等离子喷涂含钪氧化物阴极制备及发射特性研究

在三元碳酸盐中加入微量钪,利用大气等离子喷涂方法制备出含钪等离子喷涂氧化物阴极. 制备过程中,在三元碳酸盐原来配比基础上增加12%—22%(摩尔百分比)的碳酸钡进行混合, 并将该混合物进行造粒,在造粒过程中加入微量的钪.利用扫描电子显微镜分析了等离子喷涂材料的形态 和分布,表明符合等离子喷涂对粉末大小和形状的要求,并解决了等离子喷涂过程中钡的损失问题. 对这种新型氧化物阴极的分解排气过程进行详细分析,结果表明,排气时这种阴极比普通喷涂阴极出气少 且分解时间短.对发射性能及寿命进行测试,结果显示这种新型氧化物阴极的性能显著提高,阴极寿命延长.     

颗粒状纳米碳酸钡锶钙的研制

介绍一种气-液相合成技术合成氧化物阴极用三元碳酸盐,研究沉淀温度、浓度及搅拌速率对合成碳酸钡锶钙结晶形貌的影响,分析其结晶过程.通过优化合成溶液温度及合成浓度,控制碳酸盐的成核和生长速率,合成了一种颗粒状纳米三元碳酸盐,并进行直流发射测试.实验表明,这种纳米碳酸盐能明显提高氧化物阴极的发射性能.     

关于热电子发射理论的评述(Ⅰ)——对氧化物阴极的半导体模型的批判

二十多年来,我们从实践中发现,氧化物阴极的理论与实际之间存在着很多矛盾。本文从逸出功测量、吸收光谱、超额钡浓度、晶格结构、表面能级、涂层导电率、涂层电位分布、薄膜和厚涂层发射的比较、中间层电阻、发射的不均性、闪变噪声、脉冲电流不稳定性、电火花等方面的实验和论证,说明氧化物阴极并不是以超额钡为施主的电子型半导体。提出了表面发射中心的观点,并用它解释了氧化物阴极中的许多现象。     

真空沟道结构GaAs光电阴极电子发射特性

光电阴极的发射电流密度和寿命限制了其在功率器件和大科学装置中的应用.本文结合光电阴极和场发射阴极电子发射理论,设计了大电流密度的真空沟道结构光电阴极组件,并使用覆膜和刻蚀技术制备了以GaAs衬底为阴极材料的光电阴极组件.光电阴极组件电子发射特性测试结果显示,常温状态下随入射光功率增加,阴极发射电流增加幅度逐步增大.光功率为5 W时,发射电流达到26.12 mA,电流密度达到5.33 A/cm~2.随光电阴极组件工作温度增加,阴极材料内的载流子浓度也会相应地增加,提高了负极对阴极材料内发射电子的补充效率,增强了阴极组件的电子发射能力.当光电阴极组件为400℃时,其发射电流可达到89.69 mA.由于阴极表面不存在激活原子,在光电阴极组件连续144 h的寿命试验中,阴极的发射电流为4.5±0.3 mA,阴极发射性能并未出现明显衰减.真空沟道是光电阴极组件电子发射的主要区域,通过改善真空沟道结构参数可以直接调整阴极组件发射电子束的形状,增强大电流密度光电阴极在真空电子器件和设备中的适用性.     

亚微米电子发射材料的合成及发射性能

介绍一种气-液相合成技术合成多元碳酸盐及其制备阴极的发射性能.实验表明：采用该方法合成碳酸盐结晶小,形貌呈细丝状,丝径小于1μm,这种亚微米丝状碳酸盐能明显提高氧化物阴极的发射性能.通过对阴极激活后阴极表面的SEM分析,初步讨论了亚微米碳酸盐的发射机理. 关键词： 亚微米碳酸盐 气-液相合成技术 氧化物阴极 发射性能     

爆炸发射阴极特性的研究进展

文章对爆炸发射阴极的物理机制进行了阐述，着重对爆炸发射阴极的各种特性进行了介绍，包括阈值电压、发射均匀性、等离子体闭合速率、阴极寿命等．并且对研究爆炸发射阴极特性所采用的理论和测量方法进行了介绍，给出了目前阴极材料使用中存在的问题．     

强流离子源新型LaMo阴极实验研究

对从美国购进的强流离子源新型LaMo阴极的发射特性以及用于强流离子源阴极的放电性能进行了测试.实验结果表明了LaMo阴极是一种有效的热阴极发射体,且该阴极用于强流离子源时,离子源工作稳定,放电起弧正常,使用寿命大大延长(相对于LaB₆阴极).从实际应用来看,LaMo阴极确是强流离子源的一种有效的新型阴极.     

利用紫外透射光谱研究透射式GaN光电阴极的材料结构及光学特性

GaN紫外光电阴极是近年发展起来的一种高性能真空紫外探测器件,其中透射式结构作为光电阴极实际应用的工作模式,其多层结构参数及光学特性对阴极的最终光电发射性能有着重要的影响.测试了透射式GaN阴极材料的紫外透射光谱,通过建立透射式GaN阴极样品的透射模型,得到了GaN阴极样品的薄膜厚度、光学吸收系数与透射谱之间的函数关系.计算得到的GaN外延材料的厚度与实际值误差小,吸收系数与已发表数据一致,表明紫外透射光谱法能够准确地实现透射式GaN阴极材料结构及光学特性的评估.     

中间层Re的加入对覆膜钡钨阴极性能的改善

研究了一种新型的覆膜钡钨阴极——双层膜(Os-W/Re膜)钡钨阴极.对这种新型阴极的发射性能进行了测试，重点对其老炼前后表面薄膜的微观形貌进行了分析，表明中间层Re膜的加入使覆膜钡钨阴极的性能得到了改善.通过对Os-W双元合金膜钡钨阴极和Os-W/Re双层膜钡钨阴极发射特性的比较，发现Os-W/Re双层膜阴极的直流发射性能好于Os-W合金膜阴极.对两种阴极激活后发射表面的X射线光电子能谱分析表明，Os-W/Re双层膜阴极激活后表面形成的三元合金膜是其发射特性优于Os-W合金膜阴极的主要原因.应用扫描电子显微镜分析比较两种阴极激活老炼后的表面状态，结果表明：Os-W合金膜阴极在老炼一段时间后，其表面薄膜出现开裂，这会导致阴极发射均匀性下降；而Os-W/Re双层膜阴极在同样老炼条件下，发射表面薄膜均匀并保持完整，从而确保覆膜钡钨阴极发射均匀性和工作可靠性. 关键词： 双层膜钡钨阴极 Os-W/Re膜 Os-W膜 薄膜开裂     

白光LED用Ba2B2P2O10∶Eu2+绿色荧光粉的光谱特性

采用高温固相法制备了一种适于近紫外光激发,发射绿光的Ba2B2P2O10∶Eu2+材料,并研究了材料的发光性质.Ba2B2P2O10∶Eu2+材料的发射光谱为一峰值位于522 nm的非对称单峰宽谱|监测522 nm发射峰,所得激发光谱覆盖300~450 nm,主峰位于381 nm,为Eu2+的5d→4f跃迁特征激发谱带.利用van Uitert公式计算了Eu2+取代Ba2B2P2O10中Ba2+时所占晶体学格位,得出507 nm和542 nm发射峰分别归属于八配位和六配位的Eu2+发射.研究发现,Eu2+浓度对Ba2B2P2O10∶Eu2+材料的发射强度有影响,并判断出Eu2+在Ba2B2P2O10中发射的自身浓度猝灭机理为电偶极-电偶极相互作用.     

纳米碳酸盐制备阴极的蒸发特性研究

采用飞行时间质谱法和石英晶体振荡动态测试法,分析纳米碳酸盐制备储存式氧化物阴极在分解、激活过程中及不同工作温度下的蒸发特性.结果表明:纳米碳酸盐氧化物阴极纯净无杂质,能够在常规工艺过程中充分分解和激活,比普通碳酸盐氧化物阴极的活性物质更多,蒸发率更小. 关键词： 飞行时间质谱法 晶体振荡法 纳米碳酸盐 氧化物阴极     

Degradation factors of a new long life cathode

This paper analyses the degradation factors of a new long life coated impregnated cathode after accelerated life test. The surface state of the cathode is investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM) as well as the content and variation of the various elements on the surface and the longitudinal section of the cathode are analyzed with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) before and after the life test. The analyzing results with SEM show that the cathode coating shrinks at the life end and leads to a rise in its work function. The analyzing results with AES show that the percent of the W increases and the active materials Ba decreases on the cathode surface at the life end. Furthermore, there is less Ba underneath the cathode surface but still a lot of Ba in the tungsten matrix at the life end.     

Diffusion and desorption of barium and oxygen on tungsten dispenser cathode surfaces

Auger measurements have been made on the concentration of barium and oxygen diffusing out of a pore and slot onto the surface of a simulated tungsten dispenser cathode. Profiles of concentration vs distance from the source were obtained at different temperatures. It is found that at cathode operating temperatures very little gradient of oxygen concentration exists on the surface, and under steady state conditions Ba is the main diffusing species. Ba diffusion distances derived are consistent with previous measurements. However it is found that this distance increases with concentration in spite of the fact that the Ba surface lifetime decreases with concentration. Time dependent measurements made on a clean surface show that the rate of Ba and O build up is limited by the supply rate of oxygen to the surface. This supply rate is not diffusion limited but seems to be limited by the mechanism generating free oxygen. A comparison of emission microscope measurements on a tungsten matrix dispenser cathode with the simulated cathode data indicates that similar oxygen generation processes may be controlling the activation of these cathodes.     

大功率磁控管用新型Y2Hf2O7陶瓷阴极研究

为了提高大功率磁控管的输出功率,延长其使用寿命,首次采用稀土氧化物Y2O3和过渡金属氧化物热发射测试结果显示该阴极在1300,1350,1400,1450,1500,1550,1600℃br亮度温度,300 V阳极电压下即可分别提供0.15,0.2,0.5,1.1,1.8,2.5,3.5 A/cm2的发射电流密度.利用理查森直线法求得该阴极的绝对零度逸出功为1.26 eV,理查森-道舒曼公式法求得该阴极在1450,1500,1550,1600℃br亮度温度下的有效逸出功分别为3.10,3.15,3.21,3.26 eV.寿命实验结果显示,该阴极在工作温度为1400℃br,直流负载为0.5 A/cm2的条件下,寿命超过4000 h.最后,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱分析仪、俄歇电子能谱仪以及结合氩离子刻蚀技术的深度俄歇能谱仪等分别对该阴极活性物质的分子结构,阴极表面微观形貌、元素成分及含量等进行了研究.结果表明,高温烧结合成了单一的铪酸钇物相,高温烧结过程中当一种Y3+价稀土氧化物Y2O3掺入Hf4+价的过渡金属氧化物HfO2时,会发生离子置换固溶,为了保持铪酸钇晶格的电中性,晶格中就会产生一个氧空位.当阴极在激活、老练、热发射测试时,会加速氧空位的生成,产生的氧空位越多,阴极表面导电性就会越好,这间接降低了逸出功,从而提高了阴极的热发射能力.     

Changes in surface chemistry of an Ir---W mixed metal coated cathode during activation

A comparative study has been made between a mixed metal (60% Ir-40%W) coated cathode and a “B” cathode during activation and also in their respective steady states. The rate limiting factor in the activation of the coated cathode is the oxidation of the initial Ba type surface to a BaO type surface. Since on the “B” cathode Ba and O emerge together, its activation is faster than the coated cathode. In the steady state of operation, both cathodes exhibit a surface near BaO stoichiometry which is the optimum composition for the minimum work function. This work function is about 0.2 eV lower on the coated cathode than on the “B” cathode. An accelerated life test at 1575 K indicated a gradual decrease of the Ir concentration in the coating.     

A model of dispenser cathode activity

A semiquantitative model of dispenser cathode activity based on recent work on the co-adsorption of Ba and O onto W surfaces is presented. The co-adsorption studies have determined the shape of a three-dimensional surface of work function as a function of θ_O and θ_Ba, the surface coverages of O and Ba, respectively. Compositions of a variety of pedigreed dispenser cathodes were fitted to this surface and their composition changes during lifetime were modeled. Changes of surface composition with temperature and of workfunction, φ, with temperature were also found to fit these curves. The concept of a patchy surface implied by the co-adsorption measurements was used to explain earlier results on the shape of the X-ray excited Ba MNN Auger feature. Finally, SIMS measurements under UHV conditions was found to provide an extremely sensitive measurement of surface composition in the region of surface coverages of interest in the study of cathode phenomena. Extensions of this work to other types of cathodes such as M-types, and rhenium substrate cathodes is also discussed.     

Study on the composition and phase change of BaO/Hf/Mo under high temperature

Hafnium films were deposited onto the molybdenum grids by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering from an Hf target in argon gas. Emission current of Mo grids coated with and without Hf film during the lifetime testing, which were contaminated by active electron-emission substances (i.e. Ba or BaO) from the cathode, were measured using an analogous-diode method. The results show that emission current from the Mo grid coated with Hf film is much less than that from the Mo grid without Hf film. The BaO layer was deposited on Hf/Mo substrates by chemical method in order to simulate the working conditions of the grids contaminated by electron-emission substances from the cathode. The suppression mechanism of electron emission from the Mo grid coated with Hf film is discussed according to the experimental results and the calculation of the reaction free energy.     

电子冷却装置阴极激活及阴极表面温度计算

 电子冷却在重离子加速器冷却储存环中用于束流冷却和累积。实验发现,电子冷却装置电子枪高压绝缘陶瓷的绝缘电阻值下降影响到电子冷却装置的正常运行。介绍了电子冷却装置的阴极更换、真空烘烤、阴极碱土金属碳酸盐的分解和阴极激活过程;在60 W的加热功率下,得到了10.6 μA／V_１.5的导流系数;用灰体辐射计算的典型工作状态下电子枪氧化物阴极发射面的温度为1108 K,与实际测量的1078 K相近;阴极首次激活不完全是电子枪使用中导流系数的增长原因。     

Heat treatment induced intermetallic phase transition of arc-sprayed coating prepared by the wires combination of aluminum-cathode and steel-anode

A method to prepare intermetallic composite coatings employing the cost-efficient electric arc spraying twin wires assistant with suitable heat treatment was developed. In this study, a Fe-Al composite coating was produced by spraying twin wires, i.e. a carbon steel wire as the anode and an aluminum wire as the cathode. The inter-deposited Fe-Al coating was transformed in-situ to Fe-Al intermetallic composite coating after a post annealing treatment. The effect of annealing treatment conditions on phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of the coating was investigated by using XRD, SEM, EDS and OM as well as microhardness tester. The results show that the desirable intermetallic phases such as Fe₂Al₅, FeAl and Fe₃Al are obtained under the annealing condition. The main oxide in the coating is FeO which can partially transform to Fe₃O₄ up to the annealing condition.