CTAB/TX-100微乳液凝胶固定化脂肪酶的催化水解活性

以α-单硬脂酸甘油酯的水解反应为指示反应,初步研究了CTAB/TX-100微乳液凝胶（MBG）固定化脂肪酶的催化水解活性及其主要影响因素。结果表明,在水溶液中,CTAB/TX-100 MBG固定化脂肪酶能顺利地催化α-单硬脂酸甘油酯的水解反应,且反应后凝胶块仍能保持较好的机械强度。其催化水解活性在反应初期增加明显,随反...     

巨大芽胞杆菌环氧水解酶的固定化及其催化性能

考察了多种载体对巨大芽孢杆菌ECU1001环氧水解酶的固定化.以大孔DEAE-纤维素离子交换树脂为载体时,固定化酶的活力回收达70%.进一步考察了温度和pH对固定化酶活力的影响,并使用该固定化酶进行了缩水甘油苯基醚对映选择性水解批次反应.结果表明,在较低的底物浓度下该固定化酶的稳定性较好,10批反应后仍然剩余72.4%的活力.     

有机相中固定化脂肪酶催化合成植物甾醇酯

酶法合成植物甾醇酯具有反应条件温和、产物纯度和产量高等优点,但非水相酶催化的活性和稳定性普遍较低.本文以大孔树脂固定化脂肪酶为催化剂,并在催化过程中添加乳糖的类似物,构建了有机相高效合成植物甾醇酯的工艺过程.以酯化率为考察指标,对脂肪酶和反应溶剂进行筛选,对酯化条件进行优化,同时考察了糖的种类及添加量对酶催化性能的影响.结果表明,大孔树脂NKA吸附固定化的褶皱假丝酵母(Candida rugosa)脂肪酶(NKA-CRL)为最适宜的催化剂,以正己烷为反应介质,在酸醇摩尔比为2和添加酶蛋白质量7.5%的海藻糖的条件下,40°C反应10 h,酯化率达到96.6%.连续6次催化后,植物甾醇的酯化率仍维持在85.0%以上.     

固定化木瓜蛋白酶的制备和性质研究

多孔硅球固定化木瓜蛋白酶具有热增活性 .本文在前文研究的基础上 ,用载体交联法制备了甲壳胺固定化木瓜蛋白酶和纤维素固定化木瓜蛋白酶 .考察了固定化pH值、戊二醛浓度和给酶量对固定化木瓜蛋白酶活力的影响 .研究了固定化木瓜蛋白酶的性质 ,特别是热稳定性和耐热性 ,并与溶液酶和多孔硅球固定化木瓜蛋白酶进行了比较 .所制得的甲壳胺固定化木瓜蛋白酶和纤维素固定化木瓜蛋白酶的最适反应温度均达到了 80℃ ;90℃温育 1h后固定化酶的活力保持在 95 %以上 ;70℃温育处理 5h和 6h后固定化酶的活力也仍能保持在 90 %以上 .固定化木瓜蛋白酶的热稳定性和耐热性得到了显著提高     

聚乙烯醇-壳聚糖复合物包埋微生物高效降解水中苯酚的研究

苯酚属于高毒性有机物,工业废水中常含有苯酚等酚类污染物,即使低浓度排放,对生态环境也会造成极大的危害。本文以聚乙烯醇-壳聚糖复合物为载体包埋微生物,获得了高效降解水中苯酚的固定化微生物球形催化剂。固定化微生物初次处理苯酚水溶液,30℃下反应120 h,苯酚浓度由100 mg·L~(-1)降至0.48 mg·L~(-1),苯酚降解率高于99%;而在相同条件下,使用游离微生物苯酚的降解率仅为21.1%。固定化微生物重复使用处理苯酚水溶液,催化活性提高显著,第4次重复使用,反应5 h苯酚的降解率已达到99%;65次循环处理苯酚水溶液,苯酚的降解率达到99%所用的时间几乎保持不变(5 h)。聚乙烯醇-壳聚糖复合物包埋微生物,既包埋了微生物实现了固定化,又为微生物活性的发挥提供了适宜的微环境,使得制备的固定化微生物具有良好的催化活性和重复使用性。     

绿豆环氧水解酶催化对硝基苯乙烯氧化物的对映归一性水解

利用绿豆环氧水解酶催化(R,S)-对硝基苯乙烯氧化物水解,产物(R)-对硝基苯乙二醇的产率超过常规酶促拆分的极限产率(50%), 表明发生了对映体会聚. 采用绿豆粉剂和粗酶制剂考察了不同条件下的生物催化反应,结果表明,添加吐温-80 作为分散剂对反应有促进作用. 对该酶的固定化进行了初步研究,发现酶经硅藻土吸附固定化后稳定性显著增加. 在克级规模制备实验中,产物的总产率达73.3%;产物经一步重结晶,得到了光学纯度大于99%的(R)-对硝基苯乙二醇.     

内酯酶产生菌的筛选及其催化拆分手性内酯的性能

以γ-丁内酯系列化合物作为唯一碳源,通过富集培养从土壤中分离得到180株产内酯酶的菌株.经反复筛选,从中挑选出两株内酯水解活性和选择性均较高的菌株.经鉴定,这两株真菌皆为镰孢霉菌属,分别命名为Fusarium moniliformeECU2001和Fusarium prollyeratum ECU2002.对这两株菌的产酶特性进行了研究,发现ECU2001的内酯酶属于胞内酶,而ECU2002的内酯酶同时存在于胞内和胞外.选择戊二醛交联的方法对这两株菌进行了细胞固定化,结果表明,ECU2002固定化细胞的活力、选择性和稳定性都优于ECU2001.ECU2002固定化细胞反应的适宜温度和pH分别为50℃和7.0～7.5.考察了ECU2002固定化细胞的底物专一性,发现底物为α-羟基-γ-丁内酯时,固定化细胞的活性最高,其催化速率是γ-丁内酯的54.3倍.利用ECU2002固定化细胞催化α-羟基-γ-丁内酯的对映选择性水解,固定化细胞重复使用10批后活力仍保持为初始活力的92.8%,水解产物经内酯化后得到(R)-α-羟基-γ-丁内酯的光学纯度为92.8%～96.1?.     

海藻酸钙凝胶包埋乳酸氧化酶催化DL-乳酸生产丙酮酸

研究了用海藻酸钠包埋、戊二醛交联法固定耻垢分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium Srnegmatis)生成乳酸氧化酶的最佳条件,比较了原酶与固定化酶的酶学性质.将1mL酶液和1 mL质量分数为3%的海藻酸钠溶液的混合液,用注射器滴加到20 mL0.2 mol/L.的CaCl2溶液中,25℃静置固化2 h后,过滤洗涤,将同体转移至20 mL质量分数为0.2%戊二醛溶液中37℃交联2 h后,过滤、洗涤和干燥得到球状同定化酶.固定化酶的活力回收率为39.8%.酶学性质研究表明,此固定化酶的热稳定性较好,游离酶在65 ℃保温l h酶蛋白完全变性失活,而固定化酶在65℃保温1 h仍可保持86%的酶活力;其最适酶促反应温度可由37℃升至55℃,最适反应pH=7.4保持不变;在不加保护剂的条件下,4℃放置50 d后游离酶仅保持40%以上的酶活力,而固定化酶能保持80%以上的酶活力.该固定化乳酸氧化酶用于催化氧化DL-乳酸生产丙酮酸,3 h后丙酮酸产率可达75%,连续循环使用5次固定化酶活力仍保持85%.     

吸附-纤维素覆膜联合固定化酶

以食品工业中常用的木瓜蛋白酶为模式酶, 建立了吸附-纤维素覆膜联合固定化酶方法. 通过对吸附载体类别、 纤维素种类及溶剂、 保护剂种类及其浓度、 干燥方式及时间等的优化, 得到最佳的吸附-纤维素覆膜联合固定化酶工艺. 以硅藻土或HPD-417(大孔树脂)作为吸附载体, 甲基纤维素(分子量40000~50000)丙酮溶液作为覆膜溶液, 加入6%(质量分数)的聚乙二醇或麦芽糖作为覆膜保护剂, 于4 ℃干燥9 h, 制得固定化木瓜蛋白酶, 硅藻土吸附-纤维素覆膜固定化酶酶活回收率达到96.50%, HPD-417吸附-纤维素覆膜固定化酶酶活回收率达到93.92%. 对吸附-纤维素覆膜固定化酶的性质进行了研究, 发现纤维素覆膜后固定化酶具有良好的热稳定性, 于80 ℃下保存12 h后, 固定化酶活残余率仍然能保持90%左右; 在pH=4.5~9.5的范围内, 固定化酶的稳定性较好; 连续使用9次后, 固定化酶活残余率仍能保持95%左右.     

多孔硅球固定化木瓜蛋白酶的制备和性质

用载体交联法制备了多孔硅球固定化木瓜蛋白酶。考察了固定化时间、温度、pH值、给酶量和成二醛浓度对固定化木瓜蛋白酶活力的影响。研究了固定化木瓜蛋白酶的性质，并同溶液酶进行了比较。着重考察了固定化木瓜蛋白酶的热稳定性。所制得的固定化木瓜蛋白酶最适温育温度达到80℃，对底物酪蛋白的水解活力随温度的升高而增加，在90℃达到最高值；在70℃温育12小时后酶活力仍能保持高水平。     

Immobilization of a lactase onto a magnetic support by covalent attachment to polyethyleneimine-glutaraldehyde-activated magnetite

A magnetic immobilized lactase has been prepared using magnetite as the magnetic material. Magnetite was functionalized by treatment with polyethyleneimine and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Lactase was then covalently coupled to the activated magnetic matrix via the aldehyde groups. The conditions for optimal immobilization of enzyme are described. Eighty percent of the lactase activity was lost on immobilization and is thought to be owing to the orientation of enzyme binding to the matrix. The amount of protein coupled was 80% of that applied. The maximum lactase activity retained on the matrix following immobilization was 360 U/g matrix. The immobilized lactase showed optimal activity at pH 4.5 and 65 degrees C. The immobilized lactase was more heat stable than the free enzyme, and retained 83% of its original activity after 14 d at 55 degrees C. Galactose competitively inhibited the immobilized lactase preparation (Ki 20 m/M). The presence of high initial concentrations of galactose (10% w/v) did not prevent total hydrolysis of lactose. Glucose and calcium ions were activators of the immobilized enzyme. The immobilized enzyme hydrolyzed high concentrations of lactose (up to 25% w/v) to completion within 4-6 h in a stirred batch reactor at 55 degrees C. There was no evidence of substrate inhibition at high substrate concentrations. The efficiency of hydrolysis of lactose by the immobilized lactase was better than that of the free enzyme. The magnetic immobilized lactase was demonstrated to be suitable for use in the enzymatic hydrolysis of both pure, and cheese whey permeate, lactose.     

Selection of the most effective kinetic model of lactase hydrolysis by immobilized Aspergillus niger and free β-galactosidase

The kinetic model of the hydrolysis of lactose by β-galactosidase from Aspergillus niger immobilized on a commercial ceramic monoliths was estimated in the attendance of lactose and its hydrolysis reaction products galactose and glucose. The aim of this work was to developing kinetic model of lactase hydrolysis by Aspergillus niger. The variables in this study are temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and final product. The optimum temperature used to achieve the best hydrolysis performance in the kinetic model selection was 55 and 60 °C. The optimum pH used for enzyme activity was about 3.5 to 4. Five kinetic models were proposed to confirm experimental data the enzymatic reaction of the lactose hydrolysis by the β-galactosidase. The kinetics of lactose hydrolysis by both Immobilized and soluble lactases were scrutinized in a batch reactor system in the lack of any mass conduction restriction. In both instance the galactose inhibition kinetic models predicted the experimental data. The model is capable to fit the experimental data correctly in the extensive experimental span studied.     

Enhanced Properties and Lactose Hydrolysis Efficiencies of Food-Grade β-Galactosidases Immobilized on Various Supports: a Comparative Approach

In this study, a fungal and two yeast β-galactosidases were immobilized using alginate and chitosan. The biochemical parameters and lactose hydrolysis abilities of immobilized enzymes were analyzed. The pH optima of immobilized fungal β-galactosidases shifted to more acidic pH compared to free enzyme. Remarkably, the optimal temperature of chitosan-entrapped yeast enzyme, Maxilact, increased to 60 °C, which is significantly higher than that of the free Maxilact (40 °C) and other immobilized forms. Chitosan-immobilized A. oryzae β-galactosidase showed improved lactose hydrolysis (95.7%) from milk, compared to the free enzyme (82.7%) in 12 h. Chitosan-immobilized Maxilact was the most efficient in lactose removal from milk (100% lactose hydrolysis in 2 h). The immobilized lactases displayed excellent reusability, and chitosan-immobilized Maxilact hydrolyzed >?95% lactose in milk after five reuses. Compared to free enzymes, the immobilized enzymes are more suitable for cost-effective industrial production of low-lactose milk due to improved thermal activity, lactose hydrolysis efficiencies, and reusability.

     

Effect of the variation of the level of lactose conversion in an immobilized lactase reactor upon operating costs for the production of baker’s yeast from hydrolyzed cottage cheese whey permeate

Operating costs for the production of Baker’s yeast from hydrolyzed permeate from the ultrafiltration of cottage cheese whey were calculated as a function of the level of lactose conversion in the immobilized lactase reactor. These costs were calculated for the case of 90% conversion of lactose in the reactor and compared to those that result when running the reactor at lower conversions with recycle of unreacted lactose. Total operating costs were estimated by combining individual operating costs for the immobilized enzyme reactor, costs associated with processing a lactose recycle stream, and energy costs associated with cooling the reactor feed stream and sterilizing the hydrolysate stream. It was determined that operating costs are minimized at about 9.9 ￠/lb. of lactose when the reactor is run at approx. 72% conversion. This represents a savings of 2.4 ￠/lb. of lactose over the case of a once-through 90% conversion of lactose in the reactor.     

Cell Disruption Optimization and Covalent Immobilization of β-D-Galactosidase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kluyveromyces marxianus</Emphasis> YW-1 for Lactose Hydrolysis in Milk

β-D-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) from Kluyveromyces marxianus YW-1, an isolate from whey, has been studied in terms of cell disruption to liberate the useful enzyme. The enzyme produced in a bioreactor on a wheat bran medium has been successfully immobilized with a view to developing a commercially usable technology for lactose hydrolysis in the food industry. Three chemical and three physical methods of cell disruption were tested and a method of grinding with river sand was found to give highest enzyme activity (720 U). The enzyme was covalently immobilized on gelatin. Immobilized enzyme had optimum pH and temperature of 7.0 and 40 °C, respectively and was found to give 49% hydrolysis of lactose in milk after 4 h of incubation. The immobilized enzyme was used for eight hydrolysis batches without appreciable loss in activity. The retention of high catalytic activity compared with the losses experienced with several previously reported immobilized versions of the enzyme is significant. The method of immobilization is simple, effective, and can be used for the immobilization of other enzymes.     

Lactose hydrolysis and formation of galactooligosaccharides by a novel immobilized β-galactosidase from the thermophilic fungus Talaromyces thermophilus

β-Galactosidase from the fungus Talaromyces thermophilus CBS 236.58 was immobilized by covalent attachment onto the insoluble carrier Eupergit C with a high binding efficiency of 95%. Immobilization increased both activity and stability at higher pH values and temperature when compared with the free enzyme. Especially the effect of immobilization on thermostability is notable. This is expressed by the half-lifetime of the activity at 50°C, which was determined to be 8 and 27 h for the free and immobilized enzymes, respectively. Although immobilization did not significantly change kinetic parameters for the substrate lactose, a considerable decrease in the maximum reaction velocity V _max was observed for the artificial substrate o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (oNPG). The hydrolysis of both oNPG and lactose is competitively inhibited by the end products glucose and galactose. However, this inhibition is only very moderate as judged from kinetic analysis with glucose exerting a more pronounced inhibitory effect. It was evident from bioconversion experiments with 20% lactose as substrate, that the immobilized enzyme showed a strong transgalactosylation reaction, resulting in the formation of galactooligosaccharides (GalOS). The maximum yield of GalOS of 34% was obtained when the degree of lactose conversion was roughly 80%. Hence, this immobilized enzyme can be useful both for the cleavage of lactose at elevated temperatures, and the formation of GalOS, prebiotic sugars that have a number of interesting properties for food applications.     

Production and Digestibility Studies of β-Galactosyl Xylitol Derivatives Using Heterogeneous Catalysts of LacA β-Galactosidase from Lactobacillus Plantarum WCFS1

The synthesis of β-galactosyl xylitol derivatives using immobilized LacA β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 is presented. These compounds have the potential to replace traditional sugars by their properties as sweetener and taking the advantages of a low digestibility. The enzyme was immobilized on different supports, obtaining immobilized preparations with different activity and stability. The immobilization on agarose-IDA-Zn-CHO in the presence of galactose allowed for the conserving of 78% of the offered activity. This preparation was 3.8 times more stable than soluble. Since the enzyme has polyhistidine tags, this support allowed the immobilization, purification and stabilization in one step. The immobilized preparation was used in synthesis obtaining two main products and a total of around 68 g/L of β-galactosyl xylitol derivatives and improving the synthesis/hydrolysis ratio by around 30% compared to that of the soluble enzyme. The catalyst was recycled 10 times, preserving an activity higher than 50%. The in vitro intestinal digestibility of the main β-galactosyl xylitol derivatives was lower than that of lactose, being around 6 and 15% for the galacto-xylitol derivatives compared to 55% of lactose after 120 min of digestion. The optimal amount immobilized constitutes a very useful tool to synthetize β-galactosyl xylitol derivatives since it can be used as a catalyst with high yield and being recycled for at least 10 more cycles.     

Lactase in Immobilized Cells of Watermelon

A cell suspension culture of Citrullus vulgaris Schrad cv. Samara was permeabilized by Tween 80 and immobilized by glutaraldehyde. The highest lactase activity was achieved at pH 4.3, the temperature optimum for cell suspension was at 50°C, while for the immobilized cells the optimum was at 58°C. The hydrolysis of substrate was linear for 3 h, reaching 60-67% conversion rate. The cells were characterized by high enzyme activity. The stability of the enzyme showed convenient physico-mechanical properties (physical protection from shear forces and easy separation of product from biocatalysts) in long-term storage.     

Flow-injection determination of sugars with immobilized enzyme reactions and chemiluminescence detection

Glucose is determined by reaction with gluocose oxidase to produce hydrogen peroxide which is quantified via a chemiluminescence reaction with luminol. Sucrose, maltose, lactose and fructose are determined by enzymatic conversion to glucose (using invertase, amyloglucosidase, lactase. and glucose isomerase, respectively) and subsequent determination of the glucose, All enzymes are immobilized on controlled-pore glass and contained in flow-through reactors. For glucose, sucrose, and maltose the linear log-log working range 0.2 μM-1 mM, with a detection limit of 0.1 μM; for lactose and fructose the linear working range is 3 μM-1 mM with a detection limit of 1 μM. Assay time is 2 min.     

Lactase Production by Solid-state Cultivation of Kluyveromyces marxianus CDBBL 278 on an Inert Support: Effect of Inoculum, Buffer, and Nitrogen Source

A study was carried out to select the conditions for cultivation of Kluyveromyces marxianus CDBBL 278 in solid-state culture (SSC) using polyurethane foam (PUF) as an inert support. PUF was impregnated with culture media containing lactose (50 g/L) as the carbon and energy source. Evaluation of culture parameters during different growth phases was carried out by respirometry. The effect of inoculum level, buffer capacity of the medium, and nitrogen source upon the yield of biomass on lactose (Yx/s) and production of lactase and inulinase was investigated. The highest lactase titre was achieved with an inoculum level of 1 x 10(7) cells per gram of wet matter (gwm) and 20% of the total nitrogen source provided as urea. The best biomass yield (0.37) was obtained when less than 40% of the total nitrogen was provided as urea. Using potassium phosphate allowed 90% substrate consumption in 30 h. In the best conditions, intracellular lactase and extracellular inulinase activities of 1147.7 IU/gX and 241.6 IU/gX were obtained, respectively, with a lag phase of 13.8 h and a rate of respiratory activity (microCO2) of 0.23 +/- 0.01 h(-1). To our knowledge, this is the first report on lactase production by K. marxianus CDBBL 278 in SSC. This study gives basic information about biomass yield and enzyme production using lactose as the sole carbon source in SSC on an inert support.