O2/CO2燃烧方式下煤中有机/无机硫的释放特性

首先用重液浮选将一种烟煤分为高(＞2.0 g/cm3)、中(1.4～2.0 g/cm3)和低(＜1.4 g/cm3)三个密度段,并采用三态硫化学分析,发现无机硫(外在黄铁矿为主)主要赋存于高密度煤中,有机硫主要赋存于低密度煤中,几乎全部硫酸盐硫、部分有机硫和少量无机硫(内在黄铁矿)赋存于中密度煤中.其次在程序升温条件下研究了分密度煤中硫的释放特性以及含硫物相的浓度变化规律,探讨了有机/无机硫析出特性的影响机理.结果显示:在O2/CO2气氛下,高、中密度煤SO2析出曲线都有尖峰并呈双峰分布,在较短时间及较窄温度范围反应完全;与之相反,低密度煤释放曲线平坦且无明显峰,在较长时间和较宽温度范围均有析出;相对于O2/N2气氛,O2/CO2燃烧方式促进了硫以COS/SO3等物相生成,同时提高了煤灰中矿物质自固硫能力,从而降低了SO2的排放.     

高浓度CO2气氛下燃煤氮、硫污染物的释放特性

采用污染物在线分析仪、气相便携红外分析仪研究了程序升温条件下改变氧化介质时煤中氮,硫的释放特性以及含硫物相的浓度变化规律,探讨了不同气氛,CO2浓度与O2浓度单独变化时对NO、SO2析出特性的影响机理.结果表明:O2/CO2燃烧气氛下NO、SO2排放峰值及总量均低于O2/N2气氛.CO2气氛下烟气中存在大量的CO,有利于NO的降解,同时也促进了烟气中其他含硫物相的形成,随着CO2浓度的增加,特别是在燃烧后期,NO、SO2的排放显著降低.O2浓度改变对NO和SO2的释放影响不同:O2浓度升高促进了SO2的析出;但是O2浓度在一定范围内增加对NO的排放并无明显影响,随着O2浓度进一步增加,NO的释放峰向低温区迁移,同时排放量降低.     

煤温和热解过程中汞释放形态及分布规律研究

本文选取两种贵州高汞煤,在200～800℃的温度范围内,采用程序升温反应系统加热,利用美国EPA推荐的Ontario-Hydro方法捕捉不同形态汞。研究了在N₂气氛和微氧化性气氛下温和热解过程中汞的释放和形态分布规律。实验结果表明:温度是影响煤温和热解过程中汞释放的主要因素,煤中汞释放率随着温度的升高而明显升高,当热解温度为600℃时,汞释放率可达90%左右。在微氧化性气氛下,汞的释放率随着氧气体积分数的升高而增大。元素汞（Hg⁰）是气态汞释放的主要形态,热解停留时间及热解气氛对气态汞的释放形态也存在影响较大。     

O2/CO2气氛下石灰石煅烧及烧结特性研究

本文研究了在O2/CO2气氛下石灰石的煅烧和烧结特性.结果表明,空气气氛下煅烧所得CaO的孔隙率和比表面积均较O2/CO2气氛下的大,但O2/CO2气氛下煅烧所得CaO具有更大的最可几孔径.石灰石在O2/CO2气氛下1000℃煅烧时的产物具有最大的比孔容积和比表面积,且石灰石煅烧产物CaO的比孔容积和比表面积均随气氛中CO2浓度的增加而下降,在低CO2浓度下下降较为迅速,而在高CO2浓度下下降逐渐趋于平缓.在延长相同烧结时间的情况下,O2/CO2气氛下CaO孔结构受烧结影响的程度要比空气气氛下轻微.     

CO2-3掺杂纳米羟基磷灰石晶体的合成与表征

CO2-3掺杂是提高纳米羟基磷灰石（n-HA）生物活性的有效方法之一。以 Ca（NO3）2·4H2O 和Na3PO4·12H2O为主要原料，Na2CO3作为CO2-3来源，合成纳米碳羟基磷灰石（n-CHA）晶体。采用TEM ， XRD ，FTIR ，RS对合成晶体形貌和结构进行表征。结果表明：合成的n-HA晶体长度约为60～80 nm ，宽度在20～30 nm之间，形状为针状，具有良好的结晶度，与自然骨磷灰石形貌相似；n-CHA晶体随CO2-3掺入量的增加，结晶度降低；合成的 n-CHA晶体的晶胞参数 a值随着CO2-3加入量的增大不断收缩，但 c值增大，参数比c/a值增大，符合B型取代（取代PO3-4）的晶胞参数变化规律。红外谱图中，872 cm -1附近出现AB混合型取代（同时取代O H -，PO3-4）的CO2-3面外弯曲振动特征红外峰，同时CO2-3的不对称伸缩振动红外峰在1454和1420 cm -1附近出现分裂峰，1540 cm -1附近出现弱CO2-3峰；1122 cm -1附近出现CO2-3对称伸缩振动拉曼峰，1071 cm -1附近出现CO2-3的B型替代特征拉曼峰，通过计算PO3-4，CO2-3，O H -拉曼峰的积分面积比PO3-4/CO2-3，O H -/CO23，PO3-4/O H -，表明CO2-3在替换时，先以B型为主，随着CO2-3掺入量的增加，发生A型替代（取代O H -）。实验结果表明，合成的磷灰石晶体为B型取代（取代PO3-4）为主的AB混合型取代的 n-CHA。与人骨磷灰石晶体在形态、尺寸、晶体结构和生长方式上具有相似性，可称为类骨磷灰石。     

掺杂碱金属与碱土金属的CuO-CeO_2催化剂的漫反射红外光谱分析

CuO-CeO2系列催化剂是高效的CO选择性氧化反应的催化剂,通过原位漫反射红外光谱对掺杂碱金属和碱土金属氧化物的CuO-CeO2催化剂表面的吸附物种进行了研究。结果表明CuO-CeO2系列催化剂上,2 106 cm-1处出现CO的红外吸附峰。在反应气氛中,此峰的强度随着温度先升高后降低,说明Cu+是CO主要的活性吸附中心。低温下催化剂表面吸附的CO主要以可逆形式脱附出来,而高温下CO则以不可逆的形式脱附出来。催化剂表面在3 660 cm-1处出现尖锐的红外峰,归属于CeO2经还原产生的Ce-(OH)2偕式基团。在1 568,2 838和2 948 cm-1附近处出现甲酸根的红外谱峰,以及1 257和1 633 cm-1处出现碳酸根物种的红外峰。甲酸根物种是气相的CO与表面的羟基反应生成的产物,该物种的C—H键断裂生成碳酸根物种,这两物种均会降低催化剂的高温活性。Cu1Li1Ce9Oδ催化剂出现较强的CO2和甲酸根的红外峰,温度高于180℃时,该催化剂上还能看到微弱的CO红外峰,说明锂离子的给电子性质有利于提高Cu1Li1Ce9Oδ催化剂上CO的不可逆脱附,抑制氢的活化吸附,同时促进了甲酸根物种的生成。低温下Cu1Mg1Ce9Oδ和Cu1Ba1Ce9Oδ催化剂上CO的吸附量较多,但主要以可逆脱附形式脱附出来,对CO选择性氧化没有贡献。     

不同变质程度煤燃烧反应性及FTIR分析其热解过程结构变化

利用TG/DTA 6300的热重分析仪对胜利褐煤(SL)、神华烟煤(SH)与塔旺陶勒盖无烟煤(TT)三种不同变质程度的原煤进行空气气氛下燃烧反应;通过FTIR(傅里叶变换红外光谱)分析了三种煤样及不同终温下固定床热解半焦的官能团组成;运用数学高斯函数对FTIR曲线重叠吸收峰进行分峰拟合,利用拟合峰面积计算FTIR的芳香度指数(R)、芳香结构稠合指数(D)及有机成熟度指数(C)结构参数。结果表明： SL,SH与TT煤着火温度分别为299.3,408.2及441.0℃;最大失重速率峰温度分别为348.6,480.5及507.0 ℃,即随煤样变质程度的不同,着火点和最大失重速率温度都不同程度提高。煤中官能团结构较复杂,不同变质程度的煤样的红外光谱曲线中均可以观察到羟基(—OH);脂肪烃(—CH₂,—CH₃);芳环(CC); 含氧官能团(CO, C—O)等主要官能团的振动吸收峰。随着热解炼焦温度的升高,三种煤样中脂肪烃类(—CH₂—,—CH₃)红外振动吸收峰均逐渐减小;炼焦后CO在1 700 cm-1伸缩振动峰在炼焦温度到达550 ℃时基本消失;SL原煤样在1 000～1 800 cm-1 含氧官能团吸收峰区域红外曲线更为复杂,随炼焦温度升高较之其他煤样变化最为显著;而SH及TT煤芳环CC吸收峰在温变过程中峰位及峰强度均无显著变化。通过R,D及C值随热解终温的变化曲线,三种变质程度煤在热解反应过程中主体官能团变化趋势存在差异。     

TG-FTIR法研究低变质煤共热解过程气体的析出规律

采用热重-红外联用技术（TG-FTIR）对比研究了陕北低变质粉煤（SJC）与重油（HS）、焦煤（JM）、液化残渣（DCLR）共热解过程中气相产物的析出特性。研究表明,随热解温度升高,SJC与HS,JM,DCLR的共热解过程均可分为三个阶段。第一阶段表现为原料表面吸附物的释放,第二阶段发生解聚和分解反应,随温度继续升高,第三阶段形成更为稳定的半焦。在热解第二阶段中均存在煤与添加剂之间的协同效应,SJC作为主要的供氢体,热解产生的氢自由基与HS,JM,DCLR热解产生的小分子自由基碎片之间发生相互作用生成焦油和煤气。SJC和SJC+DCLR在450 ℃附近的温度区间内热解反应进行的更加充分,大部分N元素转移到了焦油组分中。热解过程气相产物中H₂O和酚类物质、含N杂环物质及CO的析出伴随着热解的整个温度区间,SJC+JM和SJC+HS热解过程含N物质的转移主要集中在400~650 ℃区间,CH₄和脂肪烃类物质的析出最高峰出现在450 ℃附近,而SJC+DCLR和SJC则出现在550 ℃。JM,HS及DCLR的添加可促使焦油中芳香族化合物的析出,SJC+JM与SJC+HS热解过程芳香族物质大量析出的温度区间在400~550 ℃。该研究结果为低变质粉煤的清洁转化与提质分级新技术的研究开发提供理论依据,对低变质煤的增值利用具有重要的意义。     

O2/CO2条件下煤粉燃烧火焰特性的实验研究

本文利用平面火焰曳带流反应系统,对O2/CO2气氛下的煤粉火焰进行了实验研究.以期通过此实验研究,对后期的实验室规模的实验研究起到指导作用.结果表明:O2/CO2气氛下CO2的存在、氧分压的大小以及煤中的水分含量均对煤粉火焰有较大影响.     

CO32-掺杂纳米羟基磷灰石晶体的合成与表征

CO32-掺杂是提高纳米羟基磷灰石(n-HA)生物活性的有效方法之一。以Ca(NO3)2·4H2O和Na3PO4·12H2O为主要原料,Na2CO3作为CO2-3来源,合成纳米碳羟基磷灰石(n-CHA)晶体。采用TEM,XRD,FTIR,RS对合成晶体形貌和结构进行表征。结果表明:合成的n-HA晶体长度约为60~80nm,宽度在20~30nm之间,形状为针状,具有良好的结晶度,与自然骨磷灰石形貌相似;n-CHA晶体随CO2-3掺入量的增加,结晶度降低;合成的n-CHA晶体的晶胞参数a值随着CO2-3加入量的增大不断收缩,但c值增大,参数比c/a值增大,符合B型取代(取代PO3-4)的晶胞参数变化规律。红外谱图中,872cm-1附近出现AB混合型取代(同时取代OH-,PO3-4)的CO2-3面外弯曲振动特征红外峰,同时CO2-3的不对称伸缩振动红外峰在1 454和1 420cm-1附近出现分裂峰,1 540cm-1附近出现弱CO2-3峰;1 122cm-1附近出现CO2-3对称伸缩振动拉曼峰,1 071cm-1附近出现CO2-3的B型替代特征拉曼峰,通过计算PO3-4,CO2-3,OH-拉曼峰的积分面积比PO3-4/CO2-3,OH-/CO23,PO3-4/OH-,表明CO2-3在替换时,先以B型为主,随着CO2-3掺入量的增加,发生A型替代(取代OH-)。实验结果表明,合成的磷灰石晶体为B型取代(取代PO3-4)为主的AB混合型取代的n-CHA。与人骨磷灰石晶体在形态、尺寸、晶体结构和生长方式上具有相似性,可称为类骨磷灰石。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.