检测柱透镜象差的全息干涉法

本文提出一种检测柱透镜象差的全息干涉法。文中详细介绍了全息干涉法的原理,具体实验以及有关调整问题。整个过程操作方便,光路按排简单。     

用全息错位干涉计量术判别物体变形方向

本文给出了一种在双曝光全息干涉计量术中判别变形方向的方法.该方法需在双曝光期间移动全息干板,因而可将其视为一种位错全息干涉术.文中还给出了实验验证.     

用推广的量子轨迹蒙特卡罗方法研究强场光电子全息

强场光电子全息因其二维光电子动量谱中携带着电子和离子的时空动力学信息,所以在实验中被发现后迅速成为近年来强场超快物理中的一个热点研究领域.本文主要介绍一种推广的量子轨迹蒙特卡罗计算方法.利用这种方法可在更广泛的实验条件下探讨原子分子光电子全息现象背后深层次的物理机理.与含时薛定谔方程的对比发现利用推广的量子轨迹蒙特卡罗方法计算的光电子全息干涉结构的截止能量位置能清楚地反映非绝热隧穿电离效应.而且,我们发现了深隧穿电离条件下一种新颖的圆环干涉结构.这一圆环状干涉结构遮蔽了光电子全息条纹,因此,这一结果表明:深隧穿区并非是形成光电子全息的有利实验条件.在非绝热隧穿区,长程库仑势对于光电子全息的形成起着至关重要的作用.     

电子学全息干涉术用于温度场测量

探讨了用电子学全息干涉术（双称数字全息干涉术）测量温度场分布及其变化的可行性，利用所设计的全息干涉实验光路，对一电烙铁头部周围温度场分布进行了实时全息记录，进而利用一维快速傅里叶变换及数字滤波处理再现出了反映温度场分布的全息干涉条纹图样，实验结果表明，与传统的光学全息干涉术相比，电子学全息干涉术借助于高分辨率CCD记录及高速计算机数字处理技术，从而可实现光学全息图的数字化记录、存储和重现。同时，利用再现物场相位倍增原理还可实现对干涉条纹数目的倍增，或利用物场相位分布的直接计算精确获取任意两点间的相位差，从而提高测量精度。此外，由于能够在不改变光路的前提下以较高的重复频率完成光学全息图的记录，电子学全息干涉术可以用于记录三维物场的变化并接近实时地再现和测量三维物场的变化规律，因此是一种极有发展前途的新型实时全息干涉计量技术。     

反向旋转双色椭偏场中原子隧穿电离电子的全息干涉

利用数值求解含时薛定谔方程和强场近似理论研究了反向旋转双色椭偏光场中氩原子隧穿电离电子的干涉.固定两脉冲的椭偏率均为0.3,当两椭偏场的相对相位为0.25π时,光电子动量谱中周期内干涉、叉状全息干涉和弧形全息干涉相互重叠.当两椭偏场的相对相位为0时,光电子动量谱中弧形全息干涉消除,并且周期内干涉和叉状全息干涉被彻底分离到动量谱的左右部分,从而得到一个在空间上独立的叉状全息干涉条纹.进一步研究表明,通过改变两椭偏光场的椭偏率还可以增强或抑制该独立叉状全息干涉条纹.这为干涉条纹的控制和分离提供了一个有效的手段,同时也有利于从全息干涉条纹中提取靶材结构信息和电子超快动力学信息.     

基于菲涅耳双棱镜分波前干涉装置的全息光栅制作实验

不同于传统全息光栅制作教学实验中的分振幅干涉光路,提出了利用准平行相干光源照射菲涅耳双棱镜实现分波前干涉制作全息光栅的方法.利用菲涅耳双棱镜分波前光路分别演示了单个双棱镜制作一维全息光栅和2个棱脊正交菲涅耳双棱镜制作二维全息光栅.实验过程中可通过多种方法对干涉条纹间距和光栅常量进行估算,丰富了干涉实验内容和光栅制作实验...     

光纤-空间混合光路干涉仪

构建一种光纤-空间混合光路干涉仪,由光纤发射点光源假设导出空间干涉条纹形状的几何形式并进行实验验证;建立干涉光强参数应用模型,讨论了干涉仪的条纹可见度及其偏振特性;理论、实验和参数应用模型表明,此类干涉仪具有结构紧凑、可视化和操作便利性特点,可以作为通用干涉仪用于条纹相移型检测、剪切干涉型测量和光学全息,亦可扩展其光纤传感功能.     

光纤全息散斑干涉计量

脉冲激光经光导纤维传输后，其偏振性变化为随机分布，相干性有所降低，但它用在全息干涉计量中却有突出的优点，对于涉条纹的形成和清晰度没有影响。经常使用的光纤散斑全息干涉系统有两种类型：一种是只用传光束形成物光，参考光，此种系统形成的全息象清晰度有所下降，但做全息干涉计量时对条纹的衬比度和清晰度没有任何影响．另一种类型是物光和参考光都是用光导纤维传输，然后用光纤传象束将物体的象进行传输，再用透镜将其成象在底片上，做双曝光全息干涉时则形成全息散斑干涉计量，用全息方法再现时干涉图类似“杨氏”条纹。本文对上述两种系统，结合实验结果、分三种情况进行了研究。文章共分为三个部分：（一）引言；（二）散斑全息干涉计量；（三）结论。     

二元计算全息干涉图匹配滤波器

本文通过分析比较,发现计算全息干涉图最适合作匹配滤波器,并实际制作了二元傅里叶变换计算全息干涉图,成功地进行了再现和光学相关实验。     

全息光栅干涉条纹三维锁定系统的设计

全息曝光系统中干涉条纹的稳定性直接影响光栅掩模质量。研究了参考干涉条纹的特性,提出一种光栅相位、倾斜度和周期的检测方法。为提高光栅曝光系统的稳定性,设计了一套全息光栅干涉条纹三维锁定系统。利用摄像机对参考干涉条纹进行检测,利用微电机和压电陶瓷对光路进行微调,可实现对光栅相位、倾斜度和周期的有效控制。实验结果表明,三维锁定系统可有效提高干涉条纹的稳定性,缩短光栅曝光前的静台稳定时间,提高光栅曝光对比度,可为大口径全息光栅曝光质量的提高提供技术支持。     

Electron acceleration in the inverse free electron laser with a helical wiggler by axial magnetic field and ion-channel guiding

Electron acceleration in the inverse free electron laser (IFEL) with a helical wiggler in the presence of ion-channel guiding and axial magnetic field is investigated in this article. The effects of tapering wiggler amplitude and axial magnetic field are calculated for the electron acceleration. In free electron lasers, electron beams lose energy through radiation while in IFEL electron beams gain energy from the laser. The equation of electron motion and the equation of energy exchange between a single electron and electromagnetic waves are derived and then solved numerically using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The tapering effects of a wiggler magnetic field on electron acceleration are investigated and the results show that the electron acceleration increases in the case of a tapered wiggler magnetic field with a proper taper constant.     

Oblique Electron Thermal Waves in a Magnetized Plasma

Propagations of an oblique electron thermal mode under the electron plasma frequency without boundary effects are investigated experimentally and theoretically in a magnetized plasma. The phase, ray, and group velocity surfaces of the electron thermal mode are obtained in a polar coordinate. The experimental observation of the electron mode radiated from a point source is found to be in fair accord with the theoretical wave fronts which are obtained from the ray velocity surface. Wave fronts and ray trajectories of an oblique electron thermal mode radiated from a point source are numerically obtained in an inhomogeneous magnetized plasma with a use of an electrostatic kinetic theory. The spatial numerical results are indicated mainly below the electron plasma and cyclotron frequencies. Reflections of the mode in the plasma density lower than the electron plasma frequency are made clear numerically.     

Electron density and electron redistribution in alloys—I: Electron density in elemental metals

The changes in electronic structure around each metal atom in an alloy are more accurately described in terms of electron redistribution than electron transfer. The important elements in a model for such electron redistribution are the electron configuration and radius of the positive ion cores and the conduction electron density and its variation in the interstitial regions. Positive ion core radii for metals are derived from an empirical relation between ion core radii and intermetallic distance with electronic configurations of the core from positron annihilation data. These derived ion core radii are in good agreement with those calculated for metal electron densities by Welch and Lynn from Hartree-Fock wave functions. Average conduction electron densities can be directly calculated from these radii and the experimental atomic volume; the variation of conduction electron density in the interstitial region is calculated by assigning electrons to octahedral and tetrahedral interstices according to the Interstitial Electron Model. The calculated electron densities and the interstitial variation agree very well with the experimental electron densities of Be as determined from X-ray diffraction data as well as with calculated electron densities for Na, Mg and Al. Ion core configurations are compared with those derived from band theory and also those of the Engle-Brewer Correlation and the Samsonov-Pryadkov-Pryadkov Configurational Model.     

Characteristics of secondary electron emission from few layer graphene on silicon (111) surface

As a typical two-dimensional (2D) coating material, graphene has been utilized to effectively reduce secondary electron emission from the surface. Nevertheless, the microscopic mechanism and the dominant factor of secondary electron emission suppression remain controversial. Since traditional models rely on the data of experimental bulk properties which are scarcely appropriate to the 2D coating situation, this paper presents the first-principles-based numerical calculations of the electron interaction and emission process for monolayer and multilayer graphene on silicon (111) substrate. By using the anisotropic energy loss for the coating graphene, the electron transport process can be described more realistically. The real physical electron interactions, including the elastic scattering of electron—nucleus, inelastic scattering of the electron—extranuclear electron, and electron—phonon effect, are considered and calculated by using the Monte Carlo method. The energy level transition theory-based first-principles method and the full Penn algorithm are used to calculate the energy loss function during the inelastic scattering. Variations of the energy loss function and interface electron density differences for 1 to 4 layer graphene coating GoSi are calculated, and their inner electron distributions and secondary electron emissions are analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that the dominant factor of the inhibiting of secondary electron yield (SEY) of GoSi is to induce the deeper electrons in the internal scattering process. In contrast, a low surface potential barrier due to the positive deviation of electron density difference at monolayer GoSi interface in turn weakens the suppression of secondary electron emission of the graphene layer. Only when the graphene layer number is 3, does the contribution of surface work function to the secondary electron emission suppression appear to be slightly positive.     

ELECTRON TRANSPORT BEHAVIOR IN NORMAL AND ABNORMAL DIRECT CURRENT DISCHARGE CATHODE SHEATH

This paper studies the electron transport behavior in normal and abnormal helium direct current (dc) glow discharges using a Monte Carlo simulation, in which the influences of the electron initial energy and cathode surface reflection on the electron swarm behavior are considered. The electron-neutral atom collision processes and the electron swarm parameters (such as the number of collisions, collision rates, ionization coefficient, mean drift velocity, electron density, etc.) are analyzed. The results show that the variations of the initial energy of the electron emitted from the cathode and the cathode reflection cause a weak effect on the electron transport parameters in the two discharges. The results also indicate that the electron transport parameters are quite different in normal and abnormal discharges.     

The Magnetically Confined Electron Cloud Sustained by Thermionic Emission

The electron clouds in high vacuum which are confined by electromagnetic fields and sustained by thermionic emission are studied.The distributions of the electron density,the electron temperature,the drift angular velocity of electrons,the diffusion flow density of electrons and the electric potential in the electron cloud are discussed.     

高入射能量下的金属二次电子发射模型

基于高入射能量电子产生二次电子发射的物理过程, 分别对高入射能量电子产生的真二次电子和背散射电子的概率进行理论分析与建模. 利用Bethe能量损失模型和内二次电子逸出概率分布, 推导出高入射能量电子产生有效真二次电子发射的系数与入射能量的关系式; 根据高入射能量电子在材料内部被吸收的规律, 推导出高入射能量电子产生背散射电子的系数与入射能量之间的关系式. 结合两者得到高入射能量下金属的二次电子发射模型. 利用该模型计算得到典型金属材料Au, Ag, Cu, Al的二次电子发射系数, 理论计算结果与采用Casino软件模拟金属内部散射过程得到的数值模拟结果相符. 关键词： 二次电子发射 高入射能量 金属表面 散射过程     

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研究了强激光等离子体中多光子非线性Compton效应下阻尼电子与光子的散射特性,推出了其微分散射截面表达式。研究表明,尾波场的涨落和随机误差是电子发生纵向群聚的根本原因,且能引起电子更剧烈的群聚。电子横向动量的变化是引起电子和光子散射的根本原因,其微分散射截面随与一个电子同时作用的光子数的增大而减小,随散射非弹性成分的增大而迅速减小,但比激光场中的情况来得慢一些。只有当与电子同时作用的光子数与散射非弹性成分相等时电子才能被光场俘获。     

Experimental studies of gyrotron electron beam systems

In order to provide electron beams of powerful gyrotrons, magnetron-injection guns operating in the regime of the temperature limited current are used. The electron beam quality and gyrotron performances are defined both by the cathode emission processes and the processes occurring in the electron beam during its formation and transportation. The results of measurements of the energy spectrum and velocity spread of the gyrotron electron beam in different regimes are given. Experimental data on the parameter of efficient emission inhomogeneity for different regimes are presented, as well as the dependencies of electron beam parameters on efficient inhomogeneity of the cathode     

Experimental Study of Planar Langmuir Probe Characteristics in Electron Current-Carrying Magnetized Plasma

Experimental study of planar Langmuir probe characteristics in a magnetized plasma with an electron current along the direction of the magnetic field shows that the usual procedure for determination of the electron temperature and plasma density, which is applicable in a current-free magnetized plasma, gives erroneous results for these plasma parameters. When this procedure is applied on the characteristics measured at two opposite orientations of the probe collecting surface with respect to the direction of the electron drift, different values of the electron temperature are obtained. These virtual electron temperatures and corresponding plasma densities calculated from the measured ion saturation currents are higher and/or smaller than the exact local electron temperature and plasma density. Calculation of particular averages of these quantities is proposed as a possible way to obtain correct results for the local electron temperature and plasma density. These averages are used in the approximate evaluation of the electron drift velocity from the electron saturation currents measured at the two orientations of the probe collecting surface.