热分析-质谱联用中逸出气体的脉冲热分析定量方法

利用脉冲热分析技术(PulseTA)实现对热分析-质谱(TA-MS)联用系统中逸出气体质谱信号的定量,考察了多种实验参数如不同载气流速、温度以及分析样品量等因素对热分析-质谱联用系统中逸出气体质谱信号定量校正的影响.实验结果表明,利用PulseTA对TA-MS联用系统中逸出气体CO2定量结果与理论计算值的相对误差约2.85%.同时利用TG-DTG-MS联用技术对氮化铟(InN)粉体的热分解行为进行研究,在氩气气氛下InN粉体的热分解过程一步完成,InN粉体在550～750℃得到相应的正离子质谱峰:N2+(m/z=28),所释放的N非常接近InN中N的理论含量.利用PulseTA技术检测到InN粉体受热分解放出氮气质量的实验测量值与理论计算值的相对误差约为1.36%.     

低温等离子体剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用对电路板镀层的深度分析

建立了基于低温等离子体(Low temperature plasma)剥蚀系统将固体样品直接引入电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)并用于电路板镀层中Au,Ni和Cu的深度分析.此实验中采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)方式产生低温等离子体探针,逐层剥蚀样品表面,由ICPMS检测元素信号.对DBD所用放电气体种类、外加电场功率、放电气体流速和采样深度等实验条件进行优化.在优化条件下,应用LTP-ICPMS在30 s内完成电路板镀层(20 μm Au/10 μm Ni/Cu基底)的逐层剥蚀和深度分析,元素种类和分层顺序与X射线光电子能谱(XpS)相吻合,镀层的分辨率可拓展至微米水平,表明此技术可直接用于固体样品的深度分析.     

土壤、沉积物系列标准物质中38种元素的ICP-MS定值

探讨了电感耦合等离子体质谱测定土壤元素的基体效应及元素间的基体干扰，采用模拟土壤元素天然组成比值的校正溶液，利用^115In-^103Rh双内标校正系统有效地抑制了分析信号的动态漂移，建立了测定土壤中元素的ICP－MS方法；对GBW07410－07416土壤、沉积物系列标准物质进行定值，测定结果与XRF分析结果比较，同时用于GBW07404、GBW07405、GBW07408、GBW07309管理样分析，结果令人满意。     

微量进样/ICP-MS体系中的基体效应研究

考察了自行组装的高效微量进样系统在22μL/min低提升量下电感耦合等离子体质谱的基体效应.质量数和电离电位不同的基体元素质量浓度为2g/L时,低质量数分析元素受到一定的干扰,而对于高质量数分析元素,其信号几乎不受基体元素干扰,归一化信号值接近1.对于体积分数为5%的有机基体样品溶液,此微量高效雾化系统测得的归一化信号值多接近0.5.实际样品中常见的基体元素K,Na,Ca和Mg质量浓度低于500mg/L,以及乙醇和乙酸体积分数小于1%时,微量进样系统均不产生显著干扰.     

实时直接分析高分辨质谱技术研究碳硼烷类化合物

该文运用高分辨质谱技术对实时直接分析(Direct analysis in real time,DART)离子化条件下碳硼烷化合物的质谱行为进行了研究,对碳硼烷化合物DART高分辨质谱中所得到的同位素峰簇进行了表征与归属。研究结果表明,选取的碳硼烷化合物在DART负离子条件下均能得到较好的质谱信号,这可能与硼笼结构的“缺电性”有关。含10个B原子的碳硼烷化合物形成的离子同位素峰簇信号中,通常情况下相对丰度最高的同位素峰中含2个10B以及8个11B。将碳硼烷化合物高分辨质谱分析的精确m/z数据信息与图谱中同位素峰轮廓分析相结合,是碳硼烷化合物有效的质谱定性分析与表征策略。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水泥样品中的铅同位素比值

研究和讨论了用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP—MS)测定铅的同位素比值测定时，影响测试结果的准确度和精密度的主要因素及其优化过程。在优化后的仪器分析条件下，测定5μg/L的NIST SRM981自然丰度铅同位素标准溶液的各对铅同位素比值，获得的^207Pb／^206Pb分析精度可优于0．1％。在该条件下测定了14个不同的水泥粉样品中的铅同位素比值，结果显示：铅的同位素比值分析技术可以用来示踪环境监测样品的铅污染源。     

频谱分析法研究超声对电化学反应中传质过程的影响

采用频谱分析法对超声作用下Fe(CN)6^3-/Fe(CN)6^4-氧化还原体系在Pt微电极上的计量电流实验数据进行分析。通过离散傅里叶变换（DFT）将复杂的时域谱转化为频域谱，较清楚地将超声对电极反应的影响区分为不同频率下的幅值信号，对不同超声条件下的分析结果表明，该方法可定量地分析不同超声条件下超声对传质过程的影响，并分析了超声强度随作用距离增大而衰减的规律。在相同超声条件下的实验结果表明，经DFT处理后的幅值信号大小与反应物浓度成正比。     

用于浆态床FT合成的Fe-Cu-K-Si催化剂的初步考察

使用连续共沉淀反应器制备了浆态床FT合成用的Fe-Cu-K-Si催化剂。考察了钾含量、粘合剂的添加以及催化剂还原方法等对催化剂性能的影响。1L高压搅拌釜的试验结果表明粘合剂添加方法B和低压CO还原条件下的No.9催化剂性能较好。在质量空速为无载体Fe-Cu-K催化剂1.5倍的条件下，No.9催化剂的合成气转化率，C1^ 和C5^ 产物的产率均高于无载体Fe-Cu-K催化剂，甲烷选择性为3．2％。特别在富CO合成气条件下C5^ 的单程产率达到130g/m^3(CO H2)以上。假设对氢为一级反应动力学的条件下，使用表观速率常数对o.9催化剂的反应活性的经时变化作了考察，结果表明表观速率常数较合成气转化率能相对地反映不同反应条件下的催化剂活性。     

芸香苷铜(Ⅱ)络合物的电喷雾多级串联质谱分析

利用电喷雾离子阱质谱对黄酮苷类化合物——芸香苷与二价金属铜的络合物在软电离质谱条件下的络合行为进行了系统分析。所形成的1：1、2：1、2：2和3：2等不同化学计量比的芸香苷铜离子(Ⅱ)络合产物,分别用[R—H Cu]^ ,[2R—H Cu]^ ,[2R-3H 2Cu]^ 和[3R-3H 2Cu]^ 表示。在多级串联质谱实验中,主要得到糖苷键断裂丢失寡糖链末端的鼠李糖基与苷元连接的葡萄糖基及整个寡糖链等中性碎片,同时也有寡糖链开环断裂和失水反应发生。     

三重串联电感耦合等离子体质谱法直接测定高纯氧化钕中14种稀土杂质元素

建立了三重串联电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS/MS)法直接测定高纯钕中的14种稀土杂质元素的方法.采用氧气和氨气反应池在串联质谱MS/MS模式,有效克服了基体对待测元素的干扰.通过优化仪器参数得到Tb,Dy和Ho的背景等效浓度分别为22,40和4 ng/L.在选定的条件下,样品加标0.5 μg/L14种混合稀土标样测得的回收率为88.6％ ～ 98.6％,使用仪器标准配置的耐高盐进样系统(HMI)测得2h信号值的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.3％-4.1％.本方法简单实用,能够满足纯度为5N (99.999％)及以上的高纯钕中14种杂质元素的直接测定.     

Matrix effects in the analysis of biological matrices by axial view inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

We are reporting observations of positive and negative variations of emission line intensities during the determination of boron and titanium in biological matrices by axial view inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry with segmented charge-coupled device detection. The study included the testing of several elements (yttrium, palladium and platinum) and analytical wavelengths for internal standardization, aiming to compensate for variations in signal recovery due to matrix interferences. Human albumin was chosen as principal matrix component to assess the effect of variable chemical and instrumental operating conditions on boron response. A parametric study was performed by considering the application of two different nebulizer–aerosol chamber systems, the effect of plasma operating conditions on analyte and internal standard signals and the influence of common blood plasma electrolytes, added as salts of alkaline or alkaline earth elements. The pneumatic injection systems tested were a standard cross-flow nebulizer with a Scott type spray chamber and a concentric Meinhard type device coupled to a glass cyclonic spray chamber. The change from standard (i.e. medium RF power and relatively high aerosol carrier gas flow rate) to robust (i.e. higher RF power and lower carrier gas flow rate) conditions contributed to large, non-correlated variations in boron intensities and in some of the analyte/internal standard ratios. Significant memory effects were observed for injection of boron solutions prepared with boric acid and containing small amounts of acid, but those effects were negligible when the boron carrier compound was boronophenylalanyne. The injection of titanium solutions did not produce analyte carry-over effects. When internal standards were employed, a less effective signal compensation was consistently observed for boron at higher albumin concentrations when the difference in energies of the lines was between 4.5 and 6 eV. This effect was enhanced for some line pairs when robust conditions are employed. Differences in the response between nebulizers were minor, with a slight advantage in sensitivity for the cross-flow/Scott system. Yttrium was found to be useful for signal compensation in the determination of boron and titanium in blood and human plasma provided that the equivalent concentration of albumin in the nebulized sample dilutions was kept below 0.2% w/v. Simultaneous measurement of a reference strontium line was found to be useful as an additional verification of the response of yttrium as internal standard.     

Volatile organic solvent-induced signal enhancements in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: a case study of methanol and acetone

Methanol and acetone were used to study effects of organic matrix on signal intensities of elements from ⁷Li to ²³⁸U and oxide yields in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Enhancement or suppression of analyte signals in the presence of methanol or acetone depends on the volatility and concentration of the compound and mass and ionization potential of elements concerned as well as ICP-MS operating conditions. Presence of a low concentration of methanol or acetone enhances the intensities of elements in order of decreasing mass. This is attributed to the spatial shift of the zone of maximum ion density, which, in turn, affects the extraction of ions from the plasma to the sampling cone. The possible effect of liquid methanol or acetone on nebulization and/or transport efficiency was avoided by using carry-over effect experiment. More volatile acetone more readily suppresses signals of all the elements under investigation. A higher concentration of methanol also suppresses intensities of the elements due to resultant cooling of the plasma. The enhancement effect of methanol and acetone appears to be more related to the amount of carbon present in the plasma than the difference between the functional groups of organic solvents. The oxide yield decreases in the presence of methanol, the magnitude of which depends on the nebulizer gas flow rate used. However, the reduced oxide yield is insufficient to account for the signal enhancement. Our results for ⁷⁵As and ⁷⁸Se agree with the C⁺-species–analyte atom charge transfer reaction hypothesis.     

Parameter optimization of an improved two-jet plasmatron for analyzing powder samples

The effect of operation parameters on an analytical signal in the jet of an improved two-jet plasmatron was studied. It was found that the analysis can be performed at lower current intensities and smaller gas flow rates on approaching the plasma-jet merging zone and choosing an analytical zone 3 to 2 mm ahead the site of plasma-jet merging. The detection limits of many elements in the direct analysis of graphite powders were 10^?8–10^?6 wt % against 10^?6–10^?4 on a previous plasmatron.     

紫外光离子源-高场不对称波形离子迁移谱检测环境中挥发性有机物

本研究采用紫外光离子源-高场不对称波形离子迁移谱(UV-FAIMS)快速检测环境中挥发性有机物.选取苯和对二甲苯为研究对象,并分析了分离电压、流速等因素对其分离识别的影响.实验结果表明:当分离电压值为0～1200 V时,苯和对二甲苯信号强度逐渐降低,而特征补偿电压值却逐渐增加.实验选取分离电压值为900 V,当载气流速为0～240 L/h时,苯和对二甲苯的特征离子峰信号强度逐渐增加,当载气流速为0～120 L/h时,苯和对二甲苯团簇峰信号强度增加,当载气流速为120～240 L/h时,苯的团簇峰信号强度增加,而对二甲苯的团簇峰信号强度降低.此外,对样品浓度、信号强度与噪声的比值进行探讨,获得UV-FAIMS检测苯的检测限为0.011mg/m3.     

Laser defocusing effects on laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry: different ablation interactions between the laser and low-alloy steel, Fe pellets, and a pond sediment pellet.

The ablation interaction between a laser and solid samples, which affects the analytical performance for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (LA-ICP-AES), was studied. The emission intensities of elements observed by LA-ICP-AES (LA-ICP-AES element signal intensities) for different solid samples were measured under different laser defocusing conditions with a fixed laser output energy. It was found that the optimum laser defocusing conditions were dependent on the different solid samples with different sample characteristics, and also on the different elements with different elemental characteristics in each solid sample. A low-alloy steel, pellets containing different Fe concentrations (0 - 100% Fe pellet), and a pond sediment pellet were used as different solid samples. The variations of the LA-ICP-AES Fe signal intensities observed under different laser defocus conditions were completely different between the low-alloy steel and the pond sediment pellet. The changes in the LA-ICP-AES Fe signal intensities for 90 and 100% Fe pellets were similar to that of the low-alloy steel. However, pellets with lower Fe concentrations (less than 70%) showed different trends and the defocusing behavior became closer to that of the pond sediment pellet. The LA-ICP-AES signal intensities of other elements were also evaluated, and were compared for different solid samples and different defocusing behavior. It was observed that the changes in the LA-ICP-AES signal intensities of almost all elements in the pond sediment pellet showed a similar trend to those of Fe for different laser defocus positions; that is, the elemental fractionation for these elements in the pond sediment pellet seemed to be relatively small. On the contrary, it was found that the LA-ICP-AES Si, Ti, and Zr signal intensities for low-alloy steel showed different trends compared to those of other elements, including Fe, under different defocusing conditions; that is, the elemental fractionation observed for the low-alloy steel was larger than that of the pond sediment pellet. From these results, different ablation interactions between the laser and the different solid samples were considered, and attributed to the sample characteristics, such as the matrix, hardness, and conductivity. Elemental fractionation was attempted to be explained by using elemental characteristics, such as the melting point and ionization energy of the elements.     

Use of the Hildebrand grid nebulizer for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric analysis of foodware leach solutions and rodent soft tissues and femurs.

The Hildebrand grid nebulizer (HGN) was used for the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric determination of major, minor and trace elements in perchloric acid digests of rodent femurs, sulphuric acid digests of rodent soft tissues and in solutions leached from foodware using acetic acid. The HGN performed well when the signal-to-background ratio was optimized for each acid solution by adjusting the injector gas flow, solution uptake rate and observation height. Three problems were overcome while using the HGN: (i) nebulizer wash-out time was reduced by rinsing at high uptake rate with the solution to be analysed; (ii) clogging of the injector tip of the torch during femur analysis was minimized by extensive rinsing; and (iii) errors due to the suppression of the Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn signal intensities by matrix elements Ca and P in femur digests were eliminated by calibrating the spectrometer with matched matrix standard solutions. Overall, the precision of analysis for the leach and tissue solutions analysed in this study ranged from 0.5 to 2.9% relative standard deviation.     

Development of an on-line low gas pressure cell for laser ablation-ICP-mass spectrometry.

An on-line low gas pressure cell device has been developed for elemental analysis using laser ablation-ICP-mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). Ambient gas in the sample cell was evacuated by a constant-flow diaphragm pump, and the pressure of the sample cell was controlled by changing the flow rate of He-inlet gas. The degree of sample re-deposition around the ablation pit could be reduced when the pressure of the ambient gas was lower than 50 kPa. Produced sample aerosol was drawn and taken from the outlet of the diaphragm pump, and directly introduced into the ICP ion source. The flow rate of He gas controls not only the gas pressure in the sample cell, but also the transport efficiency of the sample particles from the cell to the ICP, and the gas flow rate must be optimized to maximize the signal intensity of the analytes. The flow rates of the He carrier and Ar makeup gas were tuned to maximize the signal intensity of the analytes, and in the case of (238)U from the NIST SRM610 glass material, the signal intensity could be maximized with gas flow rates of 0.4 L/min for He and 1.2 L/min for Ar. The resulting gas pressure in the cell was 30 - 35 kPa. Using the low gas pressure cell device, the stability in the signal intensities and the resulting precision in isotopic ratio measurements were evaluated. The signal intensity profile of (63)Cu obtained by laser ablation from a metallic sample (NIST SRM976) demonstrated that typical spikes in the transient signal, which can become a large source of analytical error, were no longer found. The resulting precision in the (65)Cu/(63)Cu ratio measurements was 2 - 3% (n = 10, 2SD), which was half of the level obtained by laser ablation under atmospheric pressure (6 - 10%). The newly developed low-pressure cell device provides easier optimization of the operational conditions, together with smaller degrees of sample re-deposition and better stability in the signal intensity, even from a metallic sample.     

Efficiency of sample introduction into inductively coupled plasma by graphite furnace electrothermal vaporization

A laboratory constructed graphite furnace electrothermal vaporizer (GF-ETV) was used for studying transport efficiencies. This device enables collection of the vaporization products that exit the central sampling hole of the horizontal graphite tube. For determination of the transport efficiency between the GF-ETV and the ICP-torch three methods were tested: (1) deposition of the aerosol particles and the vapour of certain elements by mixing the vaporization product with supersaturated steam and subsequent condensation (direct method); (2) dissolution of the deposited sample fraction from the interface components (indirect method); and (3) calculation from line intensities when applying GF-ETV and pneumatic nebulization sample introduction methods using mercury as a reference element. The latter, `mercury reference method' required 100% transport efficiency for mercury with the ETV, which could be approximated with the use of argon as carrier gas (without halocarbon addition). With a 200 cm³/min flow rate of internal argon in the graphite tube, the transport efficiency was between 67 and 76% for medium volatility elements (Cu, Mn and Mg) and between 32 and 38% for volatile elements (Cd and Zn). By adding carbon tetrachloride vapour to the internal argon flow, the transport efficiency increased to 67–73% for the five elements studied.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定玻纤滤筒中金属元素本底值的预处理方法探讨

探讨了不同预处理方法对国产玻纤滤筒本底值的降低效果,便于废气样品的分析测定。分别对空白滤筒、热硝酸、硝酸+硫酸和硝酸+EDTA、HCl处理后的滤筒进行分析,测得滤筒中金属元素的含量;对处理效果较好的一批滤筒进行空白加标,考察加标回收率,全程用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICPMS)法对样品进行测定,结果发现空白滤筒中部分金属元素含量较高;热硝酸处理后,滤筒本底中铅含量有所降低,但其它元素去除效果不显著;硝酸+硫酸处理后,滤筒中铅含量剧增;硝酸+EDTA处理滤筒,铅可以得到较好的去除效果,大部分金属元素含量有了明显降低;基于HCl对金属有较好的溶出效果,浸泡可较好地降低滤筒中金属元素的含量,但大量氯离子存在对ICP-MS法测定的干扰较大。对硝酸+EDTA处理后的滤筒进行空白加标,大部分金属元素加标回收率75%。故以硝酸+EDTA处理玻纤滤筒可以使国产玻纤滤筒适用于废气样品的分析。     

Plasma behavior during electrothermal vaporization sample introduction in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

Electrothermal vaporization (ETV) sample introduction in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry suffers from severe matrix effects. In the present study, the differences between wet and dry plasma conditions are studied. In addition, the influence of the sample composition was investigated. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer, with detection based on charge transfer, allowed the simultaneous measurement of ionic and atomic emission line intensities during the transient signal. Mg and Cr were the test elements. The ion-to-atom line ratio increases at higher power settings, but the changes were larger when a nebulizer was used for sample introduction than with ETV sample introduction. The decrease of ion-to-atom line ratios at increasing observation height was more pronounced when ETV was used, due to the absence of water vapor. The gas flow rate showed a stronger influence for nebulization than for ETV. In the presence of a calcium matrix, lower ion-to-atom line ratios were observed, but the ratio did not change significantly within the transient emission signal. Similar line ratios were observed for different amounts of calcium matrix. The values of ion-to-atom line ratios for Mg and Cr indicate that the plasma ionization and thermal characteristics are not modified due to the presence of the calcium matrix.