超分子环糊精两亲分子

本文综述了“超分子环糊精两亲分子”的最新研究进展。超分子环糊精两亲分子主要包括疏水性修饰的环糊精衍生物(第一类)、环糊精衍生物与两亲分子的包合物(第二类)和环糊精衍生物与疏水性客体分子的包合物(第三类)。针对超分子环糊精两亲分子及其自组装体系的研究不但丰富了由诺贝尔化学奖得主Lehn等所提出的超分子化学的内涵,实现了多学科的交叉,而且在生物模拟、智能材料以及可控的、具有疗效的药物输运与缓释等领域具有潜在的应用前景。     

构建分子计算机的主要分子器件

1983年4月分子器件的第二次国际讨论会开幕词中提到:“实用性分子器件的成功将具有等价于20世纪任何主要科学突破的影响”;同时提到:“面对的问题是庞大的艰难的,将要费许多年去解决,要求极细致的工作和顽强的坚待。”在1986年10月第三次分子器件国际讨论会召开时,美国总统里根发来亲笔贺电。一个尚未见任何(象航天首次成     

分子整流器

分子尺寸器件是推动分子电子学发展的主力军。本文综述了分子整流器的工作原理，模型分子的设计，研究现状，存在的主要问题和今后的发展方向。     

分子工程学

分子工程学以体系的功能为导向,在分子水平上进行结构设计与施工,探索功能、结构与合成三者之间的关系原理,发展合成、制备与组装方法学,研究结构基元本征性质和构效关系。本文讨论了建设分子工程学这一新学科的重要性,介绍了自发单层分散原理与CO吸附剂、纳米结构光电功能体系、金属纳米簇基催化剂、表面分子多孔网络的精确可控组装以及功...     

从分子构造到分子构型和分子构象（中）

我们从(上)文看到,化学家们最初认为物质的性质只决定于物质的分子组成,后来逐渐认识到物质的性质除决定于物质的分子组成外,还决定于分子构造.     

从分子构造到分子构型和分子构象（上）

分子构造(constitution)是指分子中原子相互联结的方式和次序,过去长期以来称为分子结构((structure),根据国际纯粹和应用化学联合会的建议,改为“构造”。“结构”一词应用在广泛的范围,例如物质结构、原子的电子结构等等。     

从分子构造到分子构型和分子构象（下）

范特霍夫和列贝尔分别各自提出碳原子的四个价键指向一个正四面体的四个顶点概念确立后,1885年德国化学家拜尔(Baeyer,Adolphvon 1835-1917)发表价键的张力学说。他根据碳原子四个价键的正四面体模型,任何两个价键之间的正常角度应当是109o28',如图I所示。     

生物分子的单分子检测研究

本文评述了生物单分子检测的方法及其在生物大分子结构与功能之间的关系、酶的活性、反应动力学、分子构象、DNA和RNA的转录、蛋白质折叠等生物学重要问题研究上的应用。对生物单分子检测技术这一研究领域的发展趋势作了展望。     

基于分子纳米粒子的巨型分子

本文聚焦于一类非传统的高分子结构,也即基于分子纳米粒子(或称纳米原子,nano-atoms)的巨型分子(giant molecules)。分子纳米粒子是具有确定化学组成、分子对称性和表面官能团的三维刚性笼状骨架结构。巨型分子是利用分子纳米粒子基元构筑的具有精确结构的高分子。受到蛋白质中结构域概念的启发,我们提出经过表面官能化修饰的分子纳米粒子可以作为合成高分子的结构域和功能域,通过逆功能分析,结合包括点击化学在内的高效化学反应,来实现巨型分子的快速模块化合成、可控组装和功能评估,并利用其中得到的构效关系,更为系统地理解材料的性质和指导材料的进一步优化设计。同时,这种新型高分子也可被看成是尺寸放大的小分子。它的许多有趣的自组装行为和相应小分子既有相似之处,又有截然不同之处。比如,巨型表面活性剂在溶液中能像小分子表面活性剂一样组装成为尾链被拉伸的胶束,在本体中则像嵌段聚合物一样形成纳米相分离的结构。这些组装展现出对于一级化学结构不同寻常的敏感性,并容易形成一些非传统的罕见相态,包括Frank-Kasper相态、在低分子量层状晶体PEO中出现的非整数折叠以及在溶液组装中出现的多级结构。因此,我们认为巨型分子作为功能材料在将来的技术领域中将具有广阔的应用前景。     

从单分子到分子聚集态科学

有机光电功能材料的宏观性能不仅只依赖于基元分子自身的理化性质,还取决于其分子聚集行为和聚集态结构。在特定的聚集态结构中,分子间弱相互作用的加和与协同,可促进体系性能的拓展与质变,获得超越分子本征属性的功能。这凸显出当前化学研究逐步从关注单分子向分子聚集态科学转变,体现出分子聚集态研究的重要性。本文借助有机室温磷光性能对分子聚集态结构的高度灵敏性与响应性,系统探讨了分子聚集态结构的形成规律与核心影响因素。以此为基础,进一步拓展分子聚集态研究的应用领域,包括力致发光、有机二阶非线性光学、力致变色、有机发光二极管等,从静态调控到动态刺激响应(刺激源：力、热、光、电场等),从单一结构到多组分体系与器件,同时,确立了各种有机光功能材料的优势分子聚集形式,提出了聚集态调控的有效策略与研究思路,阐述了光电功能材料体系设计与合成的可控性与预见性。     

Unimolecular Rate Constants for the HF and HCl Elimination Reactions from Chemically Activated CF2ClSH

Chemically activated CF₃SH, CFCl₂SH, and CF₂ClSH were formed through combination of SH and CF₃, CFCl₂, and CF₂Cl radicals, respectively. The SH radical was prepared by abstraction of an H‐atom from H₂S by the halocarbon radical produced during photolysis of (CF₃)₂C=O, (CFCl₂)₂C=O, or (CF₂Cl)₂C=O. 1,2‐HX (X = F, Cl) elimination reactions were observed from CF₃SH, CFCl₂SH, and CF₂ClSH with products detected by GC‐MS. The combination reaction of CF₂Cl radicals with SH radicals prepared CF₂ClSH molecules with approximately 318 kJ/mol of internal energy. The experimental rate constants for elimination of HCl and HF from CF₂ClSH were 3 ± 3 × 10¹⁰ and 2 ± 1 × 10⁹ s^?1, respectively. Comparison to Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) calculated rate constants assigned the threshold energies as 171 ± 12 and 205 ± 12 kJ/mol for the unimolecular elimination of HCl and HF, respectively. Theoretical calculations using the B3PW91, MP2, and M062X methods with the 6311+G(2d,p) and 6‐31G(d',p') basis sets established that for a specific method the threshold energies differ by only 4 kJ/mol between the two different basis sets. There was wide variation among the three methods, but the M062X approach appeared to give threshold energies closest to the experimental values. Chemically activated CF₃SH and CFCl₂SH were also prepared with about 318 kcal mol^?1 of internal energy, and the HX (X = F, Cl) elimination reactions were observed. Only HCl loss was detected from CFCl₂SH, but the rate was too fast to measure with our kinetic method; however, based on our detection limit the HF elimination channel is at least 50 times slower.     

Non-convertional hydrogen bonding interaction of BH3NH3 complexes: a comparative theoretical study

A new type of hydrogen bond, called a dihydrogen bond, has recently been introduced. In this bond hydrogen is donated to (hydridic) hydrogen. In this paper, ab initio HF, MP2 and DFT(B3LYP) levels of theory with different basis sets in combination with counterpoise procedure for basis set superposition error correction have been applied to BH₃NH₃ dimer and BH₃NH₃ complexes of methane, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, water, methanol and hydrogen fluoride to understand the features of dihydrogen bond. The optimized geometric parameters and interaction energies for various isomers at different levels are estimated. The structures obtained at different computational levels are in agreement with each other. Dihydrogen bond does not occur in both BH₃NH₃⋯CH₄ and BH₃NH₃⋯NH₃ complexes. Apart from the B–H⋯H–N dihydrogen bond found in the BH₃NH₃ crystal and dimmer, the B–H⋯H–X (XC, O, F) dihydrogen bonds have been observed in the BH₃NH₃⋯HCN, BH₃NH₃⋯H₂O, BH₃NH₃⋯CH₃OH and BH₃NH₃⋯HF complexes, while the classic H bonds also exist in the last three complexes. As for the complexes in which only dihydrogen bonds appear the strength of dihydrogen bonds ranges from 17.9 to 18.9 kJ mol⁻¹ at B3LYP/6-311++g(d,p) level. Binding energies obtained from the MP2 and B3LYP optimized structures are more sensitive to basis sets than those from the HF method. Larger basis functions generally tend to produce slightly longer intermolecular distances, and the B3LYP and MP2 methods generate shorter intermolecular distances though they usually produce longer bond lengths compared with those at the HF level. The infrared spectrum frequencies, IR intensities and the vibrational frequency shifts are reported. Finally the solution phase studies on BH₃NH₃⋯HF complex are also carried out using the Onsager reaction field model with a range of dielectric constants from 2 to 80 at B3LYP/6-311++g(d,p) level.     

Thermal stability of ammonium chlorocobaltates(II)

The thermal destruction of ammonium penta-, tetra-, and trichlorocobaltates(II) was studied. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data was used to calculate the thermal destruction activation energy, which was 8.6 kJ/mol for (NH₄)₃CoCl₅, 14.8 kJ/mol for (NH₄)₂CoCl₄, and 117.4 kJ/mol for NH₄CoCl₃. The decomposition enthalpy of 35.9 kJ/mol for (NH₄)₃CoCl₅, 12.1 kJ/mol for (NH₄)₂CoCl₄, and 166.3 kJ/mol for NH₄CoCl₃ was determined from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data.     

Ab initio and RRKM calculations for the reaction channels of O(1D) + CH3CHF2

Ab initio and Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theories are carried out to study the potential energy surface and the energy‐dependent rate constants and branching ratios of the products for O(¹D) + CH₃CHF₂ reaction. Optimized geometries and vibrational frequencies have been obtained by MP2/6‐311G(d,p) method. The main products of the title reaction are CH₃CFO + HF, CH₂CFOH + HF, and CH₃ + CF₂OH at lower collision energy; and CH₃ + CF₂OH, CH₃CF₂ + OH are the main products at higher collision energy. CHF₂ + CH₂OH are the main products in the whole range of collision energy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012     

Ab initio quantum-mechanical calculations on trifluoromethylamine

Extensive ab initio molecular-orbital calculations were carried out on trifluoromethylamine (TFM) to elucidate changes in geometry and electronic structure upon fluorination. The calculations show that the decomposition of CF₃NH₂ is slightly endoenergetic, and the heats of atomization of CF₃NH₂ and CH₃NH₂ show decreased stability of the species upon fluorination. Characteristic of CF₃NH₂ is a highly polar, strong, short CN bond. More limited calculations were carried out on CF₃OH and CH₃OH, and the electronic structure of CF₃OH is found to be generally similar to that of CF₃NH₂. The reduced basicity of the fluorinated amine cannot be ascribed to the inductive effect; the enhanced acidity of the fluorinated alcohol reflects the weakening of the OH bond. No evidence leads to a confirmation of the existence of nitrogen–fluorine hyperconjugation in the fluorinated amine.     

Isomerisation of CF2ClCH2Cl and CFCl2CH2F by Interchange of Cl and F Atoms with Analysis of the Unimolecular Reactions of Both Molecules

The recombination of CF₂Cl with CH₂Cl and CFCl₂ with CH₂F were employed to generate CF₂ClCH₂Cl* and CFCl₂CH₂F* molecules with 381 and 368 kJ mol^?1, respectively, of vibrational energy in a room‐temperature bath gas. The unimolecular reactions of these molecules, which include HCl elimination, HF elimination, and isomerisation by interchange of chlorine and fluorine atoms, were characterized. The three rate constants for CFCl₂CH₂F were 2.9×10⁷, 0.87×10⁷ and 0.04×10⁷ s^?1 for HCl elimination, isomerisation and HF elimination, respectively. The isomerisation reaction must be included to have a complete characterization of the unimolecular kinetics of CFCl₂CH₂F. The rate constants for HCl elimination and HF elimination from CF₂ClCH₂Cl were 14×10⁷and 0.37×10⁷ s^?1, respectively. Isomerisation that has a rate constant less than 0.08×10⁷ s^?1 is not important. These experimental rate constants were matched to calculated statistical rate constants to assign threshold energies, which are 264, 268, and 297 kJ mol^?1, respectively, for isomerisation, HCl elimination, and HF elimination for CFCl₂CH₂F and 314, 251, and 289 kJ mol^?1 in the same order for CF₂ClCH₂Cl. Density functional theory was used to evaluate the models that were needed for the statistical rate constants; the computational method was B3PW91/6‐31G(d′,p′). Threshold energies for the unimolecular reactions of CF₂ClCH₂Cl and CFCl₂CH₂F are compared to those for CF₂ClCH₃ and CFCl₂CH₃ to illustrate the elevation of threshold energies by F‐ or Cl‐atom substitution at the beta carbon atom (identified by C_H). The DFT calculations systematically underestimate the threshold energy for HCl elimination.     

The force constants in the isoelectronic series CF3SO2X (X=F, OH, NH2, CH3): a study based on DFT calculations and experimental data

Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory were performed on the members of the isoelectronic series CF₃SO₂X (X=F, OH, NH₂, CH₃), in order to obtain the optimized geometric parameters and conformations for the four molecules, as well as the wavenumbers corresponding to the normal modes of vibration and the associated force constants. The original force field was transformed to local symmetry coordinates and scaled to reproduce the experimental wavenumbers. The trends observed in geometrical parameters and force constants along the isoelectronic series could be explained making use of the calculated atomic charges.     

Direct dynamics study on the mechanism and the kinetics of the reaction of CH3NH2 with OH

A theoretical study of the mechanism and the kinetics for the hydrogen abstraction reaction of methylamine by OH radical has been presented at the CCSD(T)/6‐311 ++G(2d,2p)//CCSD/6‐31G(d) level of theory. Our theoretical calculations suggest a stepwise mechanism involving the formation of a prereactant complex in the entrance channel and a preproduct complex in the exit channel, for the two hydrogen abstraction channels involving the methyl and amine groups. For clarity, the diagram of potential for the reaction is given. The calculated standard reaction enthalpies are ?98.48 and ?76.50 kJ mol^?1 and barrier heights are 0.36 and 25.25 kJ mol^?1, respectively. The rate constants are evaluated by means of the improved canonical variational transition state theory with small‐curvature tunneling correction (ICVT/SCT) in the temperature range of 299–3000 K. The calculated results show that the rate constants at experimentally measured temperatures are in good agreement with the experimental values. It is shown that the calculated rate constants exhibit a non‐Arrhenius behavior. Moreover, the variational effect is obvious in the calculated temperature range. The dominant product channel is to form CH₂NH₂ and H₂O via hydrogen abstraction from the CH₃ group of CH₃NH₂ by OH in the calculated temperature range. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009     

Complexes of ammonia with propane and cyclopropane: electrostatic guidelines for ab initio treatment

A model based on the molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) is employed for the investigation of structures and energies of complexes of ammonia with propane and cyclopropane. The electrostatic model geometries are employed as starting points for an ab initio investigation at the self-consistent field and second-order M?ller-Plesset (MP2) levels. The most stable structures of C₃H₆..NH₃ and C₃H₈..NH₃ complexes have the interaction energies of 10.07 kJ/mol and 8.15 kJ/mol, respectively, at the MP2/6-31G(d,p) level. The energy rank order of the structures is not altered with the use of the 6-31++G(d,p) basis set, and the basis␣set superposition error has little effect. The interaction energy decomposition analysis shows that the electrostatic component is dominant over the other ones. MESP topography thus seems to offer valuable hints for predicting the structures of weakly bonded complexes. Received: 8 July 1998 / Accepted: 4 August 1998 / Published online: 2 November 1998     

The rate constants of the elementary reactions of NH3 with O and OH

Two sets of discordant rate constants reported recently for the high-temperature reactions of NH₃ with O and OH were examined by comparing the calculated concentration profiles of NH₃ and OH with experiments by the shock tube technique forNH₃-N₂O-Ar mixtures. The rate constants were confirmed tobe: k₄ = 3.1 × 10¹²exp(−25.5 kJ/RT) cm³ mol⁻¹ s⁻¹ for NH₃ + O → NH₂ + OH and k₅ = 3.2×10¹² exp(−8.4 kJ/RT) for NH₃ + OH → NH₂ + H₂O.