MOCVD生长的GaN和GaN:Mg薄膜的拉曼散射

通过显微拉曼散射对用金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)法在Al2O3衬底上生长的六方相CaN和掺Mg的P型GaN薄膜进行了研究。在两个样品的拉曼散射谱中同时观察到位于640,660cm^-1附近的两个峰。640cm^-1的峰归因于布里渊区边界(L点)最高声学声子的二倍频,而660cm^-1的峰为布里渊区边界的光学声子支或缺陷诱导的局域振动模。掺Mg的GaN在该处的峰型变宽是Mg诱导的缺陷引起的加宽或Mg的局域模与上述两峰叠加的结果。在掺Mg的样品中还观察到276,376cm^-1几个局域模并给予了解释。同时掺Mg的GaN中出现了应力弛豫的现象,掺Mg引起的失配位错和电子-声子相互作用都有可能对E2模的频率产生影响。     

An assessment of the high frequency boundary element and Rayleigh integral approximations

This paper revisits the popular Rayleigh integral approximation and also considers a second approximation, the high frequency boundary element method, which is similar to the Rayleigh integral. The Rayleigh integral approximation under consideration is enhanced so that only the elements visible to a particular point in the field are used to calculate the sound pressure at that point. It is demonstrated how both the Rayleigh integral and high frequency boundary element method are approximations to the boundary integral equation so that similarities between the two methods are recognized. Several test cases were conducted in order to assess and compare both methods. The first set of test cases was the pulsating and oscillating sphere. Both methods were then compared on more applied examples including a running engine, construction cab, and transmission housing. It was concluded that though both methods can reliably predict the sound power for some problems, the high frequency boundary element method is the more robust.     

Perceptual cues to the onset of voiced excitation in aspirated initial stops

Previous experiments on the perception of initial stops differing in voice-onset time have used sounds where the boundary between aspiration and voicing is clearly marked by a variety of acoustic events. In natural speech these events do not always occur at the same moment and there is disagreement among phoneticians as to which mark the onset of voicing. The three experiments described here examine how the phoneme boundary between syllable-initial, prestress /b/ and /p/ is influenced by the way in which voicing starts. In the first experiment the first 30 ms of buzz excitation is played at four different levels relative to the steady state of the vowel and with two different frequency distributions: In the F1-only conditions buzz is confined to the first formant, whereas in the F123 conditions all three formants are excited by buzz. The results reject the hypothesis that voicing is perceived to start when periodic excitation is present in the first formant. The results of the third experiment show also that buzz excitation confined to the fundamental frequency for 30 ms before the onset of full voicing (formant excitation) has little effect on the voicing boundary. The second experiment varies aspiration noise intensity and buzz onset intensity independently. Together with the first experiment it shows that: (1) at all buzz onset levels a change in aspiration intensity moves the boundary by about the 0.43 ms/dB found by Repp [Lang. Speech 27, 173-189 (1979)]; (2) when buzz onsets at levels greater than - 15 dB relative to the final vowel level, changes in buzz onset level again move the /b/-/p/ boundary by the same amount; (3) when buzz onsets at levels less than - 15 dB relative to the vowel, decreasing the buzz onset level gives more /p/- percepts than Repp's ratio predicts. This last result, taken with the results of the first experiment, may reflect a decision based on overall intensity about when voicing has started.     

Prediction of flow stress and textures of AZ31 magnesium alloy at elevated temperature

The viscoplastic behaviour of magnesium alloys at high temperatures leads to highly temperature-dependent mechanical properties. While at high strain rates a notable strain hardening response is observed, at low strain rates the material shows a smooth plastic response with negligible amount of hardening. This complicated behaviour is due to different deformation mechanisms that are active at different strain rate regimes, resulting in different strain rate sensitivity parameters. In this study we show, by utilizing both numerical simulations and experiments, that this behaviour can be predicted by a model that combines two deformation mechanisms, grain boundary sliding mechanism and dislocation glide mechanism. We discuss the importance of each deformation mechanism at different strain rate regimes based on the findings of modelling and experimental results for AZ3 magnesium alloy. By developing a model that includes the above-mentioned two deformation mechanism, the prediction of flow properties is expanded to a wide range of strain rate regimes compared to previous study. The obtained numerical findings for the stress–strain behaviour as well as texture evolution show good agreement with the experimental results.     

Non-planar grain boundary structures in fcc metals and their role in nano-scale deformation mechanisms

This work presents the results of a comparative molecular dynamics study showing that relaxed random grain boundary structures can be significantly non-planar at the nano-scale in fcc metals characterized by low stacking fault values. We studied the relaxed structures of random [1?1?0] tilt boundaries in a polycrystal using interatomic potentials describing Cu and Pd. Grain boundaries presenting non-planar features were observed predominantly for the Cu potential but not for the Pd potential, and we relate these differences to the stacking fault values. We also show that these non-planar structures can have a strong influence on dislocation emission from the grain boundaries as well as on grain boundary strain accommodation processes, such as grain boundary sliding. We studied the loading response in polycrystals of 40 nm grain size to a level of 9% strain and found that the non-planar grain boundaries favour dislocation emission as a deformation mechanism and hinder grain boundary sliding. This has strong implications for the mechanical behaviour of nano-crystalline materials, which is determined by the competition between dislocation activity and grain boundary accommodation of the strain. Thus, the two interatomic potentials for Cu and Pd considered in this work resulted in the same overall stress–strain curve, but significantly different fractions of the strain accommodated by the intergranular versus intragranular deformation mechanisms. Strain localization patterns are also influenced by the non-planarity of the grain boundary structures.     

The pattern of mode competition between two frequencies produced by mode split technology by tuning of the cavity length

A new method is used for studying the mode competition of HeNe lasers. The method used is: (i) to make a small frequency split by using laser longitudinal mode split technology, (ii) to tune the cavity length in order to move the two mode split frequencies along the frequency axis and (iii) to use different ration between ²⁰Ne and ²²Ne in the laser tubes. In some ranges of lasing bandwidth, one mode split frequency will extinguish due to mode competition. And in other ranges, two mode split frequencies will work altogether. At the boundary between these two ranges, the process of intensity variation, from zero to maximum or in the opposite direction, of the split frequencies can be seen clearly. The pattern is dependent on the ration between ²⁰Ne and ²²Ne.     

Free vibrational characteristics of isotropic coupled cylindrical-conical shells

This paper presents the free vibrational characteristics of isotropic coupled conical-cylindrical shells. The equations of motion for the cylindrical and conical shells are solved using two different methods. A wave solution is used to describe the displacements of the cylindrical shell, while the displacements of the conical sections are solved using a power series solution. Both Donnell-Mushtari and Flügge equations of motion are used and the limitations associated with each thin shell theory are discussed. Natural frequencies are presented for different boundary conditions. The effect of the boundary conditions and the influence of the semi-vertex cone angle are described. The results from the theoretical model presented here are compared with those obtained by previous researchers and from a finite element model.     

模拟的对流边界层光学湍流的特征尺度分析

边界层作为地面与自由大气的过渡带对人类活动影响很大。边界层湍流结构尤其是夹卷层的湍流特征,是边界层研究的一个重要方面,这对于加深对边界层的认识以及研究边界层参数化具有十分重要的意义。由于边界层上部位置较高,难以进行精细结构观测。在室内对流水槽(150cm×150cm×60cm)中模拟了大气对流边界层的发生发展。将准直光通过模拟对流边界层得到光斑图像数据。利用改进协方差法对光斑图像进行功率谱分析,找出功率谱密度最大值所对应的频率即峰值频率,峰值频率对应的波长为涡的特征尺度。研究结果表明,在混合层,峰值波长较小,说明此处混合比较均匀,小尺度结构占主导地位。而夹卷层的峰值波长较大。夹卷层的平均峰值波长与对流Richardson数存在一定的关系,这种关系受下垫面类型以及对流状况的双重影响。     

电-磁振子组合型超宽带天线数值分析

 采用CST MICROWAVE STUDIO电磁场数值计算软件,对电-磁振子组合型超宽带（UWB）天线结构参数与天线性能之间的物理关系进行了分析。电磁组合型天线的物理结构包括三部分：天线的馈电系统、TEM喇叭辐射单元和电流环辐射单元。激励源采用高斯脉冲，边界为6层理想吸收边界（PML6）。仿真结果表明：组合天线的外导体屏蔽和电流环分别改善了不同频带内的端口参数；当电流环周长(105 cm)约等于天线尺寸(50 cm)的2倍时，天线的反射能量较小，端口参数曲线平坦；天线的物理尺寸决定其辐射带宽，尺寸越大，低频辐射特性越好。     

超声换能器带宽对光声成像的影响

研究了不同尺寸吸收体产生的光声压的频谱特性：对于厘米量级、毫米量级和几百个微米量级的吸收体,产生光声压频谱的主要范围分别约为20～300kHz、70kHz～2．5MHz和400kHz～20MHz;讨论了不同频率范围的光声信号对重建图像的影响,低频段的光声信号能反映物体的非边界区域,而高频段的光声信号能突出物体的细微结构,尤其是物体的边界特征。提出了不同尺寸的吸收体要选用或设计不同带宽范围的探测器进行检测的方法．当探测器的带宽范围与光声压频谱范围基本吻合时,损失的频率成份较少,重建的光声图像效果较好,这一结论在仿真和实验结果中都得到了证明。实验用的光源为YAG激光器,波长为532nm,重复频率为30Hz,脉宽为7ns,探测器为针状的PVDF膜水听器,接收面积的直径为1mm。     

脉冲升温纳秒时间分辨中红外光谱研究氨基酸重水溶液的分子间氢键

应用变温傅立叶变换红外光谱和脉冲升温纳秒时间分辨红外差谱研究了组氨酸和甘氨酸的重水溶液的羧基负离子的振动．结果表明不仅氨基酸分子之间形成氢键，而且氨基酸分子和溶剂分子之间也形成氢键．当温度升高时，羧基负离子在1600?1610 cm?1 附近的反对称伸缩振动发生蓝移，说明高温使氢键减弱．温度从10℃突然升高到20℃，组氨酸的时间分辨瞬态光谱出现两个漂白峰，一个在1604 cm?1，指认为形成氨基酸分子间氢键的羧基负离子的峰；另一个在1612 cm?1，指认为氨基酸分子和溶剂分子形成氢键的羧基负离子的峰．前     

粗细端等长阶梯形变幅杆的有限元分析

本文利用有限元分析软件ANSYS研究了一组粗细端截面积比不同的阶梯形变幅杆，得出了每个变幅杆的第一阶和第三阶谐振频率、粗细端分界面的相对位移和振幅放大系数。结果表明：ANSYS仿真值与实测值的平均偏差仅为0．3％，远小于常用式解析值与实测值的偏差；变幅杆粗细端分界面的运动类似受牵引的薄膜运动；而振幅放大系数与面积比成正比的结论可扩展到粗细端截面积比为100的情况。     

A 5 cm spatial resolution temperature compensated distributed strain sensor evaluated using a temperature controlled strain rig

Sensing rigs used for Brillouin scattering based distributed strain and temperature measurements so far have comprised separate sections of sensing fiber subjected to either temperature or strain influences. We demonstrate a scheme that allows for temperature corrected distributed strain measurements under environments involving simultaneous application of strain and temperature, with enhanced spatial resolution of 5 cm. Strain and temperature resolution of 63 με and 2 °C are reported. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest spatial resolution temperature compensated distributed strain sensor result so far.     

On the instability of time-domain acoustic boundary element method due to the static mode in interior problems

In the analysis of interior acoustic problems, the time domain boundary element method (TBEM) suffers the monotonically increasing instability when using the direct Kirchhoff integral. This instability is related to the non-oscillatory static acoustic mode describing the constant spatial response in an enclosure. In this work, nonphysical natures of non-oscillatory static mode influencing the instability of TBEM calculation are investigated, and a method for stabilization is studied. In TBEM calculation, the static mode is represented by two non-oscillatory eigenmodes with different eigenvalues. The monotonically increasing instability is caused by the unstable poles of non-oscillatory eigenmodes as well as very small, very low frequency noise of an input signal. Interior problems with impedance boundary condition also exhibit the monotonically increasing instability stemming from its pseudo non-oscillatory static mode due to the lack of dissipation at very low frequencies. Calculation of transient sound fields within rigid and lined boxes provides numerical evidences. It is noted that the stabilization effort by modifying the coefficient matrix based on the spectral decomposition can be used only for correcting the unstable pole. The filtering method based on the eigen-analysis must be additionally used to avoid the remaining instability caused by very low frequency noise of input signal.     

Polynomial versus trigonometric expansions for nonlinear vibrations of circular cylindrical shells with different boundary conditions

Large-amplitude (geometrically nonlinear) forced vibrations of circular cylindrical shells with different boundary conditions are investigated. The Sanders-Koiter nonlinear shell theory, which includes in-plane inertia, is used to calculate the elastic strain energy. The shell displacements (longitudinal, circumferential and radial) are expanded by means of a double mixed series: harmonic functions for the circumferential variable and three different formulations for the longitudinal variable; these three different formulations are: (a) Chebyshev orthogonal polynomials, (b) power polynomials, and (c) trigonometric functions. The same formulation is applied to study different boundary conditions; results are presented for simply supported and clamped shells. The analysis is performed in two steps: first a liner analysis is performed to identify natural modes, which are then used in the nonlinear analysis as generalized coordinates. The Lagrangian approach is applied to obtain a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Different expansions involving from 14 to 34 generalized coordinates, associated with natural modes of both simply supported and clamped-clamped shells, are used to study the convergence of the solution. The nonlinear equations of motion are studied by using arclength continuation method and bifurcation analysis. Numerical responses obtained in the spectral neighborhood of the lowest natural frequency are compared with results available in literature.     

分段Filippov系统的簇发振荡及擦边运动机理

本文旨在揭示非光滑Filippov系统中由频域上不同尺度耦合导致的簇发振荡行为及其产生机理.以经典的周期激励Duffing振子为例,通过引入对状态变量的分段控制及适当选取参数,使得激励频率与系统固有频率之间存在量级差距,建立了频域两尺度耦合的Filippov系统.当激励频率远小于系统的固有频率时,可以将整个激励项视为慢变参数或慢变子系统,从而得到广义自治快子系统.分析了由非光滑分界面划分的不同区域中各快子系统的平衡点及其分岔特性随慢变参数变化的演化过程.考察了两种典型参数条件下系统的振荡行为及其动力学特性,指出参数变化不仅会引起其相应子系统平衡曲线及其分岔特性的改变,也会导致不同模式的簇发振荡.同时,轨迹穿越非光滑分界面时会产生不同的动力学行为,特别是在一定参数条件下,由于运动轨迹受不同子系统的交替控制,存在着擦边运动现象,从而导致特殊形式的非光滑簇发振荡.基于转换相图及各区域中快子系统的平衡曲线及其分岔特性,揭示了非光滑分界面对系统簇发振荡的影响规律及不同簇发振荡的分岔机理.     

Electron moiré method and its application to micro-deformation measurement

In this paper, the single and two deposited metal layers method were proposed to produce the model grating for electron moiré method. The measurement principle of electron moiré method and the techniques for manufacturing model grid are expounded in detail. The accuracy of measuring strain using this method is discussed. The gratings with single deposited layer and two deposited layers with high frequency up to 5000 lines/mm were produced on different substrates. From the experimental results, both single deposited metal layer and two deposited metal layers gratings showed their heat resistance ability. Using the gratings produced and a replicated model grid, the electron moiré method was applied to measure the deformation of the strain around holes in a polyimide resin substrate, thermal strain of electronic packaging component and tensile creep around grain boundary in a pure copper specimen.     

An analytical model to estimate the performance of an indoor barrier at low-medium frequencies

Indoor barriers are now widely used for sound insulation. This paper examines the performance of indoor barriers in the low-medium frequency range and analyses the interaction between different natural modes of a room-barrier-room system. Morse proposed a theoretical model to calculate the sound field in a coupled-room, but this model neglects the surface integral of the boundary values of sound pressure. To estimate the performance of a barrier in an indoor environment, an analytical model is proposed that modifies the Green’s function for a non-rigid boundary enclosure and approximates the surface integral by a pre-estimated sound pressure based on Morse’s model. An additional approximation has been made in the proposed model to neglect the coupling area in the calculation of the surface integral. The proposed model used to predict the insertion loss of the barrier is verified by the experimental results using a 1:5 scale model. The predicted results agree well with the measured results at lower frequencies.     

Transmission of oscillations through a layer of a nonlinear elastic medium

The transmission of shear one-dimensional periodic perturbations through a layer of a nonlinearly elastic medium under the conditions close to resonance is considered. The layer separates two half-spaces consisting of a medium that is much more rigid, as compared to the medium in the layer. A system of differential equations is obtained for describing the slow variations in the amplitude and waveform of nonlinear strain and stress oscillations at the fixed boundary that occur because of the nonlinear properties of the medium while the other boundary performs arbitrary periodic motions in its plane. The period of these oscillations is close to the period of natural oscillations of the layer. It is shown that, in addition to continuous strain variations at the fixed boundary, strain variations containing strong discontinuities are possible. Relations at the discontinuities are obtained. The analogy between the equations derived for the case under study and the equations describing the propagation of strain waves in a homogeneous anisotropic elastic medium is pointed out.     

Interpretive nonlinear viscoelasticity: Dynamic properties of nylon 6 fibers

A method is developed to analyze the distortion of stress waves resulting. from sinusoidal strains. This distortion can result from two effects: (a) changes in modulus as function of strain (or angle θ) during the cycle, and (b) changes in mechanical loss as function of strain (or angle θ) during the cycle. The determination of the relative contribution of these two effects requires the knowledge of specimen modulus and loss at each instant of the experiment. This can be achieved by superimposing a high frequency small amplitude wave on the high amplitude low frequency wave. This technique is used in the analysis of dynamic responses of nylon 6 fibers. The results show that the energy loss in extension is different from that in contraction. This indicates that, in addition to strain dependence of modulus and loss, the analysis of the hysteresis curve must account also for the reversible strain induced structural change. An analytical procedure is presented to treat the data, and the effects of strain amplitude and temperature on the type of strain-induced structural changes are discussed.