Concise syntheses of the cruciferous phytoalexins brassilexin, sinalexin, wasalexins, and analogues: expanding the scope of the vilsmeier formylation

Efficient syntheses of the phytoalexins brassilexin, sinalexin, and analogues are demonstrated through the application of the Vilsmeier formylation to indoline-2-thiones followed by a new aqueous ammonia workup procedure. Similarly, a very concise two-pot synthesis of the phytoalexins wasalexins using sequential formylation-amination of indolin-2-ones is described. Remarkably, this novel aqueous ammonia workup allows the sequential one-pot formylation-amination, expanding substantially the scope of the Vilsmeier formylation of both indoline-2-thiones and indolin-2-ones. The examination of the formylation-amination reaction and optimization of conditions, as well as the syntheses and antifungal activities of several brassilexin analogues, are reported.     

Detoxification pathways of the phytoalexins brassilexin and sinalexin in Leptosphaeria maculans: isolation and synthesis of the elusive intermediate 3-formylindolyl-2-sulfonic acid

Brassilexin and sinalexin are among the most potent antifungal phytoalexins produced by crucifer plants. Nonetheless, the crucifer pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans(Desm.) Ces. et de Not. (asexual stage Phoma lingam(Tode ex Fr.) Desm.) is able to detoxify these phytoalexins. To understand and control these reactions, the elusive brassilexin and sinalexin detoxification pathways in L. maculans were investigated and compared to those of the synthetic derivatives 8-methylbrassilexin and 8-acetylbrassilexin. The chemical structures, syntheses and antifungal activities of the metabolic intermediates, including the most polar metabolite identified thus far, 3-formylindolyl-2-sulfonic acid, were established. Our overall findings suggest that the first detoxification step of brassilexin involves its reductive bioconversion to 3-aminomethyleneindole-2-thione, followed by hydrolysis and oxidation to the water soluble metabolite 3-formylindolyl-2-sulfonic acid.     

Vilsmeier formylation of 5,10,15-triphenylcorrole: expected and unusual products

5,10,15-Triphenylcorrole (1) reacts with the Vilsmeier reagent (POCl(3)/DMF) to give the corresponding 3-formyl derivative 3 as the major product. The regioselectivity of the reaction was proven by X-ray crystallography and only traces of the 2-formyl isomer were observed. A more polar product is also observed and this compound becomes the major product when an excess of DMF is used for the preparation of the Vilsmeier reagent, while the formation of the 3-formyl isomer is almost completely suppressed. X-ray crystallography allowed us to identify this compound as the fully substituted N-ethane bridged derivative 4, formed from the attack of the Vilsmeier reagent at the inner core of the macrocycle. This compound is unique among porphyrinoid macrocycles, and further confirms the peculiarity of corrole chemistry.     

Substituted 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-thiadiazinium salts: a new heteroaromatic system

10 new 1,3,5-thiadiazinium iodides were synthesized, in an attempt to find insect sterilants related to hexamethylmelamine and 3,5-bis(dimethylamino)-1,2,4-ditiazolium bromide. The thiadiazinium ring was formed by reacting dithiazolium with ammonia forming amidinothiourea, then condensing it with thiophosgene. Synthesis and NMR spectra of several substituents are discussed, but no biologic tests were reported.     

Synthesis and study of heteroaromatic ligands containing a pyrimidine ring

5-Hexyl-3-[2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl]amino-1(2)H-1,2,4-triazoles and 2-(3,5-dipropyl-4-ethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methyl-4-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-aminopyrimidine were synthesized by the reaction of 4-chloropyrimidines with 3-araino-5-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole and 3-amino-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole. Their IR, UV, and PMR spectra were investigated. New methods for the preparation of the intermediates, viz., 2-hydrazino-4(3H)-pyrimidinones and 2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4(3H)-pyrimidinones, that make it possible to obtain these compounds in higher yields are described.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 12, pp. 1673–1677, December, 1980.     

Synthesis,structures, and redox properties of some new dithiocarbamates that include a heteroaromatic ring

New Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Co. Fe, Mn, Sb, and Bi dithiocarbamates that include 2-thenyl and 2-furfuryl radicals were synthesized. The potentials of polarographic oxidation on a rotating platinum electrode were determined for them and for the previously synthesized N-substituted unsymmetrical dithiocarbamates of the same metals. The results of x-ray diffraction analysis of bis-(di-2-thenyldithiocarbamato)nickel(2⁺) are presented and discussed.Deceased.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 902–909, July, 1987.     

Cyclopentannulation on 3-phospholenes: an expedient route to the 2-phosphabicyclo[3.3.0]octene ring system

Treatment of 1-phenyl-3-phospholene derivatives with 2 equiv. of LDA followed by quenching the metallated intermediates with 1,3-dihaloalkanes affords 2-phosphabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-3-ene derivatives in good yield. The annulation reactions are highly regio- and stereoselective and lead to the formation of exo-Ph-P substituted products exclusively. Reduction of the resulting bicyclic phosphine oxides by phenylsilane gives the corresponding phosphines with complete retention of configuration at P. Application of this annulation procedure to acyclic allylic substrates leads to the corresponding monocyclic annulation products.     

Studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds—DXLVIII : Synthesis of a hasubanan ring system from the benzylisoquinoline reticuline

The synthesis of a cepharamine analogue (19) from reticuline (1) by phenolic oxidation is reported. Reticuline was converted into the methine base (13b), whose dihydro compound (14c) was oxidised to the seco-morphinandienone (17b). Michael-type cyclization of 17b, followed by an isomerization of the enone (18) gave the cepharamine-type compound (19).     

Synthesis and study of the light-stabilizing activity of some dithiocarbamates that include a heteroaromatic ring

A number of new dithiocarbamates of transition metals that contain thiophene, furan, benzo[b]thiophene, and benzo[b]selenophene rings were synthesized. The compounds obtained were investigated as light stabilizers for polymers. It is shown that the effectiveness of the light-stabilizing effect of the dithiocarbamate depends on the structure of the heterocyclic fragment included in its composition.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1482–1488, November, 1982.     

芳香杂环并吡咯的合成和在天然产物全合成中的应用

叠氮基-丙二酸烷叉酯的分子内1,3-二极环加成和环翻转反应被用于制备异缩合杂环芳香吡咯的新方法, 报导了这一方法用于合成2,4-二氢吡咯[3,4-b]吲哚环系, 同样这一环系被用于椭园玫瑰树碱的全合成。     

Atom-economic and stereoselective syntheses of the ring a and B subunits of the bryostatins

This article describes chemoselective and atom-economic methods for the stereoselective assembly of the ring A and B subunits of bryostatins. A Ru-catalyzed tandem alkene-alkyne coupling/Michael addition reaction was developed and applied to the synthesis of bryostatin ring B. We explored an acetylide-mediated epoxide-opening/6-exo-dig cyclization route to access the bryostatin ring A, although ring A was eventually furnished through an acid-catalyzed tandem transketalization/ketalization sequence. In addition, a dinuclear zinc-catalyzed methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) aldol strategy was evaluated for the construction of the polyacetate moiety. Utilization of these methods ultimately led to the rapid assembly of the northern bryostatin fragment containing both the ring A and B subunits.     

Synthetic approach to grayanotoxins and asebotoxins: a new construction of the a-homograyanotoxane ring system

The tetracyclic compounds ～3 and ～4 corresponding to A-homograyanotoxane system were synthesised by a thermolysis of the benzocyclobutene ～8, followed by a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement of the kaurane type of compounds ～15 and ～16.     

Studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds—DXLV : An alternative synthesis of the protoberberine ring system

The reaction of 3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline (11) with 1-bromobenzocyclobutene (10) gave, in one step, 2,3-dimethoxyprotoberberinium bromide (15), which was easily converted into the tetrahydroprotoberberine (16).     

Supramolecular control in carbohydrate epimerization: discovery of a new anion host-guest system

A new anion-carbohydrate recognition system is described. Pyranosides with axial protons in 1-, 3-, and 5-position proved efficient, forming relatively strong complexes between the anion and the B-face of the carbohydrate. This system could furthermore be used in supramolecular control in Lattrell-Dax epimerization reactions, leading to either activation or deactivation effects.     

The first isocyanide of plant origin expands functional group diversity in cruciferous phytoalexins: synthesis, structure and bioactivity of isocyalexin A

Although isocyanides are not rare amongst terrestrial microbes and marine organisms, despite tens of thousands of natural products isolated from plants, isocyanides are still missing. Isocyalexin A is the first isocyanide of plant origin. Isocyalexin A was isolated from UV-irradiated rutabaga roots and shown to be a new cruciferous phytoalexin. Its chemical structure was proven by analysis of NMR spectroscopic data and chemical synthesis.