锂离子电池SiO_x(0<x≤2)基负极材料

随着锂离子电池向电动汽车、可再生能源储能系统等大型应用领域发展,锂离子电池的能量密度、功率密度等性能指标需要进一步提高。在负极材料方面,传统的石墨碳负极材料的比容量有限,已经难以满足高能量密度电池的需求。以Si基材料为代表的新型高比容量负极材料受到了人们的广泛关注。其中,Si Ox材料在发挥高比容量的同时,具有相比纯Si更小的体积变化,因而在循环寿命方面更具实用潜力。本文对目前报道的Si Ox基负极材料的研究工作进行总结,系统阐述了Si Ox材料的基本电化学性能、结构模型、电化学机理及合成方法,分类介绍了改进Si Ox材料电化学性能的各类措施,并对其中Si O及无定形Si O2材料进行了重点论述。研究表明,氧含量、歧化程度、表面状态等对Si Ox材料的电化学性能具有重要影响;界面团簇混合(ICM)结构模型可更好地对其电化学机理进行理解;通过与第二相(碳、金属、金属氧化物等)复合,造孔,表面改性(包覆、刻蚀等)及其他手段(改变粘结剂及电解液)可有效提升Si Ox基材料的首次库仑效率和循环性能;部分使用Si Ox基材料的全电池具有循环600次后容量保持率达90%的优秀循环性能。Si Ox基材料已成为一种在高比能量锂离子电池中极具应用潜力的负极材料。     

锂离子电池用钴基氧化物的结构设计及本征活性调控的研究进展

锂离子电池的商业石墨负极材料的容量已经接近理论值,限制了动力电池的发展,开发容量高、稳定性好、循环寿命长和倍率性能优良的新型负极材料显得尤为重要。钴基氧化物材料由于其具有较高的比容量,是锂离子电池的理想负极材料之一。本文分别从结构设计和化学成分调控2个方面,结合本课题组近年来的研究及国内外重要文献综述了钴基氧化物作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究进展。在结构设计方面,通过构建一维结构、二维结构、三维结构、空心结构、碳材料支撑结构以及异质结构来增加钴基氧化物的反应活性位点数量;而在化学成分调控方面则通过引入无定型结构、非金属杂原子掺杂、金属杂原子掺杂、构筑高熵氧化物来提高钴基氧化物的本征活性,从而提高钴基氧化物的锂离子电池性能。最后,对钴基氧化物在锂离子电池领域未来的发展进行了展望。     

用于镁硫电池的原位生长NiS的泡沫镍正极集流体

采用原位生长NiS的泡沫镍NiS@Ni(NNF)和铜箔分别作为硫@微孔碳(S@MC)正极材料的集流体, 0.4 mol/L(PhMgCl)₂-AlCl₃+1.0 mol/L LiCl “二代镁锂混合”作为电解液, 测试了镁硫电池恒电流和不同倍率下的充放电性能, 分析了2种不同的集流体在涂覆相同正极材料下对镁硫电池性能影响的原因. 研究发现, 采用铜箔集流体的镁硫电池循环后正极极片上观察到明显的裂缝, 镁负极表面有分布不均匀的附着物, 硫含量略高. 采用NNF为集流体时, 由于泡沫镍具有缓冲硫正极体积变化的孔道结构, 正极极片能基本保持原本的形貌; 特别是在NNF上原位生长的NiS可电催化加速多硫化物中间体的转化, 减少多硫化物的生成并减缓其穿梭, 不干扰镁负极上发生的电化学反应, 使镁负极极片表面更为均匀, 明显改善了镁硫电池的循环稳定性和倍率性能.     

氢溴储能电池结构的优化和运行条件对电池性能的影响

研究了氢溴电池的电池结构、正极氢溴酸和溴电解质浓度、负极的氢气压力、质子交换膜厚度对氢溴电池的性能和电池效率的影响。对氢溴电池结构进行改进,单电池实现了200 mA·cm^-2电流密度恒流充放电,电池库伦效率100%。溴电极电化学反应受浓差极化控制,提高氢溴酸浓度,电池充电性能提高,同时,溴在氢溴酸的溶解度增大,电池放电性能也提高,氢溴酸浓度由0.5 mol·L^-1提高至1 mol·L^-1,电流密度200 mA·cm^-2,电池的能量效率和电压效率提高27.9%。氢溴电池充电过程,降低电池负极氢出压力,有利于提高充电性能,但膜透酸严重,放电过程中最佳的氢出压力是维持氢在碳纸憎水催化层的单层吸附,充放电过程氢出压力均为40.0 kPa,电池的能量效率80.2%。膜厚度与膜电阻极化和膜透酸密切相关,充电过程,膜由50.0 μm降至15.0 μm,膜透酸严重,负极电化学活性比表面积下降,电池充电性能降低。膜厚度对放电性能的影响还与电流密度有关,电流密度较低时,膜透酸造成负极电化学比表面积下降居主导地位,50.0 μm Nafion膜放电性能更高;电流密度超过200 mA·cm^-2时,膜电阻极化居主导电位,15.0 μm Nafion膜性能更高。采用20.0 μm质子交换膜,在200 mA·cm^-2电流密度循环充放电五次,电池的能量效率和电压效率达到85.3%,库伦效率100%。     

碳纤维电极性能的研究

铁络氧化还原液流型电池是近十几年发展起来的新型贮能电池。它的正、负极材料为碳毡(铬负极担载金、铅等催化剂)、碳布或由碳布与导电性树脂复合材料所制成的双极板。为改善此电池中负极上Cr~(3+)/Cr~(2+)离子偶氧化还原电化学反应的性能,已对碳纤维电极材料进行了大量的研究本工作结合铁铬氧化还原液流型电池,为改进铬负极(Cr~(3+)的还原)性能,研究不但载贵金属催化剂条件下碳纤维的活化工艺与表面性质的关系及对电极活性的影响。     

Co-MOFs材料在锂离子电池负极材料中的应用研究进展

该文阐述了近年来钴金属有机骨架(Co-MOFs)材料在锂离子电池负极材料中的应用研究进展,分别对Co-MOFs材料及Co-MOFs衍生的氧化钴、氧化钴/碳复合材料、硫化钴/碳复合材料等用作锂离子电池负极材料进行了分类总结,旨在为广大研究者提供相关方面的信息.     

钠离子电池硬碳负极储钠机理及优化策略

钠离子电池因具有成本低、安全性高等优势,被认为是一种非常适合应用于大规模储能领域的电化学储能技术.合适的负极材料是促进钠离子电池实现商业化的关键之一.硬碳材料由于具有丰富的碳源、低成本、无毒环保,且储钠电位低而被认为是最可能被实用化的钠离子电池负极材料.然而硬碳负极的实际应用中也面临着首周库伦效率低、长循环稳定性不足以及倍率性能较差等问题,近年来众多研究者致力于硬碳负极的性能优化研究,本综述从结构调控、形貌设计、界面构造、电解液优化四方面总结了近年来钠离子电池硬碳负极的性能优化策略研究进展,分析了每种优化策略的优点和不足,并进一步讨论了钠离子电池硬碳负极实用化进程中面临的瓶颈问题和挑战.     

定量的复合金属锂作为三维泡沫锂电极用于锂电池的研究

金属锂作为电池的负极材料具有极高的比容量和极低的氧化还原电位,能够显著提升电池的能量密度。然而,金属锂负极在实际应用中所面临的主要问题是锂枝晶、界面副反应和电极体积变化大的难题。在本文中,我们提出了一种通过将定量的金属锂与三维骨架进行复合形成三维泡沫锂负极的策略,并利用三维泡沫锂来抑制锂枝晶的生长和缓解电极的体积变化。因此,三维泡沫锂电极有利于金属锂负极的高效利用,并能借助其与平面锂箔相比更高的比表面积和更多的反应位点来提升电池的倍率性能。因此,通过采用三维泡沫锂,对称电池的循环寿命和倍率性能都得到了有效的提升。EIS数据结果表明,三维泡沫锂能够减小对称电池的电荷转移阻抗。而且,将三维泡沫锂作为负极组装的LTO全电池,与锂箔作为负极相比,循环1000周平均放电比容量从65 mAh·g^-1提升至121 mAh·g^-1。     

氮掺杂碳层包覆金属钴颗粒与氮掺杂石墨烯纳米复合材料作为高容量锂离子电池负极材料

合成了一种石墨烯基纳米复合材料即：由氮掺杂碳层包覆的金属钴纳米颗粒,充分分散于氮掺杂的石墨烯表面。这种纳米复合材料进一步提高了石墨烯的导电性,增加了石墨烯的储锂容量。该材料被用作锂离子电池负极材料,在性能测试中展现了良好的循环性能,在以100 mA·g^-1的电流密度循环200圈后,放电容量高达950.1 mAh·g^-1,库伦效率约为98%。     

氮掺杂碳层包覆金属钴颗粒与氮掺杂石墨烯纳米复合材料作为高容量锂离子电池负极材料

合成了一种石墨烯基纳米复合材料即：由氮掺杂碳层包覆的金属钴纳米颗粒,充分分散于氮掺杂的石墨烯表面。这种纳米复合材料进一步提高了石墨烯的导电性,增加了石墨烯的储锂容量。该材料被用作锂离子电池负极材料,在性能测试中展现了良好的循环性能,在以100 mA·g^-1的电流密度循环200圈后,放电容量高达950.1 mAh·g^-1,库伦效率约为98%。     

新型非对称电化学电容器的电极匹配研究

活性炭负极容量的有效利用率是导致双电层电化学电容器和C/Ni(OH)2非对称电化学电容器容量性质差异的主要因素,并可将其作为非对称电化学电容器容量设计和测算的依据;本文引入Ni(OH)2正极有效活性物质概念,以正极有效活性物质的量匹配负极的设计容量,从而优化正、负极的容量匹配,改善非对称电化学电容器的容量和大电流性能.     

PEMFC氧电极的研究——助催化元素Ni和Co对Pt/C电催化剂性能的影响

通过液相共沉积技术在PEM燃料电池氧电极的Pt/C电催化剂中引入了Ni和Co两种助催化元素。经氧电极极化实验证明，这种新的电催化剂提高了氧的阴极还原的催化活性。当Ni和Co含量的质量分数分别为0.8%和1%时(以碳为基准)，电催化活性较佳。SEM和TEM测试结果表明， Ni、Co助催化元素的引入有利于Pt在载体碳上的分散，减小了Pt的颗粒大小。经过96 h的恒流极化测试，电催化剂的活性没有明显的变化，显示稳定性良好。     

Electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol on Ni modified polyaniline electrode in alkaline medium

Electrolytically deposited Ni on polyaniline film covered carbon paste electrode (Ni/PANI/CPE) was used as anode for the electrooxidation of methanol in alkaline medium. The electrochemical behavior and electrocatalytic activity of the electrode were studied using cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, chronomethods, and polarization studies. The morphology and composition of the modified film were obtained using scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analysis techniques. The electrooxidation of methanol in NaOH was found to be more efficient on Ni/PANI/CPE than on bare Ni, electrodeposited Ni on Pt, Ni on glassy carbon, and Ni on CPE substrates. Partial chemical displacement of dispersed Ni on PANI with Pt or Pd further improved its performance towards methanol oxidation.     

基于NiCo2O4纳米片电极的非对称混合电容器

The looming global energy crisis and ever-increasing energy demands have catalyzed the development of renewable energy storage systems. In this regard, supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted widespread attention because of their advantageous attributes such as high power density, excellent cycle stability, and environmental friendliness. However, SCs exhibit low energy density and it is important to optimize electrode materials to improve the overall performance of these devices. Among the various electrode materials available, spinel nickel cobaltate (NiCo₂O₄) is particularly interesting because of its excellent theoretical capacitance. Based on the understanding that the performances of the electrode materials strongly depend on their morphologies and structures, in this study, we successfully synthesized NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets on Ni foam via a simple hydrothermal route followed by calcination. The structures and morphologies of the as-synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and the results showed that they were uniformly distributed on the Ni foam support. The surface chemical states of the elements in the samples were identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-synthesized NiCo₂O₄ products were then tested as cathode materials for supercapacitors in a traditional three-electrode system. The electrochemical performances of the NiCo₂O₄ electrode materials were studied and the area capacitance was found to be 1.26 C·cm^-2 at a current density of 1 mA·cm^-2. Furthermore, outstanding cycling stability with 97.6% retention of the initial discharge capacitance after 10000 cycles and excellent rate performance (67.5% capacitance retention with the current density from 1 to 14 mA·cm^-2) were achieved. It was found that the Ni foam supporting the NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets increased the conductivity of the electrode materials. However, it is worth noting that the contribution of nickel foam to the areal capacitance of the electrode materials was almost zero during the charge and discharge processes. To further investigate the practical application of the as-synthesized NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets-based electrode, a device was assembled with the as-prepared samples as the positive electrode and active carbon (AC) as the negative electrode. The assembled supercapacitor showed energy densities of 0.14 and 0.09 Wh·cm^-3 at 1.56 and 4.5 W·cm^-3, respectively. Furthermore, it was able to maintain 95% of its initial specific capacitance after 10000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance of the NiCo₂O₄ nanosheets could be ascribed to their unique spatial structure composed of interconnected ultrathin nanosheets, which facilitated electron transportation and ion penetration, suggesting their potential applications as electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors. The present synthetic route can be extended to other ternary transition metal oxides/sulfides for future energy storage devices and systems.     

Hybrid system of nickel<Emphasis Type="Bold">–</Emphasis>cobalt hydroxide on carbonised natural cellulose materials for supercapacitors

Advanced carbon materials formed from abundant biomass are an exciting and promising class for energy devices due to the clear advantages of low cost, sustainability and good physical and electrochemical properties. However, these materials typically do not compete well with their metal functionalised counterparts. In this work, we demonstrate that xCo(OH)₂–(1?x)Ni(OH)₂ with various Ni:Co ratios can be deposited onto biomass-derived carbon to make a hybrid inorganic-carbon electrode with tuneable physical features and electrochemical performance. These features were tuned by adjusting the Ni:Co ratio within precursor solutions. The electrodes had shown a capacitance ranging from 780.7 to 2041 F g^?1, which is very close to the theoretical value for Ni(OH)₂ (2365 F g^?1). A hypothesis is presented to help explain this performance for a modified, biomass-derived carbon electrode.     

镍钴氢氧化物的制备及其电化学性能

采用化学共沉淀法成功制备了片状镍钴氢氧化物,并探究了不同镍钴物质的量比对样品形貌及电化学性能的影响。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)及比表面积孔径分析仪(BET)对样品的结构、形貌进行了表征,并利用循环伏安法、恒电流充放电法等对其电化学性能进行了分析。结果表明,n(Ni)∶n(Co)=4∶1的样品直接用作电极材料时,具有最好的电化学性能:在0.5 A/g的电流密度下拥有1852 F/g的高比容量;电流密度增大20倍时,仍拥有1330 F/g的高比容量。以镍钴氢氧化物为正极,活性炭为负极组装的非对称式超级电容器在346 W/kg的功率密度下,能量密度达52 Wh/kg,在循环10000圈之后电容保持率为92%。优异的电化学性能表明,片状镍钴氢氧化物是很有应用潜力的电极材料之一。     

稀土氧化物对二次锌电极性能的影响

应用阴极极化法在锌电极上覆盖一层稀土氢氧化物膜La(OH)3或Ce(OH)3,并用循环伏安、动电位极化、定电位阴极极化实验研究其电化学性能.结果表明,La(OH)3或Ce(OH)3膜能抑制锌酸根离子的迁移,提高析氢过电位,降低腐蚀电流密度并能抑制枝晶生长.SEM观测显示,稀土氧化物La2O3或CeO2改变了锌沉积形态,进而提高了锌酸钙电极的充放电循环性能.     

LiNi0.8Co0.2O2/CNTs Composite used as the Materials for Supercapacitor Electrodes

Stupercapacitors or electrochemical capacitors(ECs) have attracted considerable attentionas an intermediate power source between conventional capacitors and batteries since they possesshigh power density and energy density, exhibit excellent reversibility, and have long cycle life1.Conductive polymers2, electrically conductive metal oxide3,4, activated carbon5 and carbonnanotubes(CNTs) 6-9 have been used as supercapacitor electrode materials. LiNi0.sCo0.2O2 is apromising lithium battery material because it has some advantages of both LiNiO2 and LiCoO2besides its low cost and high power10.In this paper, the electrochemical properties of supercapacitors based on LiNi0.8Co0.2O2/carbonnanotubes composite and LiNi0.8Co0.2O2/acetylene black composite and CNTs in 1 mol/LLiClO4/EC+DEC [V(EC):V(DEC)=1:1] electrolyte have been investigated by means of constantcharge/discharge current tests. The experiment results show that the LiNi0.8Co0.2O2/carbon nanotubescomposite has better properties than others, and the maximun specific capacitance of thesupercapacitor can reach 284.88F/g, while the energy density is up to 158.27Wh/Kg.That discharge capacities, coulombic efficiencies and energy densities at the first cycle and themaximum value and capacity retention at the 100th cycle for supercapacitors using differentelectrode materials (A) LiNi0.8Co0.2O2/acetylene black, (B) LiNi0. 8Co0.2O2/CNTs, (C) CNTs is listedin table 1*Capacity retention rate obtained by dividing the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle by themaximum valueFrom above, the LiNi0. 8Co0.2O2/carbon nanotubes composite should be a good candidatesupercapacitor electrode material.     

超细氢氧化亚镍的溶胶凝胶法制备及其准电容特性

以聚乙二醇为抑制剂,采用溶胶凝胶法制备了粒径小于200 nm且具有链珠状特殊形态的超细氢氧化亚镍电极材料.伏安特性测试和电化学阻抗测试表明在氢氧化亚镍中掺加适量碳纳米管可以显著改善电极材料的容量特性和阻抗特性,其中碳纳米管质量分数为20％的复合电极其比电容量可以达到320 F&;#8226;g^－1.采用复合电极作为正极,活性炭电极作为负极组成的复合型电化学电容器最大工作电压可以达到1.6 V,具有良好的容量特性和大电流放电特性.恒流充放电测试证明复合型电化学电容器具有高能量密度及高功率放电特性,电容器的峰值功率密度为8.6 W&;#8226;g^－1.当以0.88 W&;#8226;g^－1功率放电时,电容器能量密度可达20.11 W&;#8226;h&;#8226;kg^－1, 当采用3.46 W&;#8226;g^－1的高功率进行放电时,复合型电容器的能量密度仍然能够达到11.11 W&;#8226;h&;#8226;kg^－1.     

C/Ni(OH)2非对称电化学电容器正极改性研究

在C／KOH／Ni(OH)2型非对称电化学电容体系中,Ni(OH)2电极需具有快速发生电化学反应的能力与活性炭负极匹配。本文通过增加微集流体的掺杂比例．对活性物质进行球磨处理、固相掺杂碳纳米管等方法对正极进行改性研究。实验发现,增加正极微集流体的掺杂比例．可明显改善非对称电容大电流条件下的容量和循环性能;对正极活性物质进行球磨处理,有利于电极活性物质的转变．加快非对称电容的活化速度;在正极固相掺杂一定比例的碳纳米管可提高非对称电容的充放电效率和容量性质。