超临界CO_2横掠管束对流换热数值模拟

随着第四代核能系统的研发,使用高效、安全、经济的超临界二氧化碳作为冷却剂或二回路能量转换工质的反应堆成为研究热点。管壳式换热器具有制造维护简单、流动压降小的特点,在超临界二氧化碳对流换热中具有一定的应用前景。本文使用数值模拟方法研究了超临界二氧化碳横掠管束对流换热特性。结果表明:超临界二氧化碳横掠管束是周期性流动,拟临界区的超临界二氧化碳横掠管束流动换热不同于远离拟临界点的超临界区。Zukauskas关联式适用于远离拟临界点的超临界区对流换热Nu计算,不适用于拟临界区Nu计算。本文对Zukauskas关联式在拟临界区进行了修正,修正后的公式适用于7.5 MPa下主流温度300～310 K的拟临界区Nu计算,最大误差为21.40%。     

CO_2跨临界制冷循环中应用两相螺杆膨胀机的理论分析

本文在介绍利用环保、安全的ＣＯ２作为制冷剂的跨临界循环的基础上,分析了系统各部件的■损失情况,并通过与常规工质对比,提出了采用汽液两相螺杆膨胀机取代系统中节流阀的方法。该方法可明显提高系统的ＣＯＰ,具有广阔的实际应用前景。文章结合ＣＯ２超临界流体的实际特点,对研制、开发ＣＯ２两相螺杆膨胀机提出了设计思想和建议。     

顺磁性对单晶GdBa_2Cu_3O_（6＋y）临界电流密度的影响

由于单晶ＤｄＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ６＋ｙ样品中Ｇｄ３＋离子本身固有的磁矩对样品有顺磁贡献，使得样品的磁滞回线有所倾斜并使磁滞回线的宽度增大，因而使根据Ｂｅａｕ模型得到的临界电流密度偏离了其真正的值．在温度Ｔ＝４．２Ｋ时，偏离达到８％．因而在对ＹＭＯ和ＧＢＣＯ进行比较研究时，对ＧＢＣＯ临界电流密度的修正是必要的．这一顺磁磁化强度的磁场依赖关系可以用反铁磁的分子场理论给以很好的描述．     

带膨胀机的CO_2跨(超)临界逆循环的热力学分析

ＣＯ２是一种安全可靠的自然工质,可望在空调和热泵系统中得到应用。根据热力学第二定律,本文提出比较各类循环的统一方法一当量温度法。本文对带膨胀机的ＣＯ２跨临界循环及其系统进行分析和研究。结果显示该循环具有较高的用能效率,在技术上是可行的．     

顺磁性对单晶GdBa2Cu3O6＋y监界电流密度的影响

由于单晶ＧｄＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ６＋ｙ样品中Ｇｄ＾３＋离子本身固有磁矩对样品有顺磁贡献，使得样品的磁滞回线有所倾斜并使磁滞回线的宽度增大，因而使根据Ｂｅａｎ模型得到的临界电流密度偏离了其真正的值，在温度Ｔ＝４．２Ｋ时，偏离达到８％，因而在对ＹＢＣＯ和ＧＢＣＯ进行比较研究时，对ＧＢＣＯ临界电流密度的修正是必要的。这一顺磁磁化强度的磁场依赖关系可以用反铁磁的分子场理论给以很好的描述。     

二氧化碳从它溶胀后的聚合物中的解吸

研究了经过４０℃,８．０￣１４．０ＭＰａ的超临界二氧化碳溶胀后的６种聚合物ＬＤＰＥ、ＰＰ、ＰＡ６、ＥＶＡ、ＰＵ中的ＣＯ２解吸情况,模拟了聚合物中ＣＯ２的解吸规律,即以时间的自然指数递减规律,并根据Ｆｉｃｋ扩散定理从理论上推导出ＣＯ２在聚合物中的解吸方程,由解吸方程计算解吸扩散系数,结果表明ＣＯ２的解吸扩散系数数量级达１０＾－７ｃｍ＾２／ｓ,解吸扩散系数与ＣＯ２在聚合物中的浓度和温度以及解吸前聚合物     

Y稳定的ZrO2基体上YBa2Cu3O7／SrTiO3／YBa2Cu3O7异质外延三层…

采用磁控溅射方法在（１００）ＹＳＺ基底上沉积了ＹＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ７／ＳｒＴｉＯ３／ＹＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ７异质外延三层膜。利用交流磁化率和四引线电阻测量的方法确定了三层膜的超导性能，利用Ｘ射线衍射和透射电子显微镜研究了三层膜的结构特征。研究结果表明，膜层的结晶质量较好，临界转变温度Ｔｃ在８３．５Ｋ和８６．７Ｋ之间。ＹＢＣＯ膜层中的绝大多数甚至全部）晶粒为ｃ取向，在有些膜中只存在少量的ａ或ｂ取向的ＹＢＣＯ晶     

Bi_（2．2）Sr_（1．8）Ca_（1．05）Cu（2．15－x）NaxO_

本文介绍了用熔融法制备Ｂｉ２．２Ｓｒ１．８Ｃａ１．０５Ｃｕ２．１５－ｘＮａｘＯ８＋ｙ（ｘ＝０，０．４～０．８）样品，发现诸样品零电阻温度都在９０Ｋ左右，其小ｘ＝０．７．Ｔｃ０达到９２，５Ｋ．在８１Ｋ较高温区，该类样品仍然表现出良好的超导电性，其临界电流密度还达到１０３Ａ／ｃｍ２量级．     

Bi2.2Sr1.8Ca1.05Cu2.15—xNaxO8＋y超导电性研究

本介绍了用熔融法制备Ｂｉ２．２Ｓｒ１．８Ｃａ１．０５Ｃｕ２．１５－ｘＮａｘＯ８＋ｙ（ｘ＝０，０．４～０．８）样品，发现诸样品零电阻温度都在９０Ｋ左右，其中ｘ＝０．７，Ｔｃ０达到９２．５Ｋ。在８１Ｋ较高温区，该类样品仍然表现出良好的超导电性，其临界电流密度还达到１０＾３Ａ／ｃｍ＾２量级。     

Y稳定的ZrO_2基体上YBa_2Cu_3O_7／SrTiO_3／YBa_2Cu_3O_7异质外延三层膜的制备、超导性能和显微结构

采用磁控溅射方法在（１００）ＹＳＺ基底上沉积了ＹＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ７／ＳｒＴｉＯ３／ＹＢａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏ７异质外延三层膜，利用交流磁化率和四引线电阻测量的方法确定了三层膜的超导性能，利用Ｘ射线衍射和透射电子显微镜研究了三层膜的结构特征．研究结果表明，膜层的结晶质量较好，临界转变温度Ｔｃ在８３．Ｋ和８６．７Ｋ之间．ＹＢＣＯ膜层中的绝大多数甚至全部）晶粒为Ｃ取向，在有些膜中只存在少量的ａ或ｂ取向的ＹＢＣＯ晶粒．三层膜中层界面比较清晰但不十分平整．在膜／基界面处有８－１０ｎｍ厚的过渡层，它由多晶的ＢａＺｒＯ３组成．膜层和（１０）ＹＳＺ基底之间具有如下的外延生长关系ＹＳＺ［００１］／／ＹＢＣＯ［１１０］／／ＳｒＴｊＯ３［１１０］；ＹＳＺ（１００）／／ＹＢＣＯ（００１）／／ＳｒＴｉＯ３（００１）．     

微细管内超临界二氧化碳冷却换热研究

本文对超临界二氧化碳在微细管内冷却对流换热进行数值模拟研究,分析不同流动方向和管径大小对超临界二氧化碳对流换热的影响,考察管内局部流体温度、管壁温度以及无量纲温度分布的变化。湍流模型采用低雷诺数YS模型。研究表明,在LPV范围比较大的截面,超临界二氧化碳局部换热系数达到最大值,同时管内传热受流动方向和管径的影响均较大。     

Some thermodynamic processes of anthracite–carbon dioxide mixture in supercritical fluid state

In the context of the development of the catalyst regeneration procedure via supercritical fluid CO₂ extraction, some thermodynamic properties of the anthracene–carbon dioxide mixture in supercritical fluid state have been studied. Data on anthracene solubility in pure and modified (dimethyl sulfoxide, 5 wt %) supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO₂), the heat capacity of anthracene and its mixtures with carbon dioxide, and the heat of solution of anthracene in SC–CO₂ are presented. Anthracene solubility in SC–CO₂ is described satisfactorily using the Peng–Robinson equation of state.     

Optimization of a New Design of Molten Salt-to-CO2 Heat Exchanger Using Exergy Destruction Minimization

One of the ways to make cost-competitive electricity, from concentrated solar thermal energy, is increasing the thermoelectric conversion efficiency. To achieve this objective, the most promising scheme is a molten salt central receiver, coupled to a supercritical carbon dioxide cycle. A key element to be developed in this scheme is the molten salt-to-CO₂ heat exchanger. This paper presents a heat exchanger design that avoids the molten salt plugging and the mechanical stress due to the high pressure of the CO₂, while improving the heat transfer of the supercritical phase, due to its compactness with a high heat transfer area. This design is based on a honeycomb-like configuration, in which a thermal unit consists of a circular channel for the molten salt surrounded by six smaller trapezoidal ducts for the CO₂. Further, an optimization based on the exergy destruction minimization has been accomplished, obtained the best working conditions of this heat exchanger: a temperature approach of 50 °C between both streams and a CO₂ pressure drop of 2.7 bar.     

不同干燥法制备纳米TiO2光催化剂的光谱研究

本文分别用常态、超临界乙醇和超临界CO2干燥法干燥钛酸正丁酯的醇凝胶，制备纳米TiO2光催化剂。应用XRD，FTIR，FT－Raman和Fluorescent spectrum(FS)等光谱技术对催化剂进行了表征。以光催化降解罗丹明B为模型反应，比较所得样品光催化活性。实验结果表明，不同干燥方法对催化剂的晶相结构、半导体能带结构、光吸收性能、表面性质及光催化活性均产生显著的影响，用超临界CO2干燥法制备的TiO2光催化剂具有较好的光催化活性。     

润滑油对带膨胀机CO2跨临界循环的影响

本文对PAG、POE、PAO和AB四种润滑油特性进行了分析,结果表明PAG具有较好的综合性能.又从PAG/CO2混合物的溶解性和粘温特性证明了PAG比较适合CO2跨临界循环.最后对工质CO2夹带的微量PAG对压缩机、膨胀机、气体冷却器和蒸发器的性能影响分别进行了分析,并提出了超临界换热分析模型.结果表明润滑油虽然有助于改善压缩机、膨胀机性能,但造成了换热器性能的严重下降.     

基于拟沸腾理论的超临界CO2管内传热恶化量纲分析

超临界流体广泛应用于工程技术领域,其流动传热特性对工程设计具有重要意义,但是,由于超临界流体的物理微观和宏观行为的机理尚不清晰,所以其异常的流动传热特性并未得到很好的解决.普遍认为超临界流体在分子尺度上可分为类气和类液两种不同的特性,直到最近通过实验在宏观上监测到超临界水类液和类气之间的转变,且这一过程与拟沸腾理论一致...     

Gasification of porous carbon particle by carbon dioxide

The diffusive-kinetic model of porous carbon particles gasification is developed. The model considers the processes of heat and mass transfer both inside the porous particle and above it. Analysis of the model shows that heat and mass transfer have an influence to the gasification process to a marked degree. Gasification of carbon particle by carbon dioxide is impossible if particle temperature is lower about 850 K because concentration of carbon dioxide at the particle surface becomes lower than its equilibrium concentration. The rate of the carbon particle gasification is determined as a function of the porous particle internal surface area for different pressures and furnace temperatures.     

浮升力和流动加速对超临界CO2管内流动传热影响

基于单相流体的概念,超临界流体的异常传热行为已经被研究很多年了,但是关于其流动传热机理仍没有统一的认识.本文通过理论分析和实验研究了超临界二氧化碳在竖直管内向上流动过程中,浮升力和流动加速效应对其流动结构和传热过程的影响.结果表明,没有确凿的实验证据表明超临界流体的异常传热行为是浮升力和流动加速直接导致的,存在的估计浮升力和流动加速效应准则均是在常物性流体的基础上,做了大量假设得出的,不同的研究者采用浮升力和流动加速准则分析超临界流体的传热恶化得出的结论不一致.最后,基于拟沸腾理论分析超临界流体的传热恶化过程,提出超临界沸腾数区分了超临界流体正常传热与恶化传热的转换边界,为超临界流体流动传热研究提供新思路,超临界沸腾数对建立用于不同技术的超临界流体动力循环的最佳运行条件具有重要意义.     

Xenogenic bone matrix treated with supercritical carbon dioxide as a potential osteoplastic material

A multistage environmentally safe method for processing xenogenic bone matrix using suband supercritical media has been developed. This method provides fast matrix delipidization in a medium of supercritical carbon dioxide and deproteinization by treatment with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution followed by washing with subcritical water for removal of polar substances. The final treatment with supercritical carbon dioxide serves to remove residual nonpolar components. A method to control the porosity of xenogenic bone matrix at different stages of its purification has been suggested. Preliminary data indicate that a cellular test system based on an allogenic osteoid cell line Th-1 could be used for evaluation of primary adhesion and proliferation of cells on the surface of purified bone matrix.     

An Experimental Study on Heat Transfer Coefficients of a CO2-Filled Thermosyphon

Abstract

Because carbon dioxide is ozone friendly and has negligible global warming potential, it has received renewed interest in recent years as an important alternative refrigerant. In this article, the heat transfer characteristics of a carbon dioxide-filled two-phase closed thermosyphon were investigated experimentally, and the empirical heat transfer correlations are reported. The heat transfer data were analyzed, and heat transfer coefficients were compared with conventional heat transfer correlations. The results represent that heat transfer correlation of the heated section can be expressed with Kutatelatze's correlation, and heat transfer coefficients of the condenser section are found to be in reasonable agreement with the Nusselt equation.