Synthesis and diastereoselective functionalisation of tricarbonyl[(3a,7a)-octahydro-3-substituted-2-(η-phenyl)benzoxazole]chromium(0) complexes

Two novel tricarbonyl[(3a,7a)-octahydro-3-substituted-2-(η⁶-phenyl)benzoxazole]chromium(0) complexes have been synthesised in excellent yield and characterised by X-ray crystallography. Treatment of complex 1 with butyllithium followed by electrophile quench (MeI, MeSSMe, Me₃SiCl, Me₃SnCl, Ph₂PCl, PhCH₂Br, PhCHO) gave 1,2-disubstituted (η⁶-arene)Cr(CO)₃ complexes in excellent yield, by completely diastereoselective ortho-deprotonation. The structures of the products 5 and 10 have been established by X-ray crystallographic analyses.     

Synthesis and characterization of chromium and molybdenum(0) complexes bearing the (pentafluoroethyl)diphenylphosphine (pfepp) ligand

The synthesis and characterization of two Group VI pentacarbonyl complexes (pfepp)M(CO)₅ (M = Cr 1, Mo 2; pfepp = PPh₂C₂F₅) are reported. Thermolysis of M(CO)₆ and pfepp in refluxing octane afforded 1 and 2 in moderate yields. These complexes were completely characterized by multinuclear NMR, IR and elemental analysis. X-ray structures for these complexes indicated they were isostructural, crystalizing in triclinic unit cells with four molecules per asymmetric unit. A comparison of the bond lengths in 1 and 2 to other (L)M(CO)₅ complexes showed a relationship between the M-C_ax bond length and the electronic influence of the phosphine ligand, and establishes the pfepp ligand as neither electron-rich nor electron-poor. A comparison of IR data with other (L)M(CO)₅ complexes also indicates the pfepp ligand is electronically neutral, with an electronic influence that approximates phosphites.     

Fluorinated Pd(II)-1,3,5-triketonates: synthesis and molecular structure

Several new mononuclear complexes of Pd(II) have been prepared from perfluorobutyl substituted 1,3,5-triketones (containing linear and carbocycle backbones) and perfluoroheptanoyl cyclohexanone. 1,3-Diketones formed a mixture of trans- and cis-forms, whereas 1,3,5-triketones gave trans-complexes exclusively. The enolization of the non-bonded carbonyls in this case depends on the nature of substituents at positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3,5-triketone moiety. The molecular structure of one triketonate complex was confirmed by X-ray single crystal investigation.     

Acetone salicyloylhydrazone of Ni(II): synthesis,molecular structures,and properties

Two new mononuclear Ni(II) complexes, [Ni(C₁₀H₁₂O₂N₂)₂(C₅H₅N)₂](NO₃)₂ (1) and [Ni(C₁₀H₁₂O₂N₂)₂(H₂O)₂](NO₃)₂ (2), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The coordination geometry around each Ni(II) can be described as an octahedron with each Ni(II) coordinated to two imino nitrogens, two carbonyl oxygens, and two solvent molecules (pyridine for 1 and water for 2). In the synthesis, the original ligand changes from o-carboxybenzaldehyde salicyloylhydrazone (C₁₅H₁₂O₄N₂) into acetone salicyloylhydrazone (C₁₀H₁₂O₂N₂). The thermal stability of the complexes at three different heating rates (β = 5, 10, and 15°C min^?1) show that all the complexes exhibit three thermal decomposition stages and their thermal stability is 1 > 2. Complexes 1 and 2 both display DNA binding ability, ascertained by UV-Vis titration.     

Photoinduced synthesis and electrochemical properties of new ruthenium(mono)bipyridine dialkylcyanamide and propiononitrile complexes

Photochemical exchange of carbonyls was used to produce new ruthenium dialkylcyanamide and nitrile compounds [RuCl₂(bpy)(CO)(NCNMe₂)] (2), [RuCl₂(bpy)(CO)(NCNEt₂)] (3), and [RuCl₂(bpy)(CO)(NCEt)] (4) from trans(Cl)-[RuCl₂(bpy)(CO)₂] (1). The reaction energetics, steric effects and electronic effects induced by the dialkylcyanamide and nitrile ligands were studied using computational DFT methods and cyclic voltammetry. In all cases the photochemical exchange reaction favors rearrangement of the ligands and formation of the trans(Cl,L)-[RuCl₂(bpy)(CO)L] (L = NCNMe₂, NCNEt₂ or NCEt) isomer as the main products. The oxidation potential of the complexes decreases with the increase of the HOMO energy and of net electron-donor character of the ligands, the dialkylcyanamides (whose electrochemical Lever E_L ligand parameter has been estimated) behaving as stronger net electron donors than propiononitrile or CO. The electronic effect of the dialkylcyanamide and nitrile ligands is also reflected into the HOMO-LUMO energy difference, which is slightly reduced compared to the original dicarbonyl compound 1. The computational results show that the geometry of the isomer plays also an important role in the determination of orbital energies.     

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexamethyltrisilanylene-bridged bis(cyclopentadienyl)tetracarbonyldiiron and its derivatives: Synthesis,properties and molecular structures

The title ring-bridged bis(cyclopentadienyl)diiron complexes [η⁵,η⁵-C₅H₄–Si(SiMe₃)₂–C₅H₄]Fe₂(CO)L(μ-CO)₂ [L = CO (1), P(OPh)₃ (2), P(OMe)₃ (3), PPh₃ (4), PMe₃ (5)] that contain exocyclic Si–Si bonds attached to the bridging silicon atom have been synthesized. The Si–Si bonds were found to be stable to the intramolecular iron centers under both thermal and photochemical conditions, in sharp contrast to the facile cleavage of the Si–Si bond in 1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilanylene-bridged analogous complexes. The stability of the Si–Si bonds in the present cases may be attributed to the fact that these Si–Si bonds are spatially unapproachable by the intramolecular coordinatively unsaturated iron centers. Molecular structures of 1 and 2 have been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. An obvious conformational change due to substitution of CO for P(OPh)₃ was observed.     

2,6-Di(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)pyridine and its cupric chloride complex

2,6-Di(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)pyridine (DTP) was prepared by a four-stage procedure, including step-by-step heterocyclization of both amino groups of 2,6-diaminopyridine with triethyl orthoformate and sodium azide. According to quantum-chemical calculations and single crystal X-ray diffraction data, DTP crystallizes in the form of the thermodynamically most stable conformer and has an almost flat molecular geometry. DTP was found to react with CuCl₂ ⋅ 2H₂O in ethanol to give the [Cu(DTP)Cl₂(H₂O)]_n complex, which is a 1D coordination polymer, formed at the expense of bridging DTP ligand via the tetrazole ring nitrogen atoms N⁴. Possible coordination cites in DTP molecule are discussed using the data of quantum chemical calculations. The pyridine ring nitrogen atom of DTP does not participate in the formation of either coordination or intermolecular hydrogen bonds. This is explained by the results of quantum chemical calculations showing that this atom is less basic than N3 and N4 atoms of DTP molecule.     

In[NC5H3(CO2)2](OH2)F: A new layered indium-organic framework material (NC5H3(CO2)2=2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate)

A new layered indium-organic framework material, In[NC₅H₃(CO₂)₂](OH₂)F has been synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction using In₂O₃, NH₄F, 2,6-NC₅H₃(CO₂H)₂ (2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid), HF, and water at 200 °C. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the structure of the reported material. In[NC₅H₃(CO₂)₂](OH₂)F has a novel layered structure consisting of InO₅NF polyhedra and the pyridinedicarboxylate organic linker. Detailed structural analyses with full characterization including infrared spectrum, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, exchange reactions for the coordinated water molecule, and gas adsorption experiments are reported.     

Formation of bi- and tetranuclear cobalt(ii) trimethylacetate complexes with 2-amino-5-methylpyridine and 2,6-diaminopyridine

The reactions of the polymeric complex [Co(OH)_n(OOCCMe₃)_2–n ]_x (1) with 2-amino-5-methylpyridine (L₁) and 2,6-diaminopyridine (L₂) under anaerobic conditions at the ratio M : L = 1 : 1 afforded the binuclear complexes Co₂(-OOCCMe₃)₄[-MeC₅H₃N(NH₂)]₂ (2) and Co₂(-OOCCMe₃)₄[-C₅H₃N(NH₂)₂]₂ (3), respectively, with Chinese-lantern-like structures. The reaction of the tetranuclear cobalt(ii) complex Co₄(₃-OH)₂(-OOCCMe₃)₄(²-OOCCMe₃)₂(EtOH)₆ (4) with 2,6-diaminopyridine under anaerobic conditions at the ratio M : L₂ = 2 : 1 gave rise to the antiferromagnetic tetranuclear complex Co₄(₄-O)[-C₅H₃N(NH₂)₂]₂(-OOCCMe₃)₄(²-OOCCMe₃)₂ (5) with tetradentate-bridging coordination of the oxygen atom. The structures of the compounds synthesized were established by X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Synthesis of chromium(III) bis(benzamidinate) complexes via single electron oxidation

Single-electron oxidation of the known Cr(II) bis(amidinate) Cr[(Me₃SiN)₂CPh]₂ (1) provides synthetic access to neutral Cr(III) complexes. The complexes Cr[(Me₃SiN)₂CPh]₂X were prepared by reaction of 1 with AgO₂CPh (X = O₂CPh, 2), of 1 with iodine in THF (X = I/THF, 3), or of 1 with iodine in pentane, followed by addition of 2-adamantanone (X = I/2-adamantanone, 4). Treatment of 2 or 3 with C₃H₅MgCl resulted in the thermally stable allyl complex (X = η³-C₃H₅, 5). A preliminary kinetics study of the reaction of 1 with excess allyl benzoate and allyl acetate was performed. The molecular structures of 2, 3 and 5 were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction.     

Single crystal structure of 3-(2-(3-acetylphenyl)hydrazono)pentane-2,4-dione and molecular docking study with CYP450 members for anticancer molecular screening

Coupling of acetyl acetone with diazotized 3-aminoacetophenone was carried out to give the compound 3. The compound was characterized by IR, ¹HNMR, MS and elemental analysis. The X-ray analysis of 3 revels its planar nature with torsion angles between phenyl ring and acetyl group C2–C3–C7–O1 and C2–C3–C7–C8 of 177.8(3)° and ?0.9(4)°, respectively. Small deviations from planarity are evident also by torsion angles N1–N2–C9–C10 and N2–C9–C12–O3 of 176.6(2)° and 2.9(4)°, while the N2–C9–C10–O2 torsion angle with the value of ?165.2(3)° deviates from planarity. Hydrogen-bonded chain formed through C5–H5?O2 is connected with the adjacent antiparallel chain through C11–H11B···π interaction between the methyl group of the acetyl substituent and phenyl ring forming a double-layered chain. N1–N2 shows presence of single bond, showing it to be a hydrazone. Molecular docking study of the title compound with six members from CYP450 family shows encouraging activity.     

A stable carbonyl-pyrazine-metal(0) complex: Synthesis and characterization of cis-tetracarbonylpyrazinetrimethylphosphitetungsten(0)

Pentacarbonylpyrazinetungsten(0), (CO)₅W(pyz), is not stable in solution in polar solvents such as acetone or dichloromethane and undergoes conversion to a bimetallic complex, (CO)₅W(pyz)W(CO)₅ plus free pyrazine. These three species exist at equilibrium. Using the quantitative ¹H NMR spectroscopy, the equilibrium constant could be determined to be K_eq = (5.9 ± 0.8) × 10⁻² at 25 °C. Introducing a second pyrazine ligand into the molecule does not stabilize the complex, as cis-W(CO)₄(pyz)₂ was found to be less stable than W(CO)₅(pyz) and, therefore, could not be isolated. However, introducing trimethylphosphite as a donor ligand into the complex leads to the stabilization of the carbonyl-pyrazine-metal(0) complexes, as shown by the synthesis of cis-W(CO)₄[P(OCH₃)₃](pyz). This complex could be isolated from the reaction of the photogenerated W(CO)₄[P(OCH₃)₃](tetrahydrofuran) with trimethylphosphite upon mixing for 2 h at 10 °C in tetrahydrofuran and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, MS, ¹H, ¹³C, and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy.     

The reaction of dihydridotetrakis(triphenylphosphane)ruthenium(II) with methyl acrylate. Crystal structure of bis(methylacrylate)bis(triphenylphosphane)(aqua)ruthenium(0)

The complex H₂Ru(PPh₃)₄ reacts with methyl acrylate to give bis(methylacrylate)bis(triphenylphosphane)ruthenium(0). Temperature-dependent NMR spectra show that the complex exists in two isomeric forms in solution. The major form (ca. 74%) has one methyl acrylate ligand η²-coordinated and the other η⁴ -coordinated as a 1-oxabutadiene ligand. This complex reacts with water to give the monoaqua adduct, the crystal structure of which is reported.     

Solid-state structure and conformation of (Z)-2-(phenylbenzylidene)-3-quinuclidinone,an intermediate in the synthesis of quinuclidine derivatives

(Z)-2-(2-phenylbenzylidene)-3-quinuclidinone, C₂₀H₁₉NO,M _r =300.47D crystallizes in the monoclinicP2₁/c space group witha = 6.9809(2) Å,b=19.0523(2) Å,c = 11.7733(1) Å,=100.92(2)°,V=1537.5(3) ų,Z=4,D _c = 1.298 g/cm³,D _x =1.29 g/cm³ (flotation). Diffractometric data, using CuK radiation,=1.54178 Å, were collected on plate-like crystals. The structure, solved by direct methods was refined to a final R value of 0.037 for the 2645 observed reflections withF _o >3.0(F _o ). The molecule shows a trans conformation around the double bond. The quinuclidine and the diphenyl moieties present deformations in their geometric and conformational parameters due to the need of releasing intramolecular strains and/or nonbonded interactions.     

One-electron redox reactions involving chromium(0) and molybdenum(0) bis-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene derivatives

The reaction of M(η⁶-1,3,5-Me₃C₆H₃)₂, M = Cr, Mo, with the tetrahalides of Groups 4 and 5 elements proceeds with the monoelectronic oxidation of the metal bis-arene to the [M(η⁶-Me₃C₆H₃)₂]⁺ cation. In the case of MX₄, M = Ti, X = Cl, Br, M = V, X = Cl, and of Nb₂Cl₁₀ the reduction products are the titanium(III), vanadium(III) halides and the niobium(IV) chloride, isolated as the solvate anions [MCl₄(THF)₂]⁻ and [NbCl₄(CH₃CN)]⁻. The reaction of the tetrachloro complexes MCl₄(THF)₂, M = Zr, Hf, with Cr(η⁶-1,3,5-Me₃C₆H₃)₂ in THF produces the ionic [Cr(η⁶-1,3,5-Me₃C₆H₃)₂][MCl₅(THF)], which has been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction in the case of hafnium.     

Crystal structure of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)

Crystal structure of widely employed precatalyst [Pd(Ph₃P)₄] is reported. It crystallizes in P-3 space group [a = 19.0828(8) and c = 26.4423(18) Å] with six molecules per unit cell. It is demonstrated that the phase purity of this important compound can now be routinely controlled via powder X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Heat-induced changes to lipid molecular structure in Vimy flaxseed: spectral intensity and molecular clustering

Autoclaving was used to manipulate nutrient utilization and availability. The objectives of this study were to characterize any changes of the functional groups mainly associated with lipid structure in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum, cv. Vimy), that occurred on a molecular level during the treatment process using infrared Fourier transform molecular spectroscopy. The parameters included lipid CH(3) asymmetric (ca. 2959 cm(-1)), CH(2) asymmetric (ca. 2928 cm(-1)), CH(3) symmetric (ca. 2871 cm(-1)) and CH(2) symmetric (ca. 2954 cm(-1)) functional groups, lipid carbonyl CO ester group (ca. 1745 cm(-1)), lipid unsaturation group (CH attached to CC) (ca. 3010 cm(-1)) as well as their ratios. Hierarchical cluster analysis (CLA) and principal components analysis (PCA) were conducted to identify molecular spectral differences. Flaxseed samples were kept raw for the control or autoclaved in batches at 120°C for 20, 40 or 60 min for treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Molecular spectral analysis of lipid functional group ratios showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the CH(2) asymmetric to CH(3) asymmetric stretching band peak intensity ratios for the flaxseed. There were linear and quadratic effects (P<0.05) of the treatment time from 0, 20, 40 and 60 min on the ratios of the CH(2) asymmetric to CH(3) asymmetric stretching vibration intensity. Autoclaving had no significant effect (P>0.05) on lipid carbonyl CO ester group and lipid unsaturation group (CH attached to CC) (with average spectral peak area intensities of 138.3 and 68.8 IR intensity units, respectively). Multivariate molecular spectral analyses, CLA and PCA, were unable to make distinctions between the different treatment original spectra at the CH(3) and CH(2) asymmetric and symmetric region (ca. 2988-2790 cm(-1)). The results indicated that autoclaving had an impact to the mid-infrared molecular spectrum of flaxseed to identify heat-induced changes in lipid conformation. A future study is needed to quantify the relationship between lipid molecular structure changes and functionality/availability.     

Synthesis and structural characterization of tris (methacrylato)chromium(III)

A straightforward synthetic route to produce tris(methacrylato)chromium(III), Cr(O₂C(CH₃)C=CH₂)₃, by reacting sodium methacrylate with an aqueous solution of CrCl₃ gave a blue microcrystalline powder, insoluble in most common solvents. Electronic spectroscopy (UV-Vis), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), were employed to characterize Cr(O₂C(CH₃)C=CH₂)₃. Morphology and elemental composition of this compound were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), respectively. Spherical particles of approximately 2.5 µm in diameter were obtained. Thermal stability of the product was investigated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The spectroscopic studies revealed that the coordination sphere around the chromium ion corresponds to a chelating bidentate carboxylate-Cr(III) complex. Thermal stability above 350°C, and spherical shape particles of few micrometers in diameter, suggest a potential application of this novel compound as a catalyst in oxidation reactions.     

N-(Chlorodimethylsilyl)methyl anilides: synthesis and structure

N-(Chlorodimethylsilyl)methyl anilides of formula RC(O)N(C₆H₄X)CH₂SiMe₂Cl (R = Me, Ph; X = H, Me, Cl) were obtained by the reaction of N-TMS-containing anilides with ClCH₂Si(Hal)Me₂ (Hal = F, Cl). The silicon atom in these compounds is pentacoordinate according to the results of NMR and X-ray diffraction analysis.