Evaluation of new large area PMT with high quantum efficiency

The neutrino detector of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO) is designed to use20 kilotons of liquid scintillator and approximately 16000 20 inch photomultipliers(PMTs).One of the options is to use the 20 inch R12860 PMT with high quantum efficiency which has recently been developed by Hamamatsu Photonics.The performance of the newly developed PMT preproduction samples is evaluated.The results show that its quantum efficiency is 30%at 400 nm.Its Peak/Valley(P/V) ratio for the single photoelectron is 4.75 and the dark count rate is 27 kHz at the threshold of 3 mV while the gain is at 1 × 10~7.The transit time spread of a single photoelectron is 2.86 ns.Generally the performances of this new 20 inch PMT are improved over the old one of R3600.     

Study of a position-sensitive scintillator neutron detector

The investigation of a novel thermal neutron detector is developed to fulfill the requirements of the high intensity power diffractometer (HIPD) at the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). It consists of two layers of ⁶LiF/ZnS(Ag) scintillators, two layers of crossed WLSF arrays, several multi-anode photo multiplier tubes (MA-PMT), and the matching readout electronics. The neutron detection efficiency of the scintilltors, the light transportation ability of the WLSF, and the spatial linearity of the readout electronics are measured and discussed in this paper. It shows that the sandwich structure and the compact readout electronics could fulfill the needs of the HIPD. A prototype with a 10 cm×10 cm sensitive area has been constructed to further study the characteristics of the neutron scintillator detector.     

A position-sensitive detector with lithium glass and MaPMT

A position-sensitive detector is designed for neutron detection. It uses a single continuous screen of a self-made lithium glass scintillator, rather than discrete crystal implementations, coupling with a multi-anode PMT (MaPMT). The scintillator is fast and efficient; with a decay time of 34 ns and thermal neutron detection efficiency of around 95.8% for the 3 mm thick screen, and its light yield is around 5670 photons per neutron and 3768 photons per MeV γ rays deposition. The spatial resolution is around 1.6 mm (FWHM) with the energy resolution around 34.7% by using α (5.2 MeV) rays test.     

X-ray photon-counting detector based on a micro-channel plate for pulsar navigation

The pulse time of arrival (TOA) is a determining parameter for accurate timing and positioning in X-ray pulsar navigation. The pulse TOA can be calculated by comparing the measured arrival time with the predicted arrival time of the X-ray pulse for pulsar. In this study, in order to research the measurement of pulse arrival time, an experimental system is set up. The experimental system comprises a simulator of the X-ray pulsar, an X-ray detector, a time-measurement system, and a data-processing system. An X-ray detector base is proposed on the basis of the micro-channel plate (MCP), which is sensitive to soft X-ray in the 1–10 keV band. The MCP-based detector, the structure and principle of the experimental system, and results of the pulse profile are described in detail. In addition, a discussion of the effects of different X-ray pulse periods and the quantum efficiency of the detector on pulse-profile signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is presented. Experimental results reveal that the SNR of the measured pulse profile becomes enhanced as the quantum efficiency of the detector increases. The SNR of the pulse profile is higher when the period of the pulse is smaller at the same integral.     

A CVD diamond film detector for pulsed proton detection

A chemical vapour deposition （CVD） diamond film detector was prepared and the main characteristics for pulsed proton detection were studied at Beijing Tandem Accelerator. The result shows that the charge collection efficiency of the detector increases with increasing electric field intensity and reaches to 9.44% at 5 V/μm with the charge collection distance of 15.9 μm. The relationship between the sensitivity of the detector and proton energy is consistent with the Monte Carlo （MC） simulation result. Its plasma time for a pulse with 4.85×10^5 protons is 1l.2ns. The dose threshold for onset of damage under 9MeV proton irradiation in the detector is about 10^13 cm^-2. All of the results show that a CVD diamond detector has fast time response and high radiation hardness, and can be used in pulsed proton detection.     

A large area plastic scintillation detector with 4-corner-readout

A 760 mm × 760 mm × 30 mm plastic scintillation detector viewed by photomultiplier tubes(PMTs)from four corners has been developed, and the detector has been tested with cosmic rays and γ rays. A positionindependent effective time Teff has been found, indicating this detector can be used as a TOF detector. The hit position can also be reconstructed by the time from the four corners. A TOF resolution of 236 ps and a position resolution of 48 mm have been achieved, and the detection efficiency has also been investigated.     

The Monte-Carlo simulation on a scintillator neutron detector

A simulation of the properties of the shifting scintillator neutron detector using 6LiF/ZnS(Ag) scintillation screens is performed.The simulation results show that the light attenuation length of standard BC704 scintillator is about 0.65 mm.Its thermal neutron detection efficiency,gamma sensitivity and intrinsic spatial resolution can achieve around 50.0%,10 5and 0.18 mm(along X-axis) respectively.For the detector,air coupling position resolution is better than the silicone oil coupling.Some of the simulation results are compared with experimental results.They are in agreement.This work will be helpful for constructing neutron detector for high intensity powder diffractometer at Chinese spallation neutron source.     

Study on spatial resolution of micromegas as a neutron detector under condition of high neutron flux and γ ray background

In this paper Micromegas has been designed to detect neutrons. The simulation of the spatial resolution of Micromegas as neutron detector is carried out by GEANT4 toolkit. The neutron track reconstruction method based on the time coincidence technology is employed in the present work. The influence of the flux of incident 14 MeV neutron and high gamma background on the spatial resolution is carefully studied. Our results show that the spatial resolution of the detector is sensitive to the neutron flux, but insensitive to the intensity of γ background if the neutron track reconstruction method proposed by our group is used. The γ insensitivity makes it possible for us to use the Micromegas detector under condition which has high γ-rays background.     

超重反冲余核时间探测器性能测试

介绍了一种铝制内椭球面反射镜闪烁薄膜探测器,对其探测效率、光收集效率和时间性能的测试. 结果分析表明采用1 μm厚的BC498闪烁薄膜探测器测量实验中超重反冲余核, 探测效率接近100％, 时间分辨好于200 ps, 其性能满足超重反冲余核时间测量的要求. A thin plastic scintillator film detector with an inner ellipsoidal reflection mirror made of aluminum is introduced. Detection efficiency and light collection efficiency of the detector have been investigated. The time resolution of the detector has been also studied. The testing results show that the detection efficiency of BC498 with the thickness of 1 micron to be used in the coming superheavy synthesis experiments is approximately 100%, and the time resolution is better than 200 ps (σ). The performances of the thin plastic scintillator film detector meet the requirements for the time measurement of the superheavy element synthesis.     

Temperature dependence of the light yield of the LAB-based and mesitylene-based liquid scintillators

We studied the temperature dependence of the light yield of linear alkyl benzene(LAB)-based and mesitylene-based liquid scintillators. The light yield increases by 23% for both liquid scintillators when the temperature is lowered from 26 to-40, correcting for the temperature response of the photomultiplier tube. The measurements help to understand the energy response of liquid scintillator detectors. Especially, the next generation reactor neutrino experiments for neutrino mass hierarchy, such as the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO), require very high energy resolution. As no apparent degradation on the liquid scintillator transparency was observed, lowering the operation temperature of the detector to ～4 will increase the photoelectron yield of the detector by 13%, combining the light yield increase of the liquid scintillator and the quantum efficiency increase of the photomultiplier tubes.     

近距离n, γ混合脉冲辐射场中γ辐射探测技术

n, γ混合脉冲辐射场中, 在近距离、辐射强度低且中子辐射峰值比被测γ辐射峰值强度高的情况下, 传统γ辐射探测技术实施起来面临困难. 对PbWO4和CeF3等近年国内新研制的无机闪烁体进行了系列研究, 使用CeF3分别配光电倍增管和光电管,组合出了对γ辐射灵敏度高, 对中子相对不灵敏, 同时脉冲响应也快的光电探测系统, 应用以此为基础的探测技术在近距离n, γ混合脉冲辐射场中, 可将脉冲γ辐射探测信噪比提高一个量级以上. It is difficult to detect low intensity γ radiation by using traditional γ radiation detection technique in a close distance n, γ commix pulse radiation field with very high intensity neutron radiation. PbWO4 and CeF3 which are newly developed inorganic scintillator in our country have been studied. Photoelectricity detector systemes which have high γ sensitivity and relative insensitive to neutron and fast time response were assembled by using CeF3 and photomultiplier tube. The ratio of signal to noise for γ ray detection can be up to more than 10 times in close distance n, γ commix pulse radiation field by using this detector system.     

血液中Na活化放射性测量的蒙特卡罗模拟

针对超临界事故中人体受到中子辐照后感生的24Na活度测量,采用MCNP软件建立蒙特卡罗模拟模型,分别模拟不同类型NaI探测器对24Na衰变的两条射线全能峰的探测效率和塑料闪烁体探测器对24Na衰变的射线总计数的探测器效率。模拟结果表明:井型NaI探测器与圆柱型相比,24Na衰变的1.38 MeV和2.76 MeV 射线全能峰探测效率分别提高了4.30倍和4.11倍;塑料闪烁体探测器对24Na衰变的射线的探测效率是NaI探测器对24Na 射线的探测效率的1.72倍;同时粗略计算了探测器计数与人体所受中子辐照剂量之间的关系。     

Fast scintillation detectors for high-energy X-ray region

We have developed fast scintillation detectors for nuclear resonant scattering experiments using synchrotron radiation and a nuclear excited level existing in >30?keV. A fast x-ray detector using an organic-inorganic perovskite scintillator of phenethylamine lead bromide (PhE-PbBr₄) had a dominant light emission with a fast decay time of 9.9?ns. An x-ray detector equipped with a 0.9-mm-thick PhE-PbBr₄ crystal (size: ～8 × 7?mm²) was used to detect nuclear resonant scattering in ⁶¹Ni (the first excited level: 67.41?keV; half-life: 5.3?ns). We could successfully record the decaying gamma rays emitted from ⁶¹Ni with a relatively high detection efficiency of 24%. A lead-doped plastic scintillator (NE142, Pb ～5?wt% doped) had been known to have a faster decay time of 1.7?ns. Following a test of a single NE142 detector, a four-channel NE142 detector was fabricated and successfully applied to the synchrotron-radiation based M?ssbauer spectroscopy experiment on ⁶¹Ni.     

用于脉冲γ强度测量的φ60,1000μm PIN探测器

采用电阻率为10000—20000 Ω·cm的高阻单晶硅材料，研制成功灵敏区尺寸为φ60 mm，耗尽层厚度～1000　μm的大面积厚PIN半导体探测器.设计了该类探测器厚度测量专用的反冲质子测量系统，对探测器的时间响应、γ灵敏度、漏电流、γ/n分辨等物理参数进行了测量和分析，结果表明，这类探测器可满足低强度裂变n/γ混合场中脉冲γ强度测量的需要. 关键词： 大面积 电流型 半导体探测器     

狭缝式高灵敏裂变中子探测系统

研制了狭缝-外延式高灵敏大面积PIN裂变中子探测系统. 其对14MeV，2.5MeV中子灵敏度可达10^-16C·cm²，比原有典型的脉冲裂变中子探测系统高4个量级. 采用外延式铅狭缝准直结构，研制灵敏区尺寸为60mm，厚度为200μm—300μm的大面积PIN半导体探测器、以Be膜为衬底，有效直径为60的²³⁵U裂变靶，解决了该探测器研制中的高灵敏度和n/γ分辨难题. 该系统已在实践中获得成功应用. 关键词： 裂变中子探测系统 大面积PIN探测器 大面积裂变靶 高灵敏探测系统     

用于高分辨率 PET探测器的LSO闪烁晶体的研究

LSO晶体具有密度大光输出量强和衰减时间短的特性使其成为在PET探测器领域的应用潜在的闪烁晶体材料.按照辐射成象系统应用的性能要求我们对LSO晶体的闪烁特性进行了评价.为了获取较高的光输出量,研究和验证了许许多多的晶体表面的状况对光输出量的影响.对于单个LSO晶体和R5900-00-C12位敏管相耦合的系统,钠伽马射线源的511keV的能量峰处的能量分辨率为15%,时间分辨率为0.65ns,最后对三个LSO阵列分别成象验证了其空间分辨本领.     

基于中子飞行时间法的ICF内爆热斑离子温度诊断技术北大核心CSCD

在惯性约束聚变研究中,内爆热斑离子温度反映了热斑能量的高低,对内爆对称性和内爆速度等物理量十分敏感,是理解内爆物理过程不可或缺的重要参数。介绍了一种基于中子飞行时间法的ICF内爆热斑离子温度诊断技术。建立了一种采用塑料闪烁探测器作为中子测量器件的快时间响应中子飞行时间谱仪。谱仪输出时间波形的半高全宽小于1.1ns,上升时间约为0.5ns。描述了基于反卷积运算和低通滤波的飞行时间谱解谱方法。在神光Ⅲ原型装置较低的中子产额和离子温度条件下通过这种诊断技术成功获得了内爆热斑离子温度。     

闪烁晶体光谱特性多参数综合测试技术研究

针对山西长城微光器材股份有限公司新型闪烁晶体材料的研制需求,研究了一种针对某闪烁晶体受X射线激发后光谱响应的多参数综合光电检测系统。通过系统的光谱输出接口直接测试闪烁晶体的射线转换光谱,通过电压输出接口测试PIN光敏二极管输出的光伏电压,进而采用等效电路法计算闪烁晶体的荧光逸出功率。测试结果表明,荧光逸出效率随X射线管电流的增大而减小。本研究对其他闪烁晶体光谱特性的测试具有借鉴价值。     

一种用于Z箍缩实验的软X射线成像系统

基于塑料闪烁体转换和光学条纹相机的方法建立了一套用于Z箍缩实验中的软X射线条纹图像诊断系统,解决了以往实验中使用的X射线条纹相机易被电磁环境干扰以及相机电极部件易被实验产生的高速粒子损伤的问题.诊断系统的光谱响应范围主要集中在0.2—10 keV,系统的空间分辨率经过理论评估小于120μm,通过标定闪烁体对X射线的时间...