疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的研究进展

Ⅰ.引言 大量的研究和疲劳裂纹扩展的试验表明,对于存在一定尺寸裂纹及缺陷的材料或构件,只有当裂纹尖端的应力强度因子达到或超过某一值时,裂纹才会在交变应力的作用下扩展。当裂纹尖端的应力强度因子小于这一值时,裂纹在交变应力作用下不发生扩展。这个应力强度因子值,就是界限应力强度因予幅值△K_(th),在疲劳研究中称为裂纹扩展的门槛值。 门槛值△K_(th)和疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN一样,是反映带裂纹或缺陷构件抗疲劳性能的     

厚度对近门槛区da/dN与ΔK_(th)影响的研究

本文依据四种厚度(6,9,12,15㎜)下30CrMnSiNi_2A钢CT试件的试验结果,对比了这四种厚度下的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值△K_(th)与近门槛区da/dN分析了厚度的影响。     

应力比对疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的影响

本文提出了在工程应用中简单而实用的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔK_(th)随应力比R变化的关系式,并与一些中、低碳铜及低合金钢的试验结果作分析比较,结果基本一致。     

疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值试验的可靠性分析

本文用30块30CrMnSiA合金铜的CCT试件所测得的ΔK_(th)试验数据检验了随机变量ΔK_(th)的分布特性,确认材料与厚度相同的试件在相同应力比下所测得的ΔK_(th)值基本遵循正态分布。在此基础上对ΔK_(th)试验进行了如下可靠性分析:具有指定可靠度与置信度的ΔK_(th)值,不同材料ΔK_(th)的统计对比,最少试件数。     

基于X-射线CT方法的岩石小裂纹扩展过程分析

岩石的小裂纹起裂及扩展过程是岩石力学研究的一个关键问题。对软硬两种砂岩进行单轴加载试验,同时用高分辨率的螺旋CT扫描机进行实时扫描。通过对获得的CT图像的分析处理发现,CT差值图像中的方差值与小裂纹的扩展速率有密切的关系,建立CT差值图像中的方差值与应力关系曲线,可以直观地看出:1)岩石样品中小裂纹起裂门槛值:软砂岩样品小裂纹扩展的门槛值为岩石强度的55%,小裂纹的扩展强度占整个强度的73%。硬砂岩小裂纹扩展的门槛值为岩石强度的64.5%,小裂纹的疲劳强度占整个强度的79%;2)小裂纹的扩展规律,即:在加载的初期岩石中小裂纹的扩展速率缓慢增大,在小裂纹扩展的门槛值出现之前快速下降,小裂纹扩展的门槛值出现之后又快速增加,最后当裂纹长度达到一定值时与长裂纹扩展速率基本一致。     

高韧性合金钢断裂韧性及疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的联合试验方法

在柴油机曲轴、连杆等关键零部件的可靠性设计和失效评估中,断裂韧性及疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值分别是衡量材料抵抗裂纹失稳扩展和裂纹开始扩展的重要指标．但是,对于高韧性合金材料,难以通过常规试验所推荐的厚度确定平面应变断裂韧性,而门槛值的测定通常不但非常耗时,且难以直接应用于不同循环特性的实际结构．本文针对高韧性合金钢34CrNi3MoA,提出一种将断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值试验合二为一的试验方法,即用同一个试件可以同时测定门槛值和断裂韧性．利用断裂韧性关于试件厚度的渐近特性,以几种较薄试件的试验,确定平面应变状态下的断裂韧性．试验结果还表明,裂纹扩展门槛值的试件厚度依存性可以忽略,并给出了任意循环特性（应力比）下的门槛值计算公式．     

复合材料疲劳Ⅱ型层间裂纹扩展门槛值试验方法研究

疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值在结构损伤安全设计中具有重要作用，该文提出了复合材料Ⅱ型疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的试验方法，并实测了两种复合材料的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值。     

测定薄板疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的升降法

测定疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值传统方法的整个过程只测出裂纹扩展门槛值的一个观测值,而由于材料不均匀等客观因素的限制,传统试验法的结果具有一定的随机性.本文利用升降法的原理,提出一种测定疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的升降法:预制裂纹并逐级降载使裂纹扩展速率接近门槛值速率,设定应力强度因子的级差,按照设定级差逐级降载,直至裂纹扩展速率低于门槛值速率,然后开始升载,直至裂纹扩展速率高于门槛值速率,再开始降载,如此重复进行即可以在疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值附近测得多对相反的数据点.运用小子样升降法数据处理方法,就可得到疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的均值和方差.最后通过某型铝合金薄板疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的测定试验验证了此方法的可行性.     

关于表面裂纹的研究

1、表面缺陷形成表面裂纹的规律 10×60×340mm的板状拉伸试样在热处理前用劈形刃具压出ρ=0.03-2.7mm六种椭圆压痕。用三点弯曲法疲劳,R=K_(min)/K_(max)=0.15。不同曲率的试样形成疲劳裂纹的周次N_i和裂纹前端ΔK_I的关系见图1。以50万次不出现裂纹作为门槛值。     

狭长缺口根部萌生的小裂纹扩展分析

根据伴随着小裂纹延展过程中不同力学参数相互作用的分析研究基础之上,我们就疲劳小裂纹的扩展特性进行了分析,根据不扩展裂纹性质对小裂纹的长度范围进行了讨论,探讨了狭长缺口根部萌生的小裂纹扩展速率, 并研究了不扩展裂纹形成机理,推演出不扩展裂纹长度计算方法,发展出一种预测小裂纹扩展行为的方法,借助这种方法可以实现裂纹萌生寿命的预测,与疲劳设计相结合可以进一步提高构件安全性与可靠性．不扩展小裂纹的长度可以通过计算定量得到,它与材料的疲劳极限、裂纹门槛值及缺口尺寸等参数紧密相关．以理论数据为依据,可以设计出针对一定材料及尺寸的试样,使其在一定荷载条件下不扩展裂纹长度达到宏观可观测的范围,进而降低小裂纹测量方面的技术难度,进一步验证不扩张裂纹形成机理．     

疲劳裂纹扩展过程中△K理论值的修正

通过聚碳酸酯紧凑拉伸试件的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验和同时进行的光弹性实验,作者发现随着疲劳裂纹的扩展在裂纹尖端附近产生逐渐加强和扩大的残余应力场,揭示出了裂纹尖端附近的闭合效应的存在,它将使应力强度因子降低.因此,疲劳裂纹扩展过程中应力强度因子幅度△K 的理论值应该修正。本文提出了一种简便有效的修正方案.     

高应力比循环下微动疲劳裂纹萌生位置的预测分析

对于微动疲劳问题,循环应力比的大小会影响试件应力状态及分布,从而影响疲劳裂纹的萌生位置.本文通过对一类微动疲劳问题进行有限元法分析,模拟疲劳实验过程,并采用最大应力变化幅△σθmax作为指标预测了不同应力比下疲劳裂纹的萌生位置.数值分析显示,在应力比不是很大时,试件与微动接触头的边缘存在接触,并在此处产生较大的应力集中,容易萌生裂纹;而在应力比足够高时,微动接触头端部与试件呈恒张开状态,△σθmax及裂纹萌生发生在距初始接触区边缘一定距离处.疲劳裂纹萌生位置的理论预测结果与相关试验的疲劳裂纹发生位置比较一致.     

Crack growth rate and cracking velocity in fatigue for a class of ceramics

Fatigue crack growth rate data and cracking velocity data are studied for a class of ceramics including SiC, TiB₂, Si₃N₄, ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃. Both sine and square wave cyclic loading are combined such that the data could be converted to cracking velocity for a given frequency of cyclic load. An effective stress intensity factor range is defined and used in an relation for computing the crack growth rate and cracking velocity. As for the metal alloys, the data for ceramics also fall into three regimes identified with near-threshold, stable growth and rapid crack extension, except that the slope of the da/dN (the crack growth rate) curves for ceramics are steeper in comparison with that for metals. Reported are the empirical constants in the relations for the crack growth rate and the cracking velocity for a variety of ceramics.     

A mathematical theory of materials with elastic range and the definition of back stress tensor

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缺口疲劳门槛值的实验研究

本文报告了对常用高强材料３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＡ的双边Ｖ型缺口疲劳门槛值进行的实验测量。通过测试结果分析，证实了对不同缺口半径的试样（△Ｋ１／√Ｐ）ｔｈ基本一致的结论。     

对裂纹扩展规律Paris公式物理本质的探讨

首先讨论了著名力学家K.Krausz和A.S.Krausz关于Paris公式物理本质研究的成果，从材料的微观结构和裂纹尖端的应力场出发，应用位错动力学理论，热激活能理论和速率过程理论对疲劳裂纹扩展规律进行了微观到宏观的探讨。最终推导出疲劳裂纹扩展速率的一个解析表示式，该式严格地定了Paris公式的两个试验常数，赋予了Paris公式明确的物理意义，从而真实地揭示了Paris公式的物理本质，为这一经验的普遍规律奠定了理论基础。     

基于裂纹闭合效应的高载迟滞预测模型修正

裂纹闭合效应通常是导致I 型裂纹扩展在高载作用下发生迟滞效应的主要因素之一．本文采用汽车薄板QSTE340TM 材料，针对不同应力比，高载比条件下疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了实验研究．论文通过断面分析，针对各参数对裂纹闭合效应的具体影响进行了分析讨论，认为裂纹作用区域随裂纹扩展而动态变化，从而提出了一种对有效应力强度因子幅的修正方法．通过在原有模型中引入幂函数形式的动态变量α，表征裂纹闭合效应的作用比例随裂纹长度的动态变化，取得了较好的效果．     

Threshold Dynamics for Compartmental Epidemic Models in Periodic Environments

The basic reproduction ratio and its computation formulae are established for a large class of compartmental epidemic models in periodic environments. It is proved that a disease cannot invade the disease-free state if the ratio is less than unity and can invade if it is greater than unity. It is also shown that the basic reproduction number of the time-averaged autonomous system is applicable in the case where both the matrix of new infection rate and the matrix of transition and dissipation within infectious compartments are diagonal, but it may underestimate and overestimate infection risks in other cases. The global dynamics of a periodic epidemic model with patch structure is analyzed in order to study the impact of periodic contacts or periodic migrations on the disease transmission.      

含盐量对水泥土强度影响的室内试验研究

通过含盐量对非有机质土加固强度影响的试验研究,得到了含盐量对水泥土强度的提高或减小的阈值为3.5%。当盐渍土的含盐量低于这个阈值时,盐渍土的加固强度会因可溶性盐的结晶膨胀作用,提高水泥土的强度;相反当盐渍土的含盐量高于该阈值时,盐渍土的强度会因可溶性盐的过多的结晶膨胀作用,使水泥土的结构遭到破坏,从而使水泥土的强度大大降低。同时分析了可溶性硫酸盐、镁盐和氯盐对水泥土的浸蚀性作用,并从盐类对水泥土强度的影响从机理上进行了阐释,提出了高含盐量对水泥土破坏作用的对策。     

Stiffness threshold of randomly distributed carbon nanotube networks

For carbon nanotube (CNT) networks, with increasing network density, there may be sudden changes in the properties, such as the sudden change in electrical conductivity at the electrical percolation threshold. In this paper, the change in stiffness of the CNT networks is studied and especially the existence of stiffness threshold is revealed. Two critical network densities are found to divide the stiffness behavior into three stages: zero stiffness, bending dominated and stretching dominated stages. The first critical network density is a criterion to judge whether or not the network is capable of carrying load, defined as the stiffness threshold. The second critical network density is a criterion to measure whether or not most of the CNTs in network are utilized effectively to carry load, defined as bending–stretching transitional threshold. Based on the geometric probability analysis, a theoretical methodology is set up to predict the two thresholds and explain their underlying mechanisms. The stiffness threshold is revealed to be determined by the statical determinacy of CNTs in the network, and can be estimated quantitatively by the stabilization fraction of network, a newly proposed parameter in this paper. The other threshold, bending–stretching transitional threshold, which signs the conversion of dominant deformation mode, is verified to be well evaluated by the proposed defect fraction of network. According to the theoretical analysis as well as the numerical simulation, the average intersection number on each CNT is revealed as the only dominant factor for the electrical percolation and the stiffness thresholds, it is approximately 3.7 for electrical percolation threshold, and 5.2 for the stiffness threshold of 2D networks. For 3D networks, they are 1.4 and 4.4. And it also affects the bending–stretching transitional threshold, together with the CNT aspect ratio. The average intersection number divided by the fourth root of CNT aspect ratio is found to be an invariant at the bending–stretching transitional threshold, which is 6.7 and 6.3 for 2D and 3D networks, respectively. Based on this study, a simple piecewise expression is summarized to describe the relative stiffness of CNT networks, in which the relative stiffness of networks depends on the relative network density as well as the CNT aspect ratio. This formula provides a solid theoretical foundation for the design optimization and property prediction of CNT networks.