Equivalent image charges of a prolate spheroid under an external electric field

This paper presents the image charges for a prolate spheroid under an external electric field. The equivalent image charges can substitute the spheroid to represent the potential that the free or polarization charges, induced by the external field on the spheroid, contribute to the exterior. In order to generalize the image charges for an arbitrary external field, we apply cylindrical image charges along the interfocal line of the spheroid, and explain the determination of the charge distribution and the calculation of the potential from the images. Examples are included to demonstrate the applicability of the image charges in field calculation.     

60keV质子辐照对TiNi记忆合金薄膜马氏体相变的影响

利用磁控溅射的方法在氧化后的单晶Si基片上制备了TiNi形状记忆合金薄膜，利用示差扫描量热法和原位X射线衍射研究了薄膜的马氏体相变特征。通过60keV质子注入（辐照）薄膜样品研究了H+离子对合金薄膜马氏体相变特征的影响，结果表明氢离子注入后引起了马氏体相变开始Ms和结束点Mf以及逆马氏体相变开始As和结束温度Af的下降，而对R相变开始Rs和结束温度Rf影响不大。掠入射X射线衍射表明H+离子注入后有氢化物形成。H+离子注入形成的氢化物是引起相变点的变化的主要因素。     

光源角度对金属表面图像边缘的影响分析

在机器视觉的图像处理中影响图像优劣的因素有很多,其中光源照射角度是主要因素之一.为了得到更好的图像数据,对视觉系统中光源照射最佳角度进行了仿真分析与实验研究,实验中采用单一变量法,只改变光源照射角度,通过理论计算、模拟仿真和实验验证相结合,得到了最佳的光源照射角度.结合Sobel算法检验在最佳角度下和其他角度下的图像边...     

Three-dimensional profile measurement of small lens using subpixel localization with color grating

In this paper a measurement method of three-dimensional profiles and a reconstruction system using subpixel localization with color gratings projection is described. The system has the effects of identical contrast on gratings for easier identification, switchable picture-in-picture on the display, and adjustable gratings with an adjustment module.The measurement method includes the following: the projection step; image extraction step; image fine-tuning step; subpixel localization processing step; and reconstruction step. A projection apparatus emits a grating towards a small lens under measurement, and forms a grating image on the small lens under measurement. The contrast values of the plurality of grating stripes of the grating image are identical. The grating image and picture-in-picture of a display can be fine-tuned and reconstruct the three-dimensional profiles of the small lens. This method can help improve measurement competence in the reverse engineering industry.     

照明变化人脸图像在独立成份分析空间中的分布

应用独立成份分析(ICA)方法研究了不同照明条件下同一姿势人脸的图像,并用图像在ICA空间中任意三个独立成分的组合系数模拟得出:1)强度变化的同一幅人脸图像分布在一条直线上;2)照明方向变化下的同一姿势人脸的图像按一定规则集中分布.这两个结论可以分别用来判断两幅图像是否源于同一幅图像和一幅图像是否源于照明角度变化下的同一个姿势物体.     

基于LCD显示器光谱特性的图像颜色一致性研究

为了解决环境光和显示器色温对LCD显示器图像颜色再现有较大影响的问题,提出一种基于LCD显示器光谱特性的图像颜色一致性方法。通过测量在不同环境光和色温下99个行业认可颜色的光谱,总结出不同环境光和色温对LCD显示器图像颜色再现的光谱规律。利用不同环境光下的光谱叠加性及不同色温下的光谱对应规律,实现了不同环境光和色温下的LCD显示器图像颜色一致性,一致性后的图像平均主观评价Z得分为0.50。研究结果表明,该方法能够很好地解决不同环境光和色温下的LCD显示器图像颜色的一致性问题。     

A 128 × 128 Pixel Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Image Sensor with an Improved Pixel Architecture for Detecting Modulated Light Signals

A complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor for the detection of modulated light under background illumination has been developed. When an object is illuminated by a modulated light source under background illumination the sensor enables the object alone to be captured. This paper describes improvements in pixel architecture for reducing fixed pattern noise (FPN) and improving the sensitivity of the image sensor. The improved 128 × 128 pixel CMOS image sensor with a column parallel analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuit was fabricated using 0.35-mm CMOS technology. The resulting captured images are shown and the properties of improved pixel architecture are described. The image sensor has FPN of 1/28 that of the previous image sensor and an improved pixel architecture comprising a common in-pixel amp and a correlated double sampling (CDS) circuit. The use of a split photogate increases the sensitivity of the image sensor to 1.3 times that of the previous image sensor.     

NOISE 2 imaging system: seeing through scattering tissue with a reference point

We propose a fly-eye-like imaging system for seeing objects embedded in scattering media. Objects are recovered from many speckled images observed by a digital camera through a microlens array. Each microlens in the array generates a speckle image of the object buried between two layers of chicken breast tissue. In the computer each image is Fourier transformed jointly with an image of the speckled pointlike source captured under the same conditions. A set of the squared magnitudes of the Fourier-transformed pictures is accumulated to form a single average picture. This final picture is again Fourier transformed, resulting in the reconstruction of the hidden object.     

编码曝光相机系统设计

在研究编码曝光理论基础上,设计了应用型嵌入式编码曝光相机系统。在采集运动目标图像时,按照预设的编码时序控制曝光快门,得到了光生电荷多次叠加一次转移的图像。该图像为具有编码曝光信息的运动模糊图像,有更多的图像细节信息。编码曝光图像信号经过AD转换后将数据暂存在数据存储器,再经核心器件解码模块输出复原图像。实验结果证明,编码曝光相机能有效解决线性运动模糊问题。在相同测试条件下,利用无参考图像评价指标测试,编码曝光条件下复原图像质量的指标平均值均比一般单次曝光条件下复原图像质量提高了近2倍。     

基于复滤波器组的红外弱小目标检测算法

 为了有效抑制复杂背景的干扰,降低复杂背景所带来的虚警,提高目标检测的信噪比,提出了一种基于复滤波器组的红外弱小目标检测算法。分析了复杂背景下带有弱小目标的红外图像中复杂背景和弱小目标图像各自的频谱特性,并引入了分频段处理的思想。比较了各种滤波器的性能,并选用了基于复小波的滤波器组,用该滤波器组将红外弱小目标图像分解到各个子频域;对分解后的各频段图像分别进行基于罗宾逊滤波的目标检测处理,提取各频段图像中的奇异点;根据目标图像和背景图像的频谱特性的定量分析结果,选取合适的权值,将各频段检测的结果进行加权融合,得到最终的处理效果。实验结果表明:弱小目标检测方法较之于传统的不分频段的高通滤波处理方式可以获得更高的信噪比,目标得到明显的增强,背景杂波得到更有效的抑制,各项探测指标均更优。     

多光谱成像的粒子图像测速

基于时间分辨的粒子图像测速技术(time-resolved particle image velocimetry, TR-PIV)是一种广泛应用的非接触式二维瞬时流场可视化测量技术。为了得到流场精细的瞬态空间结构和演变过程,提出了一种利用多光谱成像技术来提高流场测量的时间分辨率的方法。利用多个不同波长的脉冲激光照明流场中的同一测量区域,使用多光谱成像系统采集不同波长的粒子图像,经过图像分离,判决计算产生速度矢量场。为了验证这一原理的可行性,使用三种不同波长(488,532和632.8 nm)的单色光谱脉冲搭建了一套基于多光谱成像的TR-PIV系统,通过多波长激光脉冲之间时序的精确控制,将两帧图像之间的时间间隔从10 ms缩短至3.4 ms,时间分辨率提高了3倍。结果表明基于多光谱的TR-PIV测量系统在保持PIV技术瞬时全场测量特点的同时,时间分辨率大为提高。     

Real-time recognition of microscopic phase objects

A method of image enhancement and real-time input of 3-D, microscopic phase objects into a coherent optical pattern recognition system is described. The method consists of directing a low-power laser beam into a microscope objective to produce a real, magnified, coherent image of the specimen under test. The image plane is followed by two successive Fourier transform (FT) planes. In the first FT plane, low and high frequency spatial filters, one of which is photographically produced, are used as pre-processing filters to enhance the image quality. The enhanced signal is imaged from the first FT plane to the second FT plane which contains a matched spatial filter used for specimen identification. The system does not require an expensive incoherent-to-coherent light transducer and in addition, is capable of utilizing both phase and amplitude information from 3-D objects. Examples of results are given.     

Dielectrophoretic adhesion of 50–300 μm particles under ambient atmospheric conditions

The SPABRINK EU project required temporary adhesion of coloured solid “ink” particles to form an image. We use dielectrophoretic force to attach ink particles under the field from a voltage applied to an interdigitated electrode on the image carrying surface.Finite element modeling results were compared in terms of an “adhesion factor” that included the density of particles as well as dielectric constant. In our experiments 50–300 μm alumina, silica sand and polymer particles were shown to adhere to a vertical plane electrode structure under laboratory ambient atmosphere.     

Automation of white light photoelasticity by phase-shifting technique using colour image processing hardware

The early application of the digital image processing (DIP) technique to automate photoelastic analysis is based on black and white image processing systems. The various methodologies reported can be said to rely upon one or more features of a black and white DIP system. With the advancements in computer technology, modern colour image processing systems are available at affordable prices. In such systems, the image is identified as a superposition of image planes of red, green and blue. This paper investigates whether one or all of the image planes can be thought of as behaving like an optical filter: with the hardware used, the green channel is found to behave in this way. This idea is then used to extend the phase-shifting technique to colour domain. For the problem of a disk under diametral compression, total fringe order variation along a few lines is evaluated by this new technique and compared with theoretical predictions: the comparison is found to be good.     

Impact of polarized illumination on high NA imaging in ArF immersion lithography at 45 nm node

Immersion lithography has been considered as the mainstream technology to extend the feasibility of optical lithography to further technology nodes. Using proper polarized illumination in an immersion lithographic tool is a powerful means to enhance the image quality and process capability for high numerical aperture (NA) imaging. In this paper, the impact of polarized illumination on high NA imaging in ArF immersion lithography for 45 nm dense lines and semi-dense lines is studied by PROLITH simulation. The normalized image log slope (NILS) and exposure defocus (ED) window are simulated under various polarized illumination modes, and the impact of polarized illumination on image quality and process latitude is analyzed.     

Image forces on edge dislocations: a revisit of the fundamental concept with special regard to nanocrystals

Two conditions under which image forces become significant are when a dislocation is close to a surface (or interface) or when the dislocation is in a nanocrystal. This investigation pertains to the calculation of image forces under these circumstances. A simple edge dislocation is simulated using finite element method (FEM) by feeding-in the appropriate stress-free strains in idealised domains, corresponding to the introduction of an extra half-plane of atoms. Following basic validation of the new model, the energy of the system as a function of the position of the simulated dislocation is plotted and the gradient of the curve gives the image force. The reduction in energy of the system arises from two aspects: firstly, due to the position of the dislocation in the domain and, secondly, due to deformations to the domain (/surfaces). The second aspect becomes important when the dislocation is positioned near a free-surface or in nanocrystals and can be calculated using the current methodology without constructing fictitious images. It is to be noted that domain deformations have been ignored in the standard theories for the calculation of image forces and, hence, they give erroneous results (magnitude and/or direction) whenever image forces play an important role. An important point to be noted is that, under certain circumstances, where domain deformations occur in the presence of an edge dislocation, the ‘image' can be negative (attractive), zero or even positive (repulsive). The current model is extended to calculate image forces based on the usual concept of an ‘image dislocation’.     

Robust image hashing using invariants of Tchebichef moments

The content authenticity is critical for secure transmission of multimedia information. As a promising solution, perceptual image hashing has gain great attention. In this paper, we develop a novel algorithm for generating an image hash based on invariants of radial Tchebichef moments. The idea is justified by the fact that the radial Tchebichef moments represent the image under the orthogonal kernel, which has the desirable qualities of orthogonality and robustness. The hash values are achieved by adaptive quantization of the invariants of radial Tchebichef moments, then the random Gay code is applied in the discrete–binary conversion stage to enhance the expected discriminability. Experiments are conducted to show that the proposed hashing algorithm has superior robustness and discrimination performance compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms, in terms of receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves.     

Saliency detection via two-directional 2DPCA analysis of image patches

Salient object detection is an important and challenging problem in computer vision. In this paper, we present a model of salient region detection based on the fusion of contrast and distribution, computed by two-directional 2DPCA analysis of image patches under the combination of RGB space, LAB space and YCbCr space. First, non-overlap patches of three layers from the image are obtained in the three color spaces respectively and stacked for the combination of the three sapces in a single layer. For every layer, two-directional, two-dimensional PCA are utilized to realize automatic selection of effective features, then based on the high contrast and compact character of salient object, contrast values and distribution values of image patches are fused to get the saliency map. Finally, three saliency maps for three layers are combined to detect salient object. The experimental results on a publicly available database show that the proposed algorithm performs well and are in line with the human eye observation results.     

光栅衍射像的反差,位相和周期的分析

本文从理论上导出了相干光照明了菲涅耳衍射场中离开泰伯自成像平面时光栅像的反差、位相和周期的变化。得到了球面波和平面波照明下,光栅的傅里叶像生成的条件,从而定量地说明了泰伯效应与Lau效应的某种一致性。理论结果被实验验证。     

Blind motion deblurring using multiple images

Recovery of degraded images due to motion blurring is a challenging problem in digital imaging. Most existing techniques on blind deblurring are not capable of removing complex motion blurring from the blurred images of complex structures. One promising approach is to recover the clear image using multiple images captured for the scene. However, in practice it is observed that such a multi-frame approach can recover a high-quality clear image of the scene only after multiple blurred image frames are accurately aligned during pre-processing, which is a very challenging task even with user interactions. In this paper, by exploring the sparsity of the motion blur kernel and the clear image under certain domains, we propose an alternative iteration approach to simultaneously identify the blur kernels of given blurred images and restore a clear image. Our proposed approach is not only robust to image formation noises, but is also robust to the alignment errors among multiple images. A modified version of linearized Bregman iteration is then developed to efficiently solve the resulting minimization problem. Experiments show that our proposed algorithm is capable of accurately estimating the blur kernels of complex camera motions with minimal requirements on the accuracy of image alignment. As a result, our method is capable of automatically recovering a high-quality clear image from multiple blurred images.