卫星多光谱扫描仪模拟空间环境辐射定标技术

模拟空间环境辐射定标技术主要用于卫星发射前对其所携带的多光谱扫描仪的响应特性进行辐射定标,为用户提供定标曲线。介绍了利用多个光源、多套定标光学系统的多光谱扫描仪辐射定标技术。多谱段光源系统由太阳辐照积分球和黑体组成,积分球用于可见光、近红外谱段的辐射定标,黑体用于远红外谱段的辐射定标。多谱段定标光学系统通过在真空低温环境下的精密传动机构切换反射镜位置,以离轴抛物面反射镜为中心形成两套光学系统,分别将积分球、黑体的辐射反射到扫描仪的入口,从而一次试验即可完成卫星多光谱扫描仪全谱段的辐射定标。     

采用低温面源黑体实现红外系统宽动态范围定标

针对大口径地基红外辐射测量系统在辐射定标时存在定标时间长、成本高和设备机动性差等缺点,提出一种仅采用低温面源黑体实现红外系统宽动态范围定标的方法.首先对红外系统中的衰减片进行标校,测量其实际透过率并计算其辐射量;然后采用低温面源黑体在两个积分时间下分别进行辐射定标,根据定标结果解算系统响应率、杂散辐射和探测器自身偏置;结合标校获得的衰减片特性对低温定标结果进行外推,即可获得宽动态范围定标结果.为验证该定标方法有效性,分别采用该方法和通用的高温黑体加大口径平行光管定标法,对Φ600mm红外系统进行宽动态范围辐射定标实验.实验结果表明:本文方法的宽动态范围定标误差小于10.25%,能够满足该系统的辐射定标精度要求.该方法只需要一个低温黑体即可实现红外系统的外场宽动态范围辐射定标,操作简单、实时性强,具有一定的应用价值.     

定量化红外遥感应用的高精度水浴黑体

辐射定标是红外遥感信息定量化的关键技术之一。根据定量化红外遥感应用的需求,研制了高精度水浴黑体辐射源,并应用均匀镜-漫反射模型法对其发射率进行了计算。提出了基于绝对低温辐射计的常温黑体定标方法。性能测试结果表明,该黑体辐射源可用于遥感探测器中的红外辐射定标。     

高精度非致冷长波红外热像仪的辐射标定

为使非致冷长波红外热像仪在不同温度下保持较高的测温精度,建立了考虑探测器工作温度效应的非致冷长波红外热像仪的辐射标定模型。对非致冷长波红外热像仪进行辐射标定实验,在不同黑体温度和不同亮度增益值条件下,获得了16组图像灰度与探测器工作温度之间的函数关系,建立了目标温度的数学计算模型,并对定标结果进行了实验验证。结果表明：在25～40℃,探测器的工作温度效应可做线性化处理,且与目标温度无关。通过设定合适的亮度增益值可使红外热像仪的测温误差〈0.5℃,极大地提高了非致冷长波红外热像仪在不同温度环境下的测温精度。     

Use of in-house primary standard blackbodies for accurate cathode temperature measurement

The interpretation of cathode behavior in traveling wave tubes is clouded considerably by the uncertainty in both the precision and absolute accuracy of cathode temperature measurements as determined by optical pyrometry. The sensitivity and potential accuracy of optical pyrometry is very good, but many sources of error are possible. Sources of error that were experimentally measured in this study can be classified in three categories: (a) instrument and calibration errors; (b) operator (subjective) errors; and (c) errors caused by obstacles or geometrical variations in the optical path. Possible methods of avoiding or correcting sources of errors are recommended, including the use of an in-house primary standard blackbody. The design and use of this device are described in detail. When the primary standard is used and coupled to cathode measurements through secondary blackbodies optical pyrometry is an extremely reliable method for cathode temperature determination.     

Research on radiometric calibration for super wide-angle staring infrared imaging system

To perform radiometric calibration on super wide-angle staring infrared imaging system, the calibration experiment is carried out by using a standard blackbody source with a plate shape in laboratory, and the error analysis and data inversion are made based on the calibration results. Firstly, through analyzing the influencing factors including optical system, detector and signal processing circuit, the optical response model is established. Then, the radiometric calibration experiment is developed in the darkroom environment, and the error analysis is done from six aspects, which are the temperature and radiation instability of the black body, goniometer accuracy, angular resolution, the instability of detector output, data fitting error. Finally, according to the calibration results and the imaging characteristics of short-range airplane in the system, the infrared radiation intensity of aircraft target is calculated. The radiometric calibration and data inversion will benefit obtaining the target radiation characteristic during the system application, and can provide data reference for target detection, recognition, classification, so on.     

傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）非线性多点定标方法研究

给出了线性定标和非线性多点定标的具体算法,并且应用加拿大BOMEM公司的MR-154傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,液氮制冷型中红外MCT探测器测量了中国科学院上海技术物理研究所研制的HFY-300A型黑体在几种不同温度下的辐射谱,其中的一些辐射谱用于定标,用其中的一个特定温度下的辐射谱来检验定标结果。结果表明这种非线性多点定标方法非常可靠,理论辐射谱与定标后辐射谱相对偏差集中在0.2%附近,最大相对偏差仍小于0.4%。     

一种基于控温黑体的红外实时校正技术

二代扫描型热像仪的非均匀性校正(NUC)通常采用定点两点温度校正法或定点多点温度校正法,采用定点校正无法适应时间或环境的变化对探测器带来的影响,造成校正偏离,空间噪声增大。通过在成像光路中设置2个可控温的黑体完成探测器的实时校正,保证在不同时刻以及不同应用环境下,黑体的温度始终实时地跟随场景温度,校正系数实时更新,使非均匀性校正的输出误差有效降低。通过实际多个场景对比试验,采用传统定点校正,非均匀性噪声约为4.0,而该方法的噪声不大于2,有效降低50%。     

The impacts of temperature and emissivity estimations on radiance-based calibration for HJ-1B/IRS TIR band

The IRS radiometer on the HJ-1B satellite of HJ-1 constellation has just a wide band (IRS B08) in thermal infrared spectral region between 10 and 12 μm. The onboard radiometric calibration of IRS B08 is implemented by periodically heating the blackbody of calibration system from normal temperature status (NTS) to high temperature status (HTS) for the lack of observation to deep space. Radiance-based vicarious calibration was taken as one point in two-point calibration method to substitute NTS for the instability of NTS. The estimation impacts of temperature and emissivity were analyzed by defining band matching factor k. The results indicate that their impacts were related to channel center wavelengths of reference and target bands. As to the reference band of CE312 B02, temperature impact of ±10 K estimated error on IRS B08 TOA radiance can be ignored while six substituted emissivities demonstrated their impacts can also be ignored. However, if CE312 B03 or B04 was taken as reference bands, the impacts cannot be ignored even emissivity-specimens of fresh water, sea water and blackbody were used as actual surface. Linear combination of two reference bands surrounding target band, such as CE312 B03 and B04 to IRS B08, significantly reduced the calibration uncertainty of using single reference band from 1.8 K and 2.5 K to 0.4 K. The vicarious calibration accuracy based on CE312 B02 is 0.25 K and the vicarious calibration coefficients could be used from August 2009 to August 2010.     

EQUINOX55型遥感傅里叶变换红外光谱系统的校正

利用遥感傅 里叶变换红外发射光谱，对红外辐射源的绝对光谱能量分布和热气体浓度进行测量时，首先必须对测得的红外辐射源的发射光谱强度进行校正，为此，需用已知温度的标准绝对黑体对系统进行校正，本文考察了黑体温度对EQUINOX55型遥感傅里叶变换红外光谱的响应函数的影响。结果表明，仪器响应函数随着温度的升高而增加，但当温度比较高时，仪器响应函数曲线变化趋小。     

An experimental method for making spectral emittance and surface temperature measurements of opaque surfaces

An experimental procedure has been developed to make spectral emittance and temperature measurements. The spectral emittance of an object is calculated using measurements of the spectral emissive power and of the surface temperature of the object obtained using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. A calibration procedure is described in detail which accounts for the temperature dependence of the detector. The methods used to extract the spectral emissive power and surface temperature from measured infrared spectra were validated using a blackbody radiator at known temperatures. The average error in the measured spectral emittance was 2.1% and the average difference between the temperature inferred from the recorded spectra and the temperature indicated on the blackbody radiator was 1.2%. The method was used to measure the spectral emittance of oxidized copper at various temperatures.     

不同非均匀性校正温度的红外测温技术

为使制冷型中波红外热像仪在不同环境温度下经过非均匀性校正后保持较高的测温精度,研究了考虑非均匀性校正温度效应的中波红外热像仪标定模型。利用不同温度的面源黑体对热像仪进行非均匀性校正,然后对黑体目标进行测温实验,获得了不同校正温度下热像灰度与黑体辐射亮度之间的变化关系,建立了目标的测温数学计算模型,最后对测温结果进行误差分析。结果表明：在不同校正温度下,热像灰度相对非均匀校正辐亮度的漂移可做线性化处理,且与目标温度变化无关。在非均匀性较低的测温范围内热像仪的测温误差小于±0.22 ℃,极大减小了制冷型中波红外热像仪在不同校正温度下非均匀性校正后的测温误差。     

基于深对流云目标的风云二号可见光通道辐射定标

介绍了一种采用深对流云目标对风云二号(FY-2)扫描辐射计可见光通道进行辐射定标的方法。以深对流云作为辐射定标参考载体,以AQUA/MODIS获得的深对流云反射率作为辐射基准参考,以GOME-2和辐射模式模拟的DCC光谱进行了光谱响应函数的修正,评估FY-2系列卫星的可见光通道辐射定标精度及其长序列衰减趋势。结果表明：(1)FY-2可见光通道存在不同程度的衰减,FY-2D,FY-2E和FY-2F的年衰减率分别约为1.67%,1.69%和0.81%;(2)与国际推荐的参考仪器AQUA/MODIS的DCC反射率基准相比,风云二号可见光通道业务定标结果与之存在显著差异,其相对偏差了分别达到了39.9%,29%和19.2%。(3)FY-2卫星在轨期间,可见光通道存在一定程度的周期性的波动和跳跃现象。借助深对流云目标很好地实现了FY-2系列气象卫星的可见光辐射定标,获取的辐射定标结果已经作为业务定标更新的重要依据。     

基于中温黑体的近红外光纤光谱仪辐射定标的方法研究

中温黑体是红外谱段常用的高精度辐射标尺设备,而近红外是处于其有效辐射范围边缘的谱段,所以该谱段的定标研究相对较少。研究了基于中温黑体的近红外光纤光谱仪辐射定标方法,主旨是探讨定标精度如何受定标模型的结构参数选择的影响,进而为近红外光谱辐射计量溯源提供技术参考。采用50～1 050 ℃的可调中温黑体对近红外光纤光谱仪(950～1 700 nm)进行辐射定标。针对定标的关键环节重点讨论了两个内容,首先是辐射传输模型的几何因子匹配问题,比较分析了传统的双圆盘辐射传输模型和光纤直接耦合模型。对于光纤光谱仪的辐射定标来讲,采用光纤直接耦合形式的辐射传输模型,结构上更简单,耦合效率更高。其次重点分析了辐射定标中模型的结构参数对定标精度的影响,其影响的原因是定标数据本身属性中的尺度结构特征,即通常所说的非线性问题。因此对于定标精度要求较高时,需要采用非线性定标模型进行校正,并尽可能保证测试点采样的尺度均衡,这是小样本数据解释非线性结构关系时无法回避的样本选择问题。数据分析结果表明,定标方程的不同结构参数的选择策略对定标精度有显著影响,校正方程的样本残差标准差带变化范围为±0.1%～±1%。     

Normal emissivity of high-purity nickel at temperatures between 1440 and 1605 K

Emissivity measurements for nickel were carried out in a vacuum by comparing the radiation heat fluxes of individual samples and a blackbody cavity maintained at the same temperature. The data presented here cover the spectral range between 1 and 16 μm for temperatures of 1440, 1488, 1551, and 1605 K. An experimental apparatus was designed and constructed to measure the spectral normal emissivity of suspended metals in a vacuum by a radiometric technique. The apparatus is comprised of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, a high-temperature blackbody cavity (hohlraum), and a vacuum chamber where a metal sample can be electromagnetically heated to temperatures above 1300 K. Although the samples can also be levitated in the electromagnetic coil, the positioning is accomplished here only by suspending them inside a copper induction coil     

Novel variable temperature blackbody for the far-infrared

A simple blackbody, with a temperature variable between 77 and 310 K, is described. The blackbody can be used as a calibrator for radiometric experiments and as a background simulator.     

成像光谱仪星上定标技术

成像光谱仪是同时获取地物图像和光谱信息的新一代光学遥感仪器。星上定标是成像光谱仪光谱图像数据定量化应用的基础。本文阐述了成像光谱仪星上定标的原理,按照星上定标采用的参考标准对星上定标技术进行了分类,详细介绍了星上辐射定标和光谱定标技术,并展望了成像光谱仪未来发展趋势。绝对辐射定标已经成为成像光谱仪星上定标的基本要求,太阳将逐步代替星上标准灯成为绝对辐射标准。基于不同参考标准的定标方法的综合应用将使星上定标精度和可靠性大大提高。随着定标精度的进一步提高,地面光谱定标装置将逐步空间化,基于探测器的星上辐射定标系统也将逐步得到应用。     

Thermal performance analysis of vacuum variable-temperature blackbody system

In this paper, the design and structure of a vacuum variable-temperature blackbody system were described, and the steady-state thermal analysis of a 3-D blackbody model was presented. Also, the thermal performance of the blackbody was evaluated using an infrared camera system. The blackbody system was constructed to operate under vacuum conditions (2.67 × 10⁻² Pa) to reduce its temperature uncertainty, which can be caused by vapor condensation at low temperatures usually below 273.15 K. A heat sink and heat shield including a cold shield were embedded around the radiator to maintain the heat balance of the blackbody. A simplified 3-D model of the blackbody including a radiator, heat sink, heat shield, cold shield, and heat source was thermophysically evaluated by performing finite elements analysis using the extended Stefan–Boltzmann’s rule, and the infrared radiating performance of the developed system was analyzed using an infrared camera system. On the basis of the results of measurements and simulations, we expect that the suggested blackbody system can serve as a highly stable reference source for the calibration and measurement of infrared optical systems within operational temperature ranges.     

傅里叶变换红外光谱仪探测器仪器响应函数研究

由于傅里叶变换红外光谱仪探测器在各个波段的仪器响应不相同,在应用过程中无论是利用光谱的绝对强度还是相对强度,都需要应用标准黑体对仪器进行定标,找出仪器响应函数。该文对加拿大BOMAN公司MR154型傅里叶变换红外光谱议配带的两个红外探测器(锑化铟InSb、碲镉汞MCT)的仪器响应函数进行了研究,并找出了它们随黑体温度(辐射亮度)的变化规律。该规律对傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的定标和保证所测辐射谱的正确性有重要意义。     

被动式遥感FTIR测量时的仪器响应函数校正

在应用红外发射光谱来获得某些红外源的绝对光谱能量数据,如辐射源光谱辐射通量密度、辐射源光谱辐射强度、辐射源光谱辐射亮度及光谱辐射照度等时,需要得知不同条件下的仪器响应函数。文章对被动式遥感FTIR测量时的仪器响应函数进行了校正,实验结果表明：在不同的实验条件下,仪器响应函数的变化规律是不同的,它不仅和校正时所采用的绝对黑体温度有关,而且和校正中仪器接收到的信号大小有直接关系。因此,在被动式测量时,要密切注意发射源温度以及发射源发射信号大小,以便获得最佳仪器响应函数校正结果。