspheric lens and the phase-only LC-SLM can modulate the wave-front properly to generate the hollow beam. The numerical simulation results indicate that, the dark hollow intensity distribution of the output shaped beam can be maintained well for a certain propagation distance during which the dark region will not decrease whereas the ideal hollow Gaussian beam will do. By designing the phase modulation profile, which loaded into the LC-SLM carefully, the experimental results indicate that the dark hollow intensity distribution of the output shaped beam can be maintained well even at a distance much more than 550 mm from the LC-SLM, which agree with the numerical simulation results.     

非扫描衰减全反射探测法监控光漂白过程

提出了一种基于衰减全反射原理的实时探测方法。其实验框架由半导体激光器、空间滤波器、聚焦透镜、耦合棱镜、CCD接受装置等组成。激光束先经空间滤波器扩束，再由透镜聚焦，以一定角宽度的光束聚焦于耦合棱镜底面，由于棱镜底面的波导结构，在反射光斑中会出现若干条吸收峰，即显示出标志波导模式的一组黑线，若外界条件变化时(如紫外光照射、电极化等)，波导薄膜某些参量会受外界条件的变化而变化，表现为黑线的移动，可根据黑线的移动量，精确测量每一时刻波导薄膜的折射率和膜厚等参量。利用这种技术，可以广泛地用于条波导制作、镀膜监控、薄膜极化监控、工业气体浓度监控等领域。     

激光反射法测量弯曲液面特性

发现了弯曲液面上边界反射光场的带状暗场扩张效应.当平行激光束垂直入射到由平板润湿效应引起的弯曲液面上时，边界反射产生特殊的反射图样，图样的中间为带状暗场，两侧有清晰的衍射条纹，并且带状暗场宽度随入射光束宽度的缩小而迅速变大.分析了反射图样的带状暗场宽度与入射光束宽度的解析关系，得出了弯曲液面的斜率曲线和高度曲线.建立了一种利用弯曲液面边界反射的暗场扩张效应来实时测量液面特性的新方法.     

闭路光伏暗空间孤子的自偏转特性研究

通过考虑扩散效应的影响,采用数值方法,研究了一维稳态闭路光伏暗空间孤子的自偏转特性。结果表明,在扩散项的影响下,光伏暗空间孤子光束的中心沿一个抛物线轨迹在光折变晶体光轴方向上产生偏转;孤子中心偏转距离随光伏场以及入射孤子波强度的增加而单调增加。光伏暗空间孤子与明孤子的自偏转规律有明显不同。     

在LiNbO3:Fe晶体中写入Y结孤子的实验研究

采用振幅掩模穿过部分空间非相干光的方法产生一暗迹,将暗迹成像在晶体前表面,得到入射暗迹半高宽为16.75 μm,入射光功率为400 μW.基于LiNbO3:Fe晶体的强光伏效应,在无背景光辐照时,在晶体内写入一对部分空间非相干Y结暗光伏孤子.实验结果表明：在无背景光辐射时可以在LiNbO3:Fe晶体内写入部分空间非相干Y结孤子.     

离轴涡旋光束弱走离条件下的倍频效应

利用耦合波截断方程推导了无走离及弱走离条件下离轴涡旋光束经过负单轴晶体后产生倍频光的归一化电场及光强表达式. 主要分析了离轴量、弱走离角及晶体长度对于输出倍频光的影响. 研究结果表明: 不考虑走离效应时, 倍频光两暗核重合于轴上点, 而具有弱走离效应时, 暗核位置沿走离方向有所偏移, 并且两重合暗核产生分离, 截面上发生分离的方向垂直于存在走离的方向, 其中产生的偏移量与离轴量、走离角及晶体长度有关, 而分离的距离只与走离角及晶体长度相关. 具体表现为: 当离轴量增大, 倍频光两暗核沿存在离轴方向所产生的偏移增大, 而暗核间的分离距离不受离轴量影响, 当走离角、晶体长度增大时, 两暗核沿存在走离方向所产生的偏移增大, 同时, 暗核间的分离距离也有所增大. 此外, 通过对比发现, 传输晶体长度的缩小, 可以减小暗核沿存在走离方向或是存在离轴方向所产生的偏移, 同时也可以减小由离轴量与走离角所产生的暗核分离距离, 一定程度上对输出的倍频光起到校正作用.