预扭转钨合金杆弹侵彻钢靶的数值模拟

在实验的基础上 ,对预扭转钨合金长杆弹提出了一个唯象的本构模型和破坏准则 ,并针对预扭转钨合金长杆弹侵彻厚钢靶进行二维有限元计算 ,得到了侵彻过程中的主要物理图象和曲线 ,进而对计算结果进行了分析讨论。计算结果表明 ,侵彻过程中的主要物理数据与实验测量结果基本一致。     

钨杆弹斜侵彻研究

利用二级轻气炮将直径４ｍｍ、长４０ｍｍ的圆往形钨杆加速到１．５～２．１ｋｍ／ｓ的高速度，以入射角＝０～８５侵彻半无限钢靶。通过光电测试和回收样品的观察分析得到了钨杆击靶速度、入射角度对侵彻深度、坑体形状以及弹靶材料微观结构的影响。确认了斜侵彻时坑深的垂直分量与正入射时侵深之间的余弦变化关系。对所得结果进行了简要的讨论。     

前置组合杆体垂直侵彻钢靶简化模型

针对均质长杆体侵彻能力提高陷入瓶颈的问题,设计了由高密度钨合金和高硬度碳化钨组合的新型前置组合杆体。通过试验和数值模拟验证,前置组合杆体能利用材料的不同性能,在稳定侵彻阶段形成更尖锐头部形状,从而提高侵彻能力。根据试验和数值模拟结果,描述了前置组合杆体垂直侵彻钢靶的物理图像,将前置组合杆体侵彻划分为开坑段、组杆段和单杆段三部分,分别建立其各自侵彻阶段的理论模型,最终得到前置组合杆体总侵彻深度计算模型。通过与试验和数值模拟结果对比,验证了该模型的合理性。

     

大质量钨合金动能块高速侵彻超高强度钢靶作用特性

为研究超高强度钢靶抗大质量钨合金动能块的侵彻性能及破坏特性,基于弹道炮开展了215 g圆柱形钨合金动能块高速侵彻半无限超高强度G50钢靶和低强度45钢靶试验,获得了不同速度侵彻下两种钢靶的侵彻深度和成坑体积。试验表明,不同于低强度钢靶的近似圆柱体成坑特性,钨合金动能块侵彻超高强度钢靶时,在靶板内形成了类锥形弹坑,成坑侧面和坑底均有拉伸崩落裂纹;分析了超高强度钢靶的侵彻破坏特性,指出侵彻过程中钨合金动能块局部破碎引起靶板内的卸载拉伸剥落和动能块的侵彻锐化行为联合导致了类锥体弹坑的形成。通过数值模拟验证了超高强度钢靶的高速侵彻破坏机制。     

钨合金弹体对混凝土靶的超高速侵彻机理

为研究钨合金弹体超高速侵彻混凝土靶的相关机理,构建了适用于超高速撞击的金属强度模型、失效模型和混凝土的本构模型,对93钨合金弹体超高速撞击混凝土靶问题进行了数值模拟。开展了钨合金弹体超高速撞击混凝土靶实验,分析了靶板成坑特性,研究了侵彻总深度和残余弹体长度随撞击速度的变化规律,理论分析了长杆钨弹超高速撞击混凝土的侵彻模型和混凝土靶内的应力波传播。得到以下主要结论:（1）利用金属及混凝土的新本构模型获得的超高速撞击混凝土靶的破坏形貌数值模拟结果与实验结果一致;（2）超高速撞击条件下混凝土靶成坑为“弹坑＋弹洞”形,成坑体积与弹体动能近似成正比;（3）超高速撞击条件下,侵彻深度随弹速提高呈现先增大后减小的现象,高速段侵深降低是弹体经历销蚀侵彻后“刚体侵彻阶段”减少造成的;（4）建立的钨合金超高速撞击混凝土侵彻分析模型,可用来预估侵彻深度、残余弹长、蘑菇头直径等参数;（5）采用建立的超高速撞击混凝土靶内应力波传播理论模型得到的计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

预扭转钨合金杆弹侵彻能力的细观研究

对预扭转和未扭转钨合金杆弹弹道实验后的残余弹体和碎片进行了细观金相分析 ,发现钨合金预扭转后钨晶粒变形方向与最大剪应力方向接近 ,因此在弹靶冲击过程中有利于绝热剪切变形和剪切破坏的发生。钨弹残余弹头上观察到的绝热剪切带说明 ,预扭转弹在侵彻过程中要比未扭转弹更易于自锐 ,这是预扭转杆弹侵彻能力得到提高的根本原因。     

钨球对高硬度钢斜侵彻效应

为研究高硬度钢板抗不同着角钨球的侵彻性能及破坏模式,通过弹道枪进行了?8 mm、?11 mm钨合金球形破片以0°、20°、40°着角撞击厚度为6 mm、8 mm的高硬度钢板试验,得到了极限贯穿速度v₅₀;分析了钨球轴向径向变形及靶板失效模式与撞击速度的关系,发现高硬度钢板失效模式主要为压缩开坑破坏和沿厚度方向剪切破坏。采用有限元方法对试验进行了模拟,验证了数值模型及参数的合理性,并运用数值模拟方法研究了撞击着角对靶板吸能模式影响,结合试验数据,修正已有极限贯穿速度计算公式。结果表明:随侵彻着角增大,极限贯穿速度提高,且着角越大,极限贯穿速度增长越快;随着角增大,靶板吸能模式逐渐由压缩开坑向剪切冲塞过渡,且着角大于50°时,剪切冲塞耗能将超过压缩开坑耗能;修正后极限贯穿速度计算公式适用范围更广、精度更高,具有较好工程应用价值。     

球形钨合金破片终点弹道性能实验研究

实验研究了球形钨合金破片的速度衰减规律、爆轰驱动下的变形和破碎、对半无限钢靶的侵彻以及对薄钢靶的贯穿。结果表明:(1)破片长距离(120m)飞行时的衰减系数为常数,阻力系数与破片初速成线性关系;(2)在爆轰驱动下,直径为6.0和7.5mm的破片破碎率为2%～3%,而直径为8.5mm的破碎率为45%;(3)破片长距离飞行后仍有很强的穿甲能力。     

杆弹侵彻钢纤维混凝土实验研究

采用DOP实验方法,进行了35CrMnSiA杆弹对不同钢纤维体积含量的钢纤维混凝土的侵彻实验.分别研究了杆弹着速和钢纤维体积含量对钢纤维混凝土杭侵彻性能的影响.实验表明,随着弹速增加,不同钢纤维含量的钢纤维混凝土侵彻深度都会增加,但钢纤维混凝土中弹体便深增加较素混凝土缓慢;而钢纤维能增强混凝土的抗侵彻性能,且随钢纤维体...     

钨合金/黄铜复合结构靶抗高速破片侵彻的实验研究

在二级轻气炮上对新设计的一种钨合金/黄铜的有间隙的复合结构靶板开展了抗侵彻实验研究。靶板材料为多层结构,层与层之间有10mm到50mm的间隙。为了得到最优的结构设计参数,在二级轻气炮上对这种结构的靶板进行了弹丸质量为3g～20g、弹丸速度为2000m/s～4100m/s的抗侵彻实验研究。研究结果表明,高密度、高硬度的93W合金板和H62黄铜是防护结构最佳选材之一;用它们的两组合设计的四层复合结构靶能抵抗质量约20g,速度约2000m/s的钢质破片的侵彻。这一研究结果为选择合理的防护结构提供实验支持。     

Al2O3陶瓷复合靶抗长杆弹侵彻性能和机理实验研究

用DOP(depthofpenetration)实验研究了质量分数为 90 %的Al2 O3 陶瓷复合靶抗长杆弹侵彻性能。实验表明 :随陶瓷厚度的增加 ,以差分效益系数和靶平均阻力表征的陶瓷复合靶的抗长杆弹侵彻性能降低 ;盖板能增强陶瓷复合靶抗侵彻性能。对回收陶瓷和盖板的破坏特征分析表明 :长杆弹对陶瓷复合靶侵彻过程大致可分为初期侵彻和稳定侵彻两个阶段 ,但对薄靶和厚靶 ,两个阶段在整个侵彻过程中所占比重不同。     

An atomistic-continuum Cosserat rod model of carbon nanotubes

The focus of the present work is an atomistic-continuum model of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based on an elastic rod theory which can exhibit geometric as well as material nonlinearity [Healey, T.J., 2002. Material symmetry and chirality in nonlinearly elastic rods. Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 7, 405-420]. In particular, the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) is modeled as a one-dimensional elastic continuum with some finite thickness bounded by the lateral surface. Exploitation of certain symmetries in the underlying atomic structure leads to suitable representations of the continuum elastic strain energy density in terms of strain measures that capture extension, twist, bending, and shear deformations [Healey, T.J., 2002. Material symmetry and chirality in nonlinearly elastic rods. Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 7, 405-420]. Bridging between the atomic scale and the effective continuum is carried out by parameterization of the continuum elastic energy and determination of the parameters using unit cell atomistic simulations over a range of deformation magnitudes and types. Specifically, the proposed model takes into account (a) bending, (b) twist, (c) shear, (d) extension, (e) coupled extension and twist, and (f) coupled bending and shear deformations. The extracted parameters reveal benefits of accounting for important anisotropic and large-strain effects as improvements over employing traditional, linearly elastic, isotropic, small-strain, continuum models to simulate deformations of atomic systems such as SWNTs. It is envisioned that the proposed approach and the extracted model parameters can serve as a useful input to simulations of SWNT deformations using existing nonlinearly elastic continuum codes based, for example, on the finite element method (FEM).     

Numerical study for influences of material parameters on hydrostatic bulging of metal sheet

In this paper, the influences of various material parameters, the hardening exponent (n), the rate sensitivity (m). the thickness anisotropy parameter (R) and the index M in the Hosford and Hill yield function, on the hydrostatic bulging of a circular clamped sheet of ductile metal materials are analysed by introducting a rigid-viscoplastic finite element method. By numerical studies, an empirical relationship within the average limit thickness strain – ₃ ^* and the material parameters (n andm) is obtained. Besides, it has been found that the influences of surface shapes of the yield function on the average limit thickness strain can be reflected by the Barlat'sP value which represents the effects ofR andM values.This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation and Natural Science Foundation of the Youth of China.     

Uniaxial material damping measurements using a fiber optic lattice: A discussion of its performance envelope

Damping is the internal transfer of kinetic energy to other forms of energy. Today, most methods use either bending or torsional vibration to measure damping. This means that the strain field in the specimen is nonhomogeneous. If the damping of the tested material is linear, strain-independent, the values acquired with these traditional methods will be equal to the intrinsic material damping of the material. If, however, the damping is strain-dependent, nonlinear, the measured value will be an average of the damping of the specimen, and not equal to its intrinsic material damping. To address this problem, a method is required to experimentally determine the damping in uniaxial tension in order to produce the same strain level in all parts of the test specimen and hence obtain a measurement of the intrinsic material damping. Using such a method, it is possible to view the material damping as the phase angle between the stress and the strain in a harmonic oscillation. In this paper, a method is suggested for measuring this phase shift in uniaxial tension to determine the material damping properties. It uses a tensile test machine, an optical fiber Bragg grating technique and a lock-in amplifier. Measurements with the phase shift technique have been suggested previously, but its performance envelope has been overestimated. In this paper, the performance envelope is discussed and restricted. It is shown that the envelope depends on the specimen length, loss factor and test frequency. An optical strain measurement method is also believed to help avoid many electrical measurement problems seen with the originally proposed method.     

Thermal post-bunkling analyses of functionally graded material rod

The non-linear governing differential equations of immovably simply supported functionally graded material (FGM) rod subjected to thermal loads were derived. The thermal post-buckling behaviors of FGM rod made of ZrO2 and Ti-6Al-4Vwere analyzed by shooting method. Firstly, the thermal post-buckling equilibrium paths of the FGM rod with different gradient index in the uniform temperature field were plotted, and compared with the behaviors of the homogeneous rods made of ZrO2 and Ti-6A1-4V materials, respectively. For given value of end rotation angles, the influence of gradient index on the thermal post-buckling behaviors of FGM rod was discussed. Secondly, the thermal post-buckling characteristics of the FGM rod were analyzed when the temperature difference parameter is changed while the bottom temperature parameter remains constant, and when the bottom temperature parameter is changed while the temperature difference parameter remains constant, and compared with the characteristics of the two homogeneous material rods.     

Coupling between finite element method and material point method for problems with extreme deformation

As a Lagrangian meshless method, the material point method (MPM) is suitable for dynamic problems with extreme deformation, but its efficiency and accuracy are not as good as that of the finite element method (FEM) for small deformation problems. Therefore, an algorithm for the coupling of FEM and MPM is proposed to take advantages of both methods. Furthermore, a conversion scheme of elements to particles is developed. Hence, the material domain is firstly discretized by finite elements, and then the distorted elements are automatically converted into MPM particles to avoid element entanglement. The interaction between finite elements and MPM particles is implemented based on the background grid in MPM framework. Numerical results are in good agreement with experimental data and the efficiency of this method is higher than that of both FEM and MPM.     

月牙形空腔结构金属靶的抗弹性能分析

为提高金属靶的抗弹性能,设计了一种含有月牙形空腔结构的金属靶。利用ABAQUS软件对月牙形空腔结构在12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹弹芯侵彻下的弹体偏转性能进行了数值模拟研究,讨论了月牙形状、弹着点和空间排布对弹体偏转效果的影响。结果表明:月牙形状对弹体的偏转效果有显著的影响;空腔结构在不同弹着点表现出不同的弹体偏转性能,处于空腔胞元最薄弱处附近的弹着点弹体偏转角度明显小于其他位置;空腔胞元空间排布的非对称化处理能够提升空腔结构对子弹的偏转效果。     

长杆和分段杆侵彻的数值模拟

利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA程序,采用Lagrange方法和Johnson-Cook本构模型,对长径比为5的平 头钨合金长杆弹、分段体长径比为1的理想分段杆和带套筒的分段杆侵彻半无限厚钢靶进行了三维数值模 拟。给出了侵彻过程中典型时刻的物理图像,并对3种杆的侵彻性能进行了比较。结果表明:分段杆侵彻深 度的主要贡献在相Ⅲ惯性扩孔阶段而非连续长杆的相Ⅱ准定常侵彻阶段;分段间隔对侵彻深度的增加有显 著影响;套筒的贡献主要在于弹坑直径的增加而对侵深影响微小。     

Predicting the onset of DNA supercoiling using a non-linear hemitropic elastic rod

Elastic rod models provide a means to interpret single molecule DNA experiments as well as predict DNA behavior under physiological conditions. Here we use an elastic rod model to predict the stability boundary (critical torque vs. applied tension) for single molecule DNA experiments in which the molecule is subjected to applied tension and twist. We discuss the shortcomings of the usual isotropic rod model. We then derive a consistent non-linear material law from the general representation for a hemitropic (chiral) rod. Finally, we present results of a standard bifurcation analysis predicting the stability boundary. We find results from the non-linear hemitropic rod to match the data closely.     

激光刻痕聚丙烯塑料失效破坏的参数识别

采用等效截面积法建立了激光加工微孔的有限元模型及带激光刻痕聚丙烯塑料板的冲击模型,并 通过参数识别方法确定了材料的失效应变。通过极差分析得出该塑料材料的冲击断裂强度随撕裂线直径的 增大而增大,随冲击速度的增大而减小。这与实验结果一致。