基于氟硼二吡咯染料的汞离子荧光分子探针的合成与光谱性质

合成了一种中位-苯甲酸基取代的氟硼二吡咯类染料衍生物(1)并研究了它的金属离子传感性能。在甲醇溶液中,染料1显示出显著的对汞离子具有选择性的"开-关"型亲离子荧光团响应,而对其他一些代表性碱金属、碱土金属、过渡金属及重金属离子等都没有明显的荧光响应;同时染料1在对所检测的金属离子中,通过其溶液颜色的改变对汞离子显示出明显的选择性显色行为,以便实现对汞离子的"裸眼检测"。     

α-呋喃甲醛缩对硝基苯胺对Hg2+的识别研究

设计合成了荧光传感分子α-呋喃甲醛缩对硝基苯胺(FFNA),通过红外(IR)光谱和核磁共振谱(1H NMR)表征了其结构.并应用荧光光谱研究其在水中对过渡金属离子的响应.结果表明,FFNA的荧光发射光谱对Hg2+表现出高的选择性响应,对Zn2+、Ni2+和Cd2+等金属离子响应则很弱;初步探讨了受体分子与Hg2+结合模式与荧光猝灭原因.     

基于T-T碱基错配的荧光传感器特异性检测汞离子

在本文中,我们研制了一种基于T-T碱基错配特异性键合汞离子的荧光传感器用于汞离子的检测。该传感器由两条分别标记了荧光基团（F）和淬灭基团（Q）的DNA探针组成,并且含有两对用于结合汞离子的T-T错配碱基。当汞离子存在时,两条探针之间形成T-Hg2+-T结构,作用力增强,从而拉近了荧光基团与淬灭基团之间的距离,发生能量转移,使荧光信号在一定程度上被淬灭。在优化的条件下,我们使用该传感器对汞离子进行检测,动力学响应范围为50nM到1000nM,线性相关方程为y= 5281.13 - 1650.56 lg[Hg2+] ( R2 = 0.985),检测下限为79nM。此外,我们还考察了该传感器的选择性,当用其它干扰离子（浓度都为1.0µM）代替待测离子进行实验时,没有发生明显的荧光淬灭,说明该传感器具有较高的选择性。该传感器的构建为汞离子的检测提供了一条快速、简便的新途径。     

Naphthylthiourea-modified permethylcyclodextrin as a highly sensitive and selective "turn-on" fluorescent chemosensor for Hg2+ in water and living cells

A naphthylthiourea-modified cyclodextrin (1) and its urea derivative (2) were synthesized, and their fluorescence behaviors in the presence of various metal ions were investigated. Significantly, 1 showed a highly sensitive and selective fluorescence sensing ability for Hg(2+) over other metal ions in both water and living cells. That is, the addition of Hg(2+) to an aqueous solution of 1 gave a significantly enhanced fluorescence at ~380 nm. In contrast, the addition of other metal ions induced negligible fluorescence changes. The possible mechanism may be due to the transformation of thiourea to urea by Hg(2+)-induced desulfurization in water.     

Ferrocene-thiophene dyads with azadiene spacers: electrochemical, electronic and cation sensing properties

The synthesis, electrochemical, electronic and cation sensing properties of ferrocene-thiophene ligands, linked by 2-aza-1,3-butadiene bridges, whose characteristics have been systematically varied by introducing the ferrocene moiety at the 1- or 4-position of the aza bridge, are presented. Spectroelectrochemical studies revealed the presence of low-energy bands in the partially oxidized forms, which indicate the existence of intramolecular electron-transfer between the iron center and the organic bridges. Some of the reported ligands have also shown to be efficient chemosensors for metal ions. Compounds 5a and 5b function as highly selective chemosensors for Mg2+ ions, while not showing any response to Ca2+ or alkali metal ions, whereas ligand 3b shows a selective sensing response to the soft Cd2+ metal ions over Hg2+ cations.     

New Hg2+-selective chromo- and fluoroionophore based upon 8-hydroxyquinoline

A new 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative having an appended boron-dipyrromethene function has been prepared, and its metal ion sensing properties were investigated. The designed compound exhibited pronounced Hg(2+)-selective on-off-type fluoroionophoric properties among the representative transition- and heavy-metal ions in aqueous dioxane solution. The fluorescence was efficiently quenched more than 98% with 5 equiv of Hg(2+) ions, and the detection limit was found to be 5 x 10(-)(6) M in a dioxane-water (1:3, v/v) solvent system. The ionophore also showed a selective chromogenic behavior toward Hg(2+) ions by changing the color of the solution from light amber to red, which can be detected with the naked eye.     

Molecular assembly directed by metal-aromatic interactions: control of the aggregation and photophysical properties of Zn-salen complexes by aromatic mercuration

There is widespread interest in non-covalent bonding and weak interactions, such as electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, solvophobic/hydrophobic interactions, metal-metal interactions, and π-π stacking, to tune the molecular assembly of planar π-conjugated organic and inorganic molecules. Inspired by the roles of metal-aromatic interaction in biological systems, such as in ion channels and metalloproteins, herein, we report the first example of the use of Hg(2+) -aromatic interactions to selectively control the assembly and disassembly of zinc-salen complexes in aqueous media; moreover, this process exhibited significant "turn on" fluorescent properties. UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopic analysis of the titration of Hg(2+) ions versus complex ZnL(1) revealed that the higher binding affinity of Hg(2+) ions (compared to 13 other metal ions) was ascribed to specific interactions between the Hg(2+) ions and the phenyl rings of ZnL(1); this result was also confirmed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and HRMS (ESI). Further evidence for this type of interaction was obtained from the reaction of small-molecule analogue L(1) with Hg(2+) ions, which demonstrates the proximity of the N-alkyl group to the aromatic protons during Hg(2+)-ion binding, which led to the consequential H/D exchange reaction with D(2) O. DFT modeling of such interactions between the Hg(2+) ions and the phenyl rings afforded calculated distances between the C and Hg atoms (2.29 ?) that were indicative of C-Hg bond-formation, under the direction of the N atom of the morpholine ring. The unusual coordination of Hg(2+) ions to the phenyl ring of the metallosalen complexes not only strengthened the binding ability but also increased the steric effect to promote the disassembly of ZnL(1) in aqueous media.     

A chelation enhanced selective fluorescence sensing of Hg2+ by a simple quinoline substituted tripodal amide receptor

Two tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) based tripodal amide fluoroionophores, 1 and 2, functionalized with quinoline (chelating fluorophore) and naphthalene (non-chelating fluorophore) respectively, are synthesized in good yields. Fluoroionophore 1 shows a selective UV-Vis spectral shift in the case of Hg(2+) in acetonitrile among different metal ions like Li(+), Na(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Cr(2+), Mn(2+), Fe(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+), Hg(2+), Pb(2+), and Ag(+). On the other hand, fluoroionophore 2 shows no selectivity towards any of the above metal ions in the UV-Vis study. Furthermore, 1 shows a selective chelation induced fluorescence enhancement in the presence of Hg(2+) whereas 2 shows the enhancement of fluorescence with most of the metal ions via a photoinduced charge transfer mechanism. The naked eye detection of Hg(2+) in an acetonitrile solution of 1 shows a greenish fluorescence upon UV light irradiation. The isolated Hg(2+) complex of 1, 3, shows a similar UV-Vis and fluorescence spectral output as observed from in situ spectroscopic studies of 1 in the presence of Hg(2+). Infra-red (IR) and (1)H- NMR studies also reveal the interaction of Hg(2+) with the quinoline nitrogen atoms as well as with the amide functionality.     

基于C3v对称性的杯[6]芳烃对Hg2+的荧光选择性识别

合成了一系列具有C3v对称性、下缘分别利用Se、Te和S杂原子连接蒽环发光基团的杯[6]芳烃衍生物1-3.通过紫外-可见光谱和荧光光谱研究了它们对各种碱金属离子和过渡态金属离子的化学传感识别行为. 结果表明,含有Se杂原子的主体1在CH2Cl2溶液中对Hg2+表现出良好的选择性. 并且,通过肉眼可以直接观察到溶液颜色由无色变为黄色.通过荧光光谱的连续滴定实验,主体1-Hg2+体系的稳定常数可达（1.12 ? 0.08) ? 105 M-1. 因此,化合物1有望成为一种用于检测Hg2+的新型化学传感器.     

A novel 2,6-dicarbonylpyridine-based fluorescent chemosensor for Co2+ with high selectivity and sensitivity

A novel fluorescence chemosensor based on 2,6-dicarbonylpyridine was designed and synthesized and its photophysical properties were characterized. Upon coordination of Co(2+) by the central 2,6-dicarbonylpyridinyl functional group, the chemosensor 2,6-bis(4-diphenylamino-styrylcarbonyl)pyridine (PhPy) showed nearly complete fluorescence quenching, while no fluorescence response was seen towards other competing cations. The experimental results show the chemosensor is highly selective and sensitive towards Co(2+) in the presence of competing ions, even in the ppb range. Job plot analysis was carried out and the results suggested that the binding of PhPy and Co(2+) was probably a 2?:?1 stoichiometry.     

A 'turn-on' FRET peptide sensor based on the mercury binding protein MerP

A new fluorescent peptidyl chemosensor based on the mercury binding MerP protein with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) capabilities has been synthesized via Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis. The metal chelating unit, which is flanked by the fluorophores tryptophan (donor) and dansyl (acceptor), contains amino acids from MerP's metal binding loop (sequence: dansyl-Gly-Gly-Thr-Leu-Ala-Val-Pro-Gly-Met-Thr-Cys-Ala-Ala-Cys-Pro-Ile-Thr-Val-Lys-Lys-Gly-Gly-Trp-CONH(2)). A FRET enhancement or 'turn-on' response was observed for Hg(2+) as well as for Zn(2+), Cd(2+) and Ag(+) in a pure aqueous solution at pH 7.0. The emission intensity of the acceptor was used to monitor the concentration of these metals ions with detection limits of 280, 6, 103 and 496 microg L(-1), respectively. No response was observed for the other transition, alkali and alkaline earth metals tested. The fluorescent enhancement observed is unique for Hg(2+) since this metal generally quenches fluorescence. The acceptor fluorescence increase resulting from metal binding-induced FRET suggests a sensor that is inherently more sensitive than one based on quenching by the binding event.     

A highly selective and sensitive BODIPY-based colourimetric and turn-on fluorescent sensor for Hg2+ ions

A series of monostyryl boron dipyrromethenes appended with an NO(4), NO(2)S(2), N(3)O(4), or N(3)O(2)S(2)-type ligand have been prepared and characterised. While the UV-Vis spectra of the former three compounds in CH(3)CN/H(2)O (2?:?3 v/v) do not respond towards a wide range of metal ions, the derivative with an N(3)O(2)S(2)-ligand exhibits a highly selective and sensitive spectral response towards Hg(2+) ions. The absorption band is blue-shifted by 40 nm due to inhibition of the intramolecular charge transfer process upon metal complexation. The fluorescence is also turned on giving a strong emission band at 572 nm. The colour changes can be easily detected by the naked eye. The results suggest that this compound serves as a promising colourimetric and fluorescent sensor for Hg(2+) ions in this mixed aqueous medium.     

Synthesis and fluorescence ion-sensory properties of the first dehydropyridoannulene-type cyclophane with enforced exotopic metal ion binding sites

The new twistophane 4 has been synthesised, which comprises a conjugated dehydropyridoannulene-type macrocyclic scaffold with outwardly projecting nitrogen-donor sites for the purpose of metal ion coordination. The macrocyclíc structure of 4 was assigned by using spectroscopic methods, and shown to exist in a twisted and chiral ground state conformation by semi-empirical theoretical calculations. A detailed spectroscopic investigation into the metal ion binding properties of 4 and precursor 11 revealed that they functioned as selective complexants, affording a fluorescence quenching output response characteristic of Pd(II) and Hg(II) ions. Furthermore, 4 also signalled the presence of Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Ag(I) ions by the precipitation of coordination polymers, and exhibited reversible proton-triggered fluorescence quenching behaviour. Macrocycle 4 thus represents a unique type of molecular sensory platform, which may find a wealth of potential applications such as the detection of heavy-metal pollutants, as well as for the fabrication of proton-switchable materials and coordination polymers with novel electronic and magnetic properties.     

水杨醛-4-甲氧基苯甲酰腙识别锌离子的研究

设计合成了荧光传感分子水杨醛-4-甲氧基苯甲酰腙(SAMB),通过IR、1HNMR和元素分析确证了其结构,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱考察了其对不同阳离子的识别作用。结果表明,SAMB的荧光发射对锌离子表现出高选择性响应,且形成1∶1型配合物。乙醇中锌离子的加入导致SAMB的荧光增强328倍,而其他过渡金属离子只引起SAMB的荧光的略微增强。初步探讨了受体分子与锌离子的结合模式与荧光增强机理。     

Intraparticle charge delocalization of carbene-functionalized ruthenium nanoparticles manipulated by selective ion binding

Olefin metathesis reactions of carbene-stabilized ruthenium nanoparticles were exploited for the incorporation of multiple functional moieties onto the nanoparticle surface. When the nanoparticles were cofunctionalized with 4-vinylbenzo-18-crown-6 and 1-vinylpyrene, the resulting particles exhibited fluorescence characteristics that were consistent with dimeric pyrene with a conjugated chemical bridge, with three peaks observed in the emission spectra at 391, 410, and 485 nm. The behaviors were ascribed to intraparticle charge delocalization between the pyrene moieties afforded by the conjugated Ru═carbene interfacial linkages. Notably, upon the binding of metal ions in the crown ether cavity, the emission intensity of the nanoparticle fluorescence was found to diminish at 485 nm and concurrently increase at 391 and 410 nm rather markedly, with the most significant effects observed with K(+). This was accounted for by the selective binding of 18-crown-6 to potassium ions, where the positively charged ions led to the polarization of the nanoparticle core electrons that was facililated by the conjugated linkage to the metal surface and hence impeded intraparticle charge delocalization. Control experiments with a pyrene-crown ether conjugate (2) and with ruthenium nanoparticles cofunctionalized with 4-vinylbenzo-18-crown-6 and 1-allylpyrene suggested that the through-bond pathway played a predominant role in the manipulation of intraparticle electronic communication whereas the contributions from simple electrostatic interactions (i.e., through-space pathway) were minimal.     

A methionine-based turn-on chemical sensor for selectively monitoring Hg2+ ions in 100% aqueous solution

Dansyl-labeled methionine is synthesized by solid-phase synthesis, and found to be a highly sensitive and selective sensor for Hg(2+). The sensor sensitively detects Hg(2+) ions in aqueous solution by a turn-on response; however, the sensor detects Hg(2+) ions by a turn-off response in organic and mixed aqueous-organic solutions. We investigated the binding stoichiometry, binding constant, and binding mode of the sensor under various solvent conditions. In 100% aqueous solution, 2 : 1 complexation of the sensor with Hg(2+) ions is more favorable than 1 : 1 complexation, whereas the sensor preferentially forms a 1 : 1 complex in 100% CH(3)CN or in 50% CH(3)CN-aqueous solutions. Results reveal that the stoichiometry of the sensor-Hg(2+) complex plays an important role in the type of response to Hg(2+) ions, and that 2 : 1 complexation is required for a turn-on response to Hg(2+) ions in aqueous solution.     

Rhodamine-based highly sensitive colorimetric off-on fluorescent chemosensor for Hg2+ in aqueous solution and for live cell imaging

A novel rhodamine-based highly sensitive and selective colorimetric off-on fluorescent chemosensor for Hg(2+) ions is designed and prepared by using the well-known thiospirolactam rhodamine chromophore and furfural hydrazone as signal-reporting groups. The photophysical characterization and Hg(2+)-binding properties of sensor RS1 in neutral N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) aqueous solution are also investigated. The signal change of the chemosensor is based on a specific metal ion induced reversible ring-opening mechanism of the rhodamine spirolactam. The response of the chemosensor for Hg(2+) ions is instantaneous and reversible. And it successfully exhibits a remarkably "turn on" response toward Hg(2+) over other metal ions (even those that exist in high concentration). Moreover, this sensor is applied for in vivo imaging in Rat Schwann cells to confirm that RS1 can be used as a fluorescent probe for monitoring Hg(2+) in living cells with satisfying results, which further demonstrates its value of practical applications in environmental and biological systems.     

Mercury ions complexation with a series of heterocyclic derivatives of 3-hydroxychromone: spectral effects and prospects for ultrasensitive Hg2+ probing

Complexation of three 3-hydroxychromone derivatives bearing a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moiety in the position 2 of the chromone bicycle - benzimidazole, quinoline, and 2,5-diphenyloxazole, with mercury(II) ions is reported. Formation of chelate complexes with the metal cations coordinated with the cavity formed by 3-OH and 4-C═O groups was shown, as well as the possibility of side moiety heteroatom participation in binding of metal ions. High sensitivity to mercury of 2,5-diphenyloxazole-substituted 3-hydroxychromone was elucidated, allowing to detect Hg(2+) below the maximum permissible concentration for drinking water. This makes the above-mentioned compound a prospective basis for development of sensors for ultralow mercury concentration detection in water. Unusual fluorescence ignition of 2-(quinolin-2-yl)-3-hydroxychromone at low Hg(2+) concentrations, rarely observed for heavy metals ions complexation with organic fluorescent ligands, was discussed.     

Synthesis and metal binding properties of novel sulfur-containing functional oligomer

The synthesis and metal ion binding properties of a new class of functional oligomers are described. Oligo[1-(N-phenylthiocarbamoyl)aziridine] (DP ca. 8) and its analogs are prepared by ring-opening oligomerization of the corresponding aziridine monomers in good yields. These oligomers contain sulfur groups capable of binding “soft” metal ions, and the selective binding properties of the novel oligomer for Cu(II) and Hg(II) ions are investigated by liquid-solid adsorption and liquid-liquid extraction experiments.     

A BODIPY-based colorimetric and fluorometric chemosensor for Hg(II) ions and its application to living cell imaging

A new monostyryl boron dipyrromethene derivative (MS1) appended with two triazole units indicates the presence of Hg(2+) among other metal ions with high selectivity by color change and red emission. Upon Hg(2+) binding, the absorption band of MS1 is blue-shifted by 29 nm due to the inhibition of the intramolecular charge transfer from the nitrogen to the BODIPY, resulting in a color change from blue to purple. Significant fluorescence enhancement is observed with MS1 in the presence of Hg(2+); the metal ions Ag(+), Ca(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(2+), Fe(3+), K(+), Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Ni(2+), Pb(2+), and Zn(2+) cause only minor changes in the fluorescence of the system. The apparent association constant (K(a)) of Hg(2+) binding in MS1 is found to be 1.864 × 10(5) M(-1). In addition, fluorescence microscopy experiments show that MS1 can be used as a fluorescent probe for detecting Hg(2+) in living cells.