呼吸图案法制备蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜及其功能化应用

呼吸图案(BF)法是一种制备微纳米级规整多孔结构的简单、廉价和高效的方法, 它以水滴为模板, 通过水滴有序排列得到蜂窝状有序多孔结构, 其孔的形貌可以通过选择不同的成膜材料和成膜环境等条件得到控制, 所以在分离膜、模板、响应性表面、催化剂、光电材料等研究领域有广阔的发展前景. 但是, 到目前为止, 人们发现由于成膜条件的不同, 多孔膜的孔形貌受多种因素影响, 规整多孔膜形貌的控制机理还不是很明确, 没有一个统一的结论. 本文结合本课题组所做工作及近五年来国内外呼吸图案法制备蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜的研究成果, 对多孔薄膜的形成过程及其影响因素、多孔膜的功能化及应用等方面进行了归纳总结, 试图揭示孔的形成及孔形貌的调控等相关规律, 希望对后续的进一步研究与应用奠定基础.     

利用呼吸图案法制备聚(苯乙烯-b-丙烯腈)有序多孔薄膜

以自制的聚(苯乙烯-b-丙烯腈)(PS-b-PAN)嵌段共聚物为成膜材料, 采用呼吸图案法制备了有序多孔薄膜, 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对薄膜形貌进行了分析, 研究了聚合物浓度、溶剂种类及共聚物结构对薄膜结构的影响. 结果表明, 薄膜表层为多孔结构, 且孔为圆形、以六方阵列形式排列; 薄膜表层下面是蜂窝状结构.以三氯甲烷(CHCl₃)为溶剂时, 在较高浓度下制备的薄膜表层孔间距较大, 蜂窝结构尺寸较小, 且形成了多层结构. 与CHCl₃为溶剂时相比, 挥发速度较快的二硫化碳(CS₂)作溶剂时制备的多孔薄膜有序性较好, 薄膜表层孔径和孔间距均较大, 蜂窝结构尺寸较小. 以没有PAN链段的聚苯乙烯大分子引发剂(PS-Cl)为成膜材料时, 制备的薄膜表层没有形成多孔结构, 而是形成了窝状结构. 同时, 通过对薄膜表层晕的研究证明了多孔薄膜表层缺陷是由水滴处于液膜下较深的位置造成的.     

静电纺丝法制备NiO纳米纤维及其表征

纳米级NiO因具有优良的催化和热敏等性能而被广泛用于催化剂^[1]、电池电极^[2,3]、光电转化材料^[4～6]、电化学电容器^[7～8]等诸多方面.迄今,已成功地制备出N iO的纳米颗粒^[9]、纳米线^[10]及纳米薄膜^[11],但是对于具有准一维结构的NiO纳米纤维的制备及性能研究尚未见报道.     

有序/无序非对称型多层多孔结构的一步法制备研究

反相乳液-水滴模板(Ie-BF)法被用以制备具有非对称多层多孔结构的聚合物薄膜.具体来说,通过在高湿环境条件下浇筑以聚合物/三氯甲烷溶液为油相所制备的反相乳液,最终在所制备薄膜的表面层形成单层有序的蜂窝状BF多孔阵列结构,同时在本体层形成无序排布的多层多孔结构.通过调节所浇筑乳液的组成以及Ie-BF法实施的条件,可以同...     

相反转乳化技术制备环氧树脂交联多孔微球

多孔微球在分离吸附、催化、涂料印刷等多方面具有潜在应用价值 .最近研究表明 ,当微孔孔径在 2 0 0～ 80 0ｎｍ范围时 ,由于强烈的光散射作用 ,多孔微球可以作为遮光剂使用[1] .Ｏｋｕｂｏ等用酸碱逐步处理法制备了一些共聚物的亚微米级多孔球[2～ 4] .Ｏｋｕｂｏ又用动态溶胀种子聚合法制备了微米级的聚合物微球 ,用类似的方法得到了多孔结构[5,6] .但这种方法涉及了许多烦琐过程并且产生了很多副产物需要处理 ,使得其费时费力而且成本相当高 .Ｓｃｈｌａｒｂ等发展了一种新的制备方法 ,在乳液聚合过程中引入有机溶剂 ,在实验后期除掉有机…     

硅在HF溶液中阳极溶解的研究

Uhlir及Turner早在50年代就已发现^[1,2],硅在HF溶液中阳极极化时,阳极电流大于某一特定值硅表面会发生电抛光反应,而低于这个值硅表面则会形成一层不同颜色的多孔硅层.1990年Canham发现多孔硅层在室温下有光致发光现象^[3],受到科学界的高度重视,在世界范围内掀起了研究多孔硅的热潮^[4].众多的研究表明,多孔硅的发光性能与其微孔的多少、大小和分布密切相关.但多孔硅要发展成为可实用的光电子材料,首先必须制备出微孔分布均匀,孔径及孔深可控的多孔硅材料.这就有必要弄清多孔硅的形成机理^[5],了解硅在HF溶液中的溶解过程及机理.为此,本文对不同掺杂浓度不同导电类型的(111)晶面单晶硅在HF溶液中的电流-电压(I-V)、电容-电压(C-V)特性进行了研究,并对这些特性进行了分析.     

聚苯乙烯-co-聚(2,3,4,5,6-五氟苯乙烯)共聚物: 合成及其多孔薄膜的制备

利用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)方法, 分别在三氟甲苯、含氟离子液体以及三氟甲苯/含氟离子液体混合溶剂体系中合成了聚苯乙烯-co-聚(2,3,4,5,6-五氟苯乙烯)(PS-co-PPFS)共聚物, 通过¹H NMR、¹⁹F NMR、元素分析以及凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)对所得聚合物的分子链结构和组成进行了分析和表征. 随后, 利用静态呼吸图法分别在CS₂, CHCl₃ 和CH₂Cl₂ 中制备了有序多孔薄膜, 用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察其表面形貌, 并与利用分子量大小相当的聚苯乙烯均聚物(PS)制备的多孔薄膜进行了对比. 研究结果表明: 在三氟甲苯和含氟离子液体溶剂体系中, 均可利用ATRP 聚合方法获得窄分子量分布的PS-co-PPFS 共聚物(M_n＝5200～7900 g·mol^-1, i>M_w/M_n＝1.12～1.22). 对聚合物薄膜的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察和分析显示: 分别以CS₂, CHCl₃ 和CH₂Cl₂ 作为溶剂, 利用静态呼吸图法均可制备出PS-co-PPFS 共聚物多孔薄膜. 然而, 与在CHCl₃ 和CH₂Cl₂ 中制备的PS 均聚物多孔薄膜的表面形貌不同的是, PS-co-PPFS 共聚物多孔薄膜呈现出无序排列、平均孔径大小不同的两种孔结构; 在CHCl₃ 中制备所得薄膜的孔结构有序性相对较好, 两种孔的平均孔径分别为0.75 和0.37 μm.     

膜乳化-液中干燥法制备单分散高分子微球

粒径可控的单分散高分子微球,在分析化学中可用作高效液相色谱填料^[1,2];在化学工业中可用作催化剂载体;在生物领域中用于药物释放、癌症与肝炎等临床诊断、细胞标记与识别等^[3].高分子微球的制备方法大致可分为两类,一是利用由单体出发的聚合反应或缩聚反应形成微球,二是高分子溶液经物理或物理化学手段处理后形成微球^[4]     

浸润性可调的导电聚苯胺/聚丙烯腈同轴纳米纤维

聚苯胺(PANI)因其具有可调的导电性、优异的化学稳定性、简单的制备方法等特点, 在化学电源、抗静电涂层、电磁屏蔽材料、抗腐蚀、传感器等领域具有广泛的应用前景[^1~4]. 由于聚苯胺的刚性分子链使得聚苯胺几乎不溶不熔, 难以加工应用, 因此, 将导电聚合物直接制成纳米纤维一直是合成纤维界所希望的目标之一. 此外, 由于材料尺度的减小, 使纳米材料的表面与界面性质,尤其是表面浸润性变得更为突出.浸润性是固体表面的重要特征之一, 它主要由表面的化学组成和微观结构共同决定^[5,6]. 可调的浸润性在超疏水材料、药物传输、仿生材料和微流体等领域具有重要的应用价值^[7~10] , 引起人们广泛关注.     

直接脱碳酸化制备有机离子插层的层状双氢氧化物

层状双氢氧化物(Layered double hydroxide, LDH)是一种具有阴离子可交换性质的层状无机材料, 由于其具有多种功能性质, 已被广泛应用于催化^[1~3]、酸吸附剂^[4]、传感器^[5]及聚合物填料^[6~8]等领域. 传统的共沉淀法制备的LDH结晶度低、尺寸小(直径通常小于100 nm). 1998年, Costantino等^[9]采用均匀沉淀法制备出了高结晶度、大尺寸(微米量级)且层间具有CO₃^2-的LDH(LDH-CO₃), 引起了人们的极大兴趣. 为解决LDH-CO₃难于交换和剥离的难题, Iyi等^[10,11]采用两步法制备了层间具有NO₃^- 或有机阴离子的LDH, 即首先采用 HCl-NaCl混合溶液将LDH-CO₃转化成为LDH-Cl, 然后再采用过量的阴离子进行交换制备LDH-NO₃或有机阴离子插层的LDH.     

有序自组装聚合物纳米结构

采用水辅助方法(water-assisted fabrication method),分别以4-十二烷基苯磺酸掺杂的聚苯胺(PANI-DBSA)和聚2-甲氧基-5-(2′-乙烯基-己氧基)苯乙炔(MEH-PPV)两种功能高聚物为成膜材料,冷凝水滴为模板,利用水滴在聚合物溶液表面的自组装,制备出了两种纳米层次以上的蜂窝状有序多孔聚合物薄膜.通过原子力显微镜和共聚焦荧光显微镜对其形貌、电学性质和荧光图像进行了表征.     

Honeycomb self-assembled peptide scaffolds by the breath figure method

The self-assembly of molecules into desired architectures is currently a challenging subject for the development of supramolecular chemistry. Here we present a facile "breath figure" assembly process through the use of the self-assembled peptide building block diphenylalanine (L-Phe-L-Phe, FF). Macroporous honeycomb scaffolds were fabricated, and average pore size could be regulated, from (1.00±0.18) μm to (2.12±0.47) μm, through the use of different air speeds. It is indicated that the honeycomb formation is humidity-, solvent-, concentration-, and substrate-dependent. Moreover, water molecules introduced from "breath figure" intervene in the formation of hydrogen bonds during FF molecular self-assembly, which results in a hydrogen bond configuration transition from antiparallel β sheet to parallel β sheet. Meanwhile, as a result of the higher polarity of water molecules, the FF molecular array is transformed from laminar stacking into a hexagonal structure. These findings not only elucidate the FF molecule self-assembly process, but also strongly support the mechanism of breath figure array formation. Finally, human embryo skin fibroblast (ESF) culture experiments suggest that FF honeycomb scaffolds are an attractive biomaterial for growth of adherent cells with great potential applications in tissue engineering.     

酸性聚离子液体溶胀诱导自组装形成类蜂窝状固体酸催化剂及其高效催化水解反应

酸催化反应在化学工业中占据着十分重要的地位.传统的液体酸催化剂催化性能优异,但面临着能耗高,腐蚀设备和环境污染严重等问题.相比于传统的液体酸催化剂,固体酸催化剂,如分子筛和磺酸树脂等大大缓解了经济和环境方面的问题,但也存在着催化活性差和易失活等缺陷.酸性聚离子液体因其高密度的反应活性位点,可设计调变的结构和酸性以及可循环利用等特性而成为一种新型的高效多相酸催化剂,引起了广泛的研究兴趣.然而,当酸性聚离子液体用作催化剂时,由于其酸中心不能充分地暴露在反应底物中,使得它们的催化活性难以达到甚至超越均相催化剂的水平.因此,发展一种催化活性高于均相的酸性聚离子液体催化剂仍是一个巨大的挑战.我们研究组发现在反应底物中溶胀的聚离子液体可作为一种准均相催化剂,其催化活性与相应的均相离子液体相当,这为提高多相催化剂的催化活性提供了一种新的策略.本文报道了一种在水中溶胀且自组装成类蜂窝状网络结构的酸性聚离子液体催化剂,该催化剂在水解和水合反应中表现出优异的催化性能,其活性高于均相酸催化剂.首先通过自由基聚合和酸化两步合成了一系列在水中高度溶胀的酸性聚离子液体(SAPIL-1-6).以三甲基磷氧(TMPO)为探针分子,用31P魔角旋转核磁共振(31P-TMPO NMR)对SAPILs的酸性进行了分析.结果表明,SAPILs具有中等强度的单一酸性.热重分析表明SAPILs拥有优异的热稳定性能(300-345℃),显著地优于商用磺酸树脂Amberlite IR-120(H)(245℃).扫描电镜和冷冻电镜表明,当SAPILs在水中溶胀时,无孔的结构会自发地形成微米级三维类蜂窝状网络结构.这些类蜂窝状网络结构的酸性聚离子液体在催化乙酸环己酯水解制备环己醇中表现出卓越的催化性能,其催化活性明显高于多相酸催化剂(Amberlite IR-120(H)和H-ZSM-5)和均相酸催化剂(硫酸,对甲苯磺酸和均相酸性离子液体[VSIm]HSO4).通过气相色谱定量分析了在一系列模拟的反应体系中溶胀SAPIL-1内部和外部各组分的平衡浓度,发现SAPIL-1内部乙酸环己酯的浓度和乙酸环己酯与环己醇的摩尔比分别是其外部的7.5-23.3倍和4.5-16.4倍,这表明在反应过程中乙酸环己酯被大量富集.此外,SAPILs在环己烯直接水合制备环己醇以及环氧乙烷水合制备乙二醇的反应中均表现出优异的催化性能.值得说明的是,SAPILs具有很好的循环使用性能,10次循环后催化活性无明显改变.这些具有蜂窝状结构和对反应底物高富集SAPILs的成功合成及应用为开发高效的多相酸催化剂提供了一种新的思路.     

Effects of concave and convex substrate curvature on cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton

In order to understand how cells respond to concave and convex subcellular surface structures,colloidal crystal array and honeycomb-structured surfaces composed of highly ordered hexagonal units with completely inverse curvature were fabricated via facile self-assembly and breath figure approaches, respectively.The influence of hexagonal surface curvature on cell fate was subsequently investigated. Cells underwent more extensive spreading on the convex colloidal crystal array surface,while adhesive forces were higher on the concave honeycomb surface.The behaviors of cells on the different surfaces were investigated by comparing cell morphology,cellular adhesive force and cytoskeleton structure.The results revealed comprehensive differences in cell behavior between those on concave honeycomb surfaces and convex colloidal crystal arrays.     

Macroporous honeycomb films of surfactant-encapsulated polyoxometalates at air/water interface and their electrochemical properties

A series of surfactant-encapsulated polyoxometalates which have different compositions, shapes, and sizes, are able to self-assemble to the highly ordered honeycomb-structured macroporous films at the air/water interface without any extra moist airflow across the solution surface. The honeycomb film pores in the average diameter of 2-3 μm are obtained, which are independent of the polyoxometalates. It is speculated that the cooled micrometer water droplets act as the necessary templates for the formation of macropores, and the stability of these water droplets is crucial during the self-assembly. With increasing the concentration of surfactants, various morphologies from lowly ordered honeycomb films to highly ordered honeycomb films and then to disordered fragments can be modulated. The interfacial tension between chloroform solution and water droplets induces the changes of films. High-resolution TEM observations indicate a close-packed lamellar structure in the ordered honeycomb film walls. The self-assembly successfully performs the transfer of functional polyoxometalates from bulk solutions to interfacial films. Consequently, the produced honeycomb films present electronic activities, such as ferromagnetism and electrochemical properties. These detailed researches will enrich the studies based on materials obtained by encapsulations in cationic surfactants to construct newly nanostructures of polyoxometalates at interfaces, and promote the potential applications of the honeycomb films of surfactant-encapsulated polyoxometalates in advanced materials.     

Supra-assembly of siliceous vesicles

We report a new approach to produce macroporous ( approximately 110 nm in diameter) ordered siliceous foams (MOSF) by using block copolymers as templates in the absence of any organic cosolvent. The fine three-dimensional honeycomb structure of MOSF was determined by electron tomography. A formation mechanism of MOSF that spans from the atomic to macroscopic scale is proposed, which involves the cooperative self-assembly of unilamellar vesicles followed by the supra-assembly of vesicles. The fusion of soft vesicles finally leads to MOSF with well-ordered and defined honeycomb structures.     

CFD-PBM approach for the gas-liquid flow in a nanobubble generator with honeycomb structure

In recent years, nanobubble technologies have drawn great attention due to their wide applications in many fields of science and technology. From previous studies, a kind of honeycomb structure for high efficiency nanobubble generation has been proposed. In this paper, the numerical simulations of bubbly flow in the honeycomb structure were performed by using a computational fluid dynamics–population balance model (CFD-PBM) coupled model. The numerical model was based on the Eulerian multiphase model and the population balance model (PBM) was used to calculate the bubble size distribution. The bubble size distributions in the honeycomb structure under different work conditions were predicted. Two different drag force models (Schiller-Naumann model and Tomiyama model) and two different aggregation models (Luo model and turbulent aggregation model) were investigated. Both two drag models gave similar prediction of bubble number density distribution at the outlet. The results obtained from Luo model had better reflection of the trend of number density distribution. The turbulence dissipation rate ε can be used to evaluate the nanobubble generating ability. The water tank was not included in the CFD model in this work. The bubbles in the water tank should be studied in the future.     

Self-organized microporous structures based on surfactant-encapsulated polyoxometalate complexes

Self-organized microporous structures based on a series of surfactant-encapsulated polyoxometalate complexes (SECs) have been prepared by using ordered condensed droplets as a template. Among these structures, ordered honeycomb structures were obtained and characterized in detail by taking (DODA)(12)H[Eu(SiW(11)O(39))2] (SEC-1) as an example. Optical microscope, atomic force microscopic, and scanning electron microscopic measurements confirmed the formation of three-dimensional microporous structure, in which the top surface shows a highly ordered honeycomb structure. As compared to common solvent-casting films, the corresponding honeycomb films are more hydrophobic and possess more ordered lamellar structures. Both the wettability and the size of SECs exert significant influence on the formation of microporous structures. The proper hydrophobicity of SECs was proposed to be an essential factor for the formation of honeycomb films, and large-sized SECs are favorable for the fabrication of highly ordered honeycomb structures. The conditions for the formation of different surface morphologies have been discussed in terms of the contact angle of SECs at the interface between water and chloroform, and a contact angle slightly greater than 90 degrees is found to be a prerequisite for the formation of honeycomb structures. The results reported in this paper not only help to further comprehend the mechanism of the formation of honeycomb structures, but also provide some guidance for the design of ordered microporous films based on organic/inorganic hybrid materials, exemplified by the organic/nanoparticle complexes.     

界面上蜂窝状多孔薄膜的构建、性质和应用

综述了以Breath Figure(呼吸图案)法制备聚合物及纳米颗粒蜂窝状多孔结构的研究现状.当潮湿的气流吹到聚合物或纳米颗粒的有机溶液表面时,溶剂蒸发导致水微滴在液体表面冷凝重排成六角阵列结构.溶剂和水微滴蒸发完毕后,聚合物或纳米颗粒在基底上形成具有六角阵列的蜂窝状多孔结构.该技术是自组装领域的一大进展,在生物技术、组织工程、微图像技术、高端分离技术、光催化及医药等领域有望获得重要应用.本文系统阐述了规整蜂窝状孔结构材料的构建方法、构建材料、形成机理以及影响因素(包括湿度、浓度、气流方向和速度、溶剂、基底曲率等),评述了蜂窝状多孔薄膜的性质和应用,并对其在化学和材料科学领域的应用前景作了展望.     

2D supramolecular assemblies of benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tribenzoic acid: temperature-induced phase transformations and hierarchical organization with macrocyclic molecules

Two-dimensional supramolecular honeycomb networks with cavities of an internal diameter of 2.95 nm were formed by the self-assembly of 4,4',4' '-benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tribenzoic acid (BTA) on a Ag(111) surface at room temperature. Annealing to higher temperatures resulted in two sequential phase transformations into closer-packed supramolecular arrangements. The phase transformations are associated with stepwise deprotonation of the carboxylic acid groups. The voids of the honeycomb network of BTA have a suitable size for the construction of hierarchical structures with guest molecules. Single molecules of the macrocyclic compound mt-33 were successfully confined inside 2D nanocavities of the honeycomb networks and released when the phase was transformed to the close-packed structure.