三维漏斗中颗粒物质堵塞问题的数值实验研究

对于工程和实验中使用漏斗颗粒流而言,连续稳定的流量是必要的.当漏斗口较小时,很容易发生堵塞行为.堵塞现象对于交通流、疏散问题等也具有重要的意义.前人主要使用扰动的方法破坏漏斗中已有的堵塞,以便引起下一次堵塞,加快实验进程.本文利用自主开发的基于GPU(graphics processing unit)的密集颗粒流模拟程序,主要研究当三维漏斗开口打开后的第一次堵塞行为,不再引入扰动.详细讨论了漏斗开口尺寸、漏斗锥角等几何参数对坍塌规模的影响.发现对于坍塌规模的概率分布符合前人的研究结果,可以分为两部分:峰的左边呈幂函数上升形式,峰的右边呈指数衰减趋势.对于漏斗开口尺寸和漏斗锥角而言,均存在一个临界值使得堵塞不再发生.     

Three-dimensional clogging structures of granular spheres near hopper orifice

The characteristic clogging structures of granular spheres blocking three-dimensional granular flow through hopper outlet are analyzed based on packing structures reconstructed using magnetic resonance imaging techniques.Spheres in clogging structures are arranged in a way with typical features of load-bearing,such as more contacting bonds close to the horizontal plane and more mutually-stabilized contact configurations than packing structures away from the orifice.The requirement of load-bearing inevitably leads to the cooperativity of clogging structures with a correlation length of several particle diameters.This correlation length being comparable with the orifice diameter suggests that a clogging structure is composed of several mutually-stabilized structural motifs to span the orifice perimeter,instead of a collection of independent individual spheres to cover the whole orifice area.Accordingly,we propose a simple geometric model to explain the unexpected linear dependence of the average size of three-dimensional clogging structures on orifice diameter.     

Intermittent granular flow and clogging with internal avalanches

The dynamics of intermittent granular flow through an orifice at the bottom of a granular bin and the associated clogging due to formation of arches blocking the outlet, is studied numerically in two dimensions. When the hole size is less than the grain diameter, only a single grain is removed from the system so that the system self-organizes to a steady state and the distribution of the grain displacements decays as power laws. On the other hand, when hole sizes are within few times of the grain diameter, the outflow distributions are also observed to follow a power law. Received 21 July 1999 and Received in final form 17 September 1999     

Transition from homogeneous to inhomogeneous flows in a lattice-gas binary mixture of slender particles

We study the unidirectional flow of a binary mixture of biased-random walkers on a square lattice under a periodic boundary. The lattice-gas mixture consists of two types of slender particles (walkers) which have different biases (drift coefficients). When the density is higher than a critical value, a dynamical transition occurs from the homogeneous flow to the inhomogeneous flow and clogging appears. The inhomogeneous state returns to the homogeneous congested flow with further increasing density. The clogging does not appear in the unidirectional flow of the conventional lattice-gas binary mixture of single-site particles. The jamming (clogging) transition is clarified for various sizes of slender particles.     

Dips and rims in dried colloidal films

We describe a spatial pattern arising from the nonuniform evaporation of a colloidal film. Immediately after the film deposition, an obstacle is positioned above its free surface, minimizing evaporation at this location. In a first stage, the film dries everywhere but under the obstacle, where a liquid region remains. Subsequently, this liquid region evaporates near its boundaries with the dry film. This loss of water causes a flow of liquid and particles from the center of the obstructed region to its periphery. The final film has a dip surrounded by a rim whose diameter is set by the obstacle. This turns out to be a simple technique for structuring films of nanometric thickness.     

Dynamics of density waves in a two dimensional funnel on an inclined plane

We report here experiments on two-dimensional funnel flow of diameter glass beads on an inclined plane. We have investigated the properties of the flow according to the outlet size D of the funnel and the gravity. We have identified three different regimes. For small funnel outlet sizes, there is no significant change in flow density: the flow is rather steady and homogeneous. For intermediate outlet sizes (), the flow is intermittent, consisting of spatially ordered density waves propagating upwards. At bigger outlet sizes, density waves do not exhibit any ordering and the flow dynamics becomes chaotic. In addition, we find that the flow dynamics is independent of the funnel opening angle except close to the channel flow configuration. Finally, it is stressed that the interactions between the beads and the inclined plane play a crucial role in the mechanism of formation of density waves. Received: 9 July 1998 / Received in final form and Accepted: 18 September 1998     

Effect of the gas density on the force action of a turbulent jet

We have reported on the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the effect of the gas density on the force action of a gas jet for the flow parameters monitored by the pressure upstream of the outlet aperture. No appreciable effect of density has been revealed. At attempt has been made to describe the dependence of the force of action of the jet on the pressure upstream of the outlet aperture using isentropic expressions. It has been found that the only parameter of the gas that can affect the force action of the jet is the adiabatic exponent.     

跨临界CO_2热泵系统关键参数的实验研究

系统运行时外部参数变化将引起系统各内部参数变化,本文通过改变外部参数冷却水流量研究内部关键参数变化趋势。实验结果表明：随着冷却水的流量增加,压比减少,气体冷却器出口温度和排气压力降低,制热量和制热系数增加。在此基础上,通过调节外部参数研究气体冷却器出口温度以及蒸发温度对系统性能的影响。结果表明：随着蒸发温度的升高,制热...     

General probabilistic approach to the filtration process

We show experimentally that clogging is basically a matter of the probability of the presence of particles. We describe this process as a function of the main variables of the process, namely, the ratio of particle to mesh hole size, the solid fraction, and the number of grains arriving at each mesh hole during one test, with the help of a simple model, the predictions of which are in very good agreement with our experimental data.     

Effect of temperature of supersonic heterogeneous flow on the erosion-spraying transition

This publication is a continuation of works devoted to problems that arise in heterogeneous technologies. The matter of parameters that define the transition from surface erosion to particle spraying onto the surface is addressed. In particular, we experimentally examine the influence of temperature of the supersonic heterogeneous flow (carrier-gas temperature and particle temperature) interacting with the streamlined obstacle on the occurrence probability of either surface damage or particle spraying. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 05-02-16603).     

Dissipative optical flow in a nonlinear Fabry-Pérot cavity

We describe a classical nonlinear optical system that displays superfluidity and its breakdown. The system consists of a self-defocusing refractive medium inside a Fabry-Pérot cavity with a cylindrical obstacle. We have numerically solved for the transmitted beam when an incident plane wave strikes the cavity at an oblique angle. The presence of the incident beam pins the steady-state phase of the output, preventing the formation of vortices or time-dependent flow. When the incident beam is switched off, a transient wake of moving optical vortices is produced. This is analogous to the breakdown of superfluidity above a critical velocity.     

Anomalous flow deflection at earth's low-Alfvén-Mach-Number bow shock

Earth's magnetosphere is an obstacle to the supersonic solar wind and the bow shock is formed in the front side of it. In ordinary hydrodynamics, the flow decelerated at the shock is diverted around the obstacle symmetrically about the Earth-Sun line, which is indeed observed in the magnetosheath most of the time. Here we show a case under a very low-density solar wind in which duskward flow was observed in the dawnside magnetosheath. A Rankine-Hugoniot test shows that the magnetic effect is crucial for this "wrong flow" to appear. A full three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulation of the situation confirming this interpretation and earlier simulations is also performed. It is illustrated that in addition to the "wrong flow" feature, various peculiar characteristics appear in the global picture of the MHD flow interaction with the obstacle.     

The atom pencil: serial writing in the sub-micrometre domain

The atom pencil we describe here is a versatile tool that writes arbitrary structures by atomic deposition in a serial lithographic process. This device consists of a transversely laser-cooled and collimated cesium atomic beam that passes through a 4-pole atom-flux concentrator and impinges on to micron- and sub-micron-sized apertures. The aperture translates above a fixed substrate and enables the writing of sharp features with sizes down to 280 nm. We have investigated the writing and clogging properties of an atom pencil tip fabricated from silicon oxide pyramids perforated at the tip apex with a sub-micron aperture.     

Dislocation glide through non-randomly distributed point obstacles

Abstract

Classical meso-scale models for dislocation–obstacle interactions have, by and large, assumed a random distribution of obstacles on the glide plane. While a good approximation in many situations, this does not represent materials where obstacles are clustered on the glide plane. In this work, we have investigated the statistical problem of a dislocation sampling a set of clustered point obstacles in the glide plane using a modified areal-glide model. The results of these simulations show two clear regimes. For weak obstacles, the spatial distribution does not matter and the critically resolved shear stress is found to be independent of the degree of clustering. In contrast, above a critical obstacle strength determined by the degree of clustering, the critical resolved shear strength becomes constant. It is shown that this behaviour can be explained semi-analytically by considering the probability of interaction between the dislocation line and obstacles at a given level of stress. The consequences for alloys exhibiting solute clustering are discussed.     

Yield drag in a two-dimensional foam flow around a circular obstacle: Effect of liquid fraction

We study the two-dimensional flow of foams around a circular obstacle within a long channel. In experiments, we confine the foam between liquid and glass surfaces. In simulations, we use a deterministic software, the Surface Evolver, for bubble details and a stochastic one, the extended Potts model, for statistics. We adopt a coherent definition of liquid fraction for all studied systems. We vary it in both experiments and simulations, and determine the yield drag of the foam, that is, the force exerted on the obstacle by the foam flowing at very low velocity. We find that the yield drag is linear over a large range of the ratio of obstacle to bubble size, and is independent of the channel width over a large range. Decreasing the liquid fraction, however, strongly increases the yield drag; we discuss and interpret this dependence.     

Electrophoretic collision of a DNA molecule with an insulating post

We study the dynamics of single DNA molecules driven by an electric field into a stationary obstacle. These collisions are broadly classified as "hook" and "roll-off" events. We show that obstacle-induced electric field gradients stretch impacting DNA and thus greatly influence the hooking probability. Consequently, in addition to collision geometry, determination of the hooking probability depends on the Deborah number (De) for 0.5相似文献   

Effect of exit location on flow of mice under emergency condition

The evacuation of crowds in a building has always emerged as a vital issue in many accidents. The geometrical structure of a room, especially the exit design has a great influence on crowd evacuation under emergency conditions. In this paper, the effect of exit location of a room on crowd evacuation in an emergency is investigated with mice. Two different exits are set in a rectangular chamber. One is located in the middle of a wall(middle-exit) and the other is at the corner of the chamber(corner-exit). Arching and clogging are observed in the flow of mice. The result based on the escape trajectories of mice shows a dynamic balance in the arch near the exit wherever the exit is located. We demonstrate that the occupant position in the arch has an effect on the escape sequence of mice. At a low stimulation level, the narrow middle-exit is more effective in increasing the flow rate of mice than the narrow corner-exit. However, the opposite result appears when the exit becomes wider. At a high stimulation level, the effect of exit location on flow of mice tends to be weakened. The results suggest that the specific level of stimulation needs to be taken into account when optimizing the evacuation efficiency of a crowd through the geometrical structure of a room.     

Discrete-element modeling of particulate aerosol flows

A multiple-time step computational approach is presented for efficient discrete-element modeling of aerosol flows containing adhesive solid particles. Adhesive aerosol particulates are found in numerous dust and smoke contamination problems, including smoke particle transport in the lungs, particle clogging of heat exchangers in construction vehicles, industrial nanoparticle transport and filtration systems, and dust fouling of electronic systems and MEMS components. Dust fouling of equipment is of particular concern for potential human occupation on dusty planets, such as Mars. The discrete-element method presented in this paper can be used for prediction of aggregate structure and breakup, for prediction of the effect of aggregate formation on the bulk fluid flow, and for prediction of the effects of small-scale flow features (e.g., due to surface roughness or MEMS patterning) on the aggregate formation. After presentation of the overall computational structure, the forces and torques acting on the particles resulting from fluid motion, particle–particle collision, and adhesion under van der Waals forces are reviewed. The effect of various parameters of normal collision and adhesion of two particles are examined in detail. The method is then used to examine aggregate formation and particle clogging in pipe and channel flow.     

Incompressible Flow Around a Small Obstacle and the Vanishing Viscosity Limit

In this article we consider viscous flow in the exterior of an obstacle satisfying the standard no-slip boundary condition at the surface of the obstacle. We seek conditions under which solutions of the Navier-Stokes system in the exterior domain converge to solutions of the Euler system in the full space when both viscosity and the size of the obstacle vanish. We prove that this convergence is true assuming two hypotheses: first, that the initial exterior domain velocity converges strongly in L ² to the full-space initial velocity and second, that the diameter of the obstacle is smaller than a suitable constant times viscosity, or, in other words, that the obstacle is sufficiently small. The convergence holds as long as the solution to the limit problem is known to exist and stays sufficiently smooth. This work complements the study of incompressible flow around small obstacles, which has been carried out in [4–6].     

Stationary probability flow and vortices for the Smoluchowski–Feynman ratchet

Smoluchowski–Feynman ratchet is in contact with two heat reservoirs with different temperatures. We study the non-equilibrium stationary state with a ratchet rotating unidirectionally, based on the probability flow field, which are obtained either by solving the Fokker–Planck equation (with no inertial effect) or by computer simulations (with an inertial effect). Vortex pattern in the probability flow is found, whose sense of rotation, on the one hand, is determined by a simple thermodynamic argument and, on the other hand, determines rotational direction of the ratchet. Small efficiency of the ratchet is also discussed within this vortex framework.