中微子振荡与中微子的静止质量

简要回顾了中微子的发现过程,论述了中微子的基本性质及三种不同类型的中微子,讨论了中微子振荡的最新实验结果及其与中微子静止质量的关系,指出了中微子的静止质量在物理学与天文学中的重要性以及确定中微子的静止质量有待进一步解决的问题。     

中微子质量和中微子振荡实验

本介绍中微子质量测量的历史和现状。介绍太阳中微子丢失实验的结果和大气μ中微子丢失实验结果。这些结果表明存在中微子振荡,即中微子具有质量。它是超出标准模型的信号。本还介绍了21世纪初研究中微子振荡的若干重要实验,例如长基线中微子振荡实验以及建造μ子 贮存环来产生高能电子中微子束进行中微子振荡的实验以及测量中微子振荡时的CP破坏的设想。     

大亚湾中微子实验发现新的中微子振荡

北京时间2012年3月8日,大亚湾中微子实验国际合作组发言人王贻芳在北京通过网络直播宣布,大亚湾中微子实验发现了一种新的中微子振荡,并测量到其振荡几率.介绍该结果的论文已于3月7日送交美国物理评论快报(Physical Review Letters)发表,其预印本也已在网上发表.     

认识中微子

由于中微子的作用截面很小而不容易被探测和认识，从而人们给予中微子一些独特的性质，如中微子没有确定的内禀宇称，没有静止质量和磁矩或存在所谓中微子振荡现象等。     

利用大亚湾中微子实验装置探测超新星中微子

在利用大亚湾中微子实验装置研究超新星中微子探测过程中, 需要考虑到中微子传播过程中受到各种效应的影响, 包括超新星震荡效应、中微子集体效应、 Mikheyev Smirnov Wolfenstein (MSW)效应和地球物质效应等。 由于超新星中微子受到这些效应, 不同味道的中微子之间振荡会发生变化, 因而利用探测某些超新星中微子事例数之比, 就有可能确定中微子的质量层次,得到中微子混合角θ13和中微子绝对质量的信息。 While detecting supernova neutrinos in the Daya Bay neutrino laboratory, several supernova neutrino effects need to be considered, including the supernova shock effects, the neutrino collective effects, the Mikheyev Smirnov Wolfenstein (MSW) effects, and the Earth matter effects. The phenomena of neutrino oscillation is affected by the above effects. Using some ratios of the event numbers of different supernova neutrinos, we propose some possible methods to identify the mass hierarchy and acquire information about the neutrino mixing angle θ13 and neutrino masses.     

探索中微子之谜:回顾与展望

中微子的静质量是２０世纪末物理学中一个有待解决的重要问题,它在粒子物理学、宇宙学和天体物理学中占有重要的地位。文章首先评述了太阳中微子实验、大气中微子实验、超新星中微子实验和加速器中微子实验的历史、现状和发展。多年来的实验显示,中微子具有不为零的静质量,可以通过 不同的味之间转换。至少有两个理论描述了中微子振荡,即真空振荡机制和ＭＳＷ机制,文章讨论了这两个理论及其实验判据。最后,介绍了测量中微子静     

太阳中微子失踪案和中微子振荡

 《科技日报》公布的2000年国际十大科技新闻的第5条“中微子质量已成定论”报道说:“2000年6月17日,在加拿大卡尔加里召开的国际中微子科学会议上,日本和美国的科学家小组发表论文,阐述了太阳中微子有质量的理论和实验报告,受到会议的肯定,结束了中微子有无质量的长期争论。7月17日,美、日、韩3国科学家发表最新实验结果,确认中微子有质量的概率达95%”。中微子有质量意味着什么?为了使读者了解它,本文首先介绍著名的“太阳中微子失踪案”,然后进一步介绍与中微子质量问题密切相关的“中微子振荡”问题。     

中微子质量之探索

 中微子是自旋为1/2的轻子,有电子中微子、μ子中微子、τ子中微子三种不同形态。由于中微子不带电,仅参与弱相互作用,不参与强相互作用和电磁相互作用,反应截面极小,所以很难在实验中观测到,对其质量的研究更是困难重重。探索中微子质量的意义中微子质量的研究对最微观的粒子物理规律和最宏观的天体物理、宇宙起源及演化都有重大意义,是探索粒子物理标准模型之外新物理的突破口与关键所在。在传统的粒子物理标准模型中,二分量中微子理论和轻子数守恒定律要求中微子静止质量为零。因为若中微子质量不为零,则根据爱因斯坦相对论,其速度必定低于光速,这样就会出现速度超过中微子的观察者。     

A New Type of Accessible Environmental Influences on Neutrino Oscillation

Considering a new type of environment influences,we use a two-energy-level(ν1-ν2) quantum system to investigate neutrino oscillations in medium.Besides the matter effects derived by Wolfenstein,there may exist extra terms due to a unitary evolution of the system between pure and mixed states,so the evolution equation is modified obviously.We show that the extra terms may play some role and induce observable effects in solar neutrino problem,especially,in the long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments which are under serious consideration recently,if the parameters fall into a suitable region.     

Further Support of the Reliability of the Limit on Photon Mass Given by the Rotating Torsion Balance Experiment

We consider there is a vacancy in the plasma in the solar system,and calculate the vector potential produced by the magnetic field frozen in the plasma.The result shows that,in the vacancy,the vector potential produced by the magnetic field frozen in the plasma is much less than the large scale cosmic vector potential.This means if our earth is in such a vacancy,the total vector potential on the surface of the earth is dominated by the cosmic magnetic vector potential,which gives a further support of the reliability of the limit on photon mass given by rotating torsion balance experiment [Phys.Rev.Lett.90(2003) 081801].     

Further Support of the Reliability of the Limit on Photon Mass Given by the Rotating Torsion Balance Experiment

We consider there is a vacancy in the plasma in the solar system, and calculate the vector potential produced by the magnetic field frozen in the plasma. The result shows that, in the vacancy, the vector potential produced by the magnetic field frozen in the plasma is much less than the large scale cosmic vector potential. This means if our earth is in such a vacancy, the total vector potential on the surface of the earth is dominated by the cosmic magnetic vector potential, which gives a further support of the reliability of the limit on photon mass given by rotating torsion balance experiment [Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (2003) 081801].     

理想光子探测器背景探测极限理论的误差分析

对于受背景噪声限制的理想光子探测器，利用普朗克分布函数进行推导，得到了较为精确的比探测率公式，并与传统的近似公式对比，进行了误差分析.结果表明：传统的近似公式误差量很小，一般情况下总是可用的.     

Upper Bounds on Top Quark Mass,Z Boson Decay Widths and Mass Ratio MW/MZ

In this paper we made a comprehensive analysis of some latest esperimental data-the Z boson decay widths, the mass ratio M_W/M_Z and effective vector coupling constant g_v, within the framework of standard model. We considered the 0(α_s²), order QCD corrections in tlte calculation of T_h and T_z. The analysis shows that the mass ratio (M_W/M_Z)² is rather sensitive to the change of the strong coupling constant α_s(M_Z), and the smaller value α_s(M_Z)≤0.128 is preferred. The upper bounds on top quark Inass M_t are obtained from different analyses. The final averaged result is M_t= 102 37 GeV, or M_t< 186 GeV at 95% C.L. for Higgs boson mass M_H in the range of 50～1000 GeV.     

Space-Time Fluctuations Induced by D-Branes and Their Effects on Neutrino Oscillations

Neutrino oscillations are analyzed in the Ellis-Mavromatos-Nanopoulos-Volkov (ENMV) model, where the quantum gravitational fluctuations of the space-time background are described by virtual D branes. Such fluctuations may induce neutrino oscillations if a violation of the equivalence principle or a tiny violation of the Lorentz invariance is imposed. In this framework, the oscillation length of neutrinos turns out to be proportional to E ^–2 M, where E is the neutrino energy and M is the energy which is the scale characterizing the topological fluctuations in the vacuum.     

Neutrino energy loss by electron capture on strongly screened iron group nuclei

The influences on the neutrino energy loss rates in iron group nuclei at the same density are investigated in the presence of strong electron screening and in the absence of electron screening. The results show that at a temperature of $15\ti10^9$\,K, the neutrino energy loss rates which come from the electron capture process for most iron group nuclei decrease no more than 2 orders of magnitude but for the others (such as $^{53,55,56,57,58,59,60}$Co, $^{56,59}$Ni) they can decrease about 3 orders of magnitude due to strong electron screening (SES), whereas, at a temperature of $10^9K$ the neutrino energy loss rates of the most iron group nuclei can be diminished greatly due to the SES. For example, $^{61}$Fe, $^{60}$Fe, and $^{62}$Ni the neutrino energy loss rates decrease about 4, 15 and 16 orders of magnitude and for $^{57}$Cr, $^{58}$Cr, and $^{60}$Cr decrease about 18, 12, and 10 orders of magnitude respectively. According to our calculations the neutrino energy loss rates of nuclei $^{58}$Mn, $^{59}$Mn, $^{60}$Mn, and $^{62}$Mn may decrease about 13 orders of magnitude at a temperature of $10^9$\,K due to the SES.     

Estimation of the Upper Limit for the Amplitude of the Dipole Anisotropy of the Total Flux of 25-Gev to 1-Tev Cosmic-Ray Electrons and Positrons

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - Searches for the anisotropy of the total electron and positron fluxes in high-energy galactic cosmic rays are performed. Data collected by the PAMELA magnetic...