基于模糊控制的无人水面艇直线路径跟踪方法

针对直流电机驱动固定双桨的无人水面艇,提出一种基于模糊控制的直线路径跟踪方法;利用无人水面艇到目标路径的垂直距离以及无人水面艇的实际航向与给定路径方向的差值来确定无人水面艇的当前状态,根据模糊推理的方法实时调整左右两侧推进电机的输入电压,进而改变无人水面艇的运动状态,实现无人水面艇自主直线路径跟踪;模糊控制器采用双输入双输出的控制结构,无需建立精确的控制器模型,在无人水面艇初始位置相对于跟踪直线的不同位置关系情况下进行了仿真实验,并与PID控制器的性能进行了比较,仿真结果表明:在初始航向偏差角较大时,如2π/3、π时,该方法克服了采用固定参数PID控制方法时出现的大迴转现象;在初始航向偏差角较小时,如π/4、3π/7、π/2时,该方法在超调量以及调节时间方面的直线跟踪性能优于固定参数PID控制方法。     

卡尔曼滤波在无人水面艇双天线GPS定位测向系统中的应用

针对无人水面艇双天线GPS定位测向系统的定位误差问题,利用卡尔曼滤波算法对GPS数据进行滤波处理;根据位置与速度及航向的关系,建立数学模型,然后利用卡尔曼滤波算法对定位测向系统的测量值进行滤波处理;首先,对无人水面艇在静止、低速及高速运动状态的GPS数据进行了处理;仿真结果表明,在这三种情况下卡尔曼滤波方法能够提高GPS定位精度,在定点实验中观测值的均方误差为0.5259,滤波后变为0.0536;最后,在干扰情况下的无人艇运动仿真实验中,经过卡尔曼滤波后测量数据的均方误差由0.5043降低为0.3553;实验说明卡尔曼滤波能获得很好的滤波效果。     

无人水面艇航迹跟踪控制仿真

摘要：针对模型参数不确定、存在外界风浪流干扰的欠驱动无人水面艇的航迹跟踪问题,为提高无人水面艇自主航行能力,减小航迹跟踪过程中的轨迹偏差与跟踪迟滞,提出了一种分层控制结构的方法。由外至内采取航迹、航向、舵角三层控制,外环航迹控制层使用过渡目标点策略,根据无人水面艇的偏航距确定实时目标点,中环航向控制层使用最小转角策略,根据无人水面艇艏向角与目标方向角之差确定偏转打角,内环舵角控制层使用模糊自适应整定PID控制器,对模型参数的动态变化进行补偿。基于MATLAB GUI进行无人水面艇航迹跟踪控制仿真试验,结果表明,模糊自适应整定PID控制器提高了舵角的控制响应速度,无人水面艇在航行过程中的直线行驶、连续折线行驶均能得到较好的航迹跟踪控制。     

基于积分LOS的多无人艇协同路径跟踪

该文针对欠驱动无人艇的编队跟踪控制问题,考虑模型参数不确定和外界风浪流干扰的影响,设计了基于LOS的算法。首先,为了使三艘无人艇保持协同,设计了协同一致性控制算法,并且所有的跟随者之间的通信网络是无向的,保证每艘无人艇之间都能互相通信。其次,基于LOS算法,设计了偏航控制器和艏摇控制器,使得无人艇可以在洋流干扰下实现路径跟踪。针对控制器中的未知参数,设计了基于自适应算法的观测器,对未知参数进行估计。仿真结果验证了所提出的控制方法的有效性。     

风干扰下基于变船长比的无人水面艇路径跟踪方法

摘要：针对无人水面艇在路径跟踪过程中易受风环境干扰的问题,建立了风环境下无人水面艇的运动数学模型,提出一种用于抵抗风干扰的直线路径跟踪方法。首先,基于视距导航原理,设计了跟踪期望航向角的PD控制器,通过融合路径方向,距离偏差及船长比等信息,实时调整左右两侧推进电机的控制电压,实现无人水面艇直线路径跟踪。然后,针对不同船长比对直线路径跟踪的影响,采用模糊控制方法,设计了以跟踪过程中的距离偏差和距离偏差变化率为输入,以船长比为输出的模糊控制模块,对船长比进行自适应调整,以提高控制器的抗风干扰性能。仿真结果表明,所提方法可减小风干扰作用下的跟踪静差,较之传统单纯PD控制方法,抵抗风干扰的能力得到提高。     

四旋翼无人飞行器实验平台设计及姿态控制研究

为了实现四旋翼无人飞行器姿态的稳定控制并验证控制算法的性能,设计了一种可用于四旋翼无人飞行器姿态控制算法研究及控制性能测试的物理实验平台。首先,利用牛顿-欧拉法建立了四旋翼无人飞行器的六自由度动力学模型;其次,对姿态传感器数据进行融合,利用互补滤波算法实现对四旋翼飞行器姿态进行快速准确解算;然后,在MATLAB环境下搭建了四旋翼飞行器仿真模型,并设计改进的PID控制器对飞行姿态进行了仿真;最后,搭建了一个四旋翼无人飞行器姿态控制的物理实验平台,进行了飞行器姿态控制算法的性能测试。实验结果表明了四旋翼无人飞行器实验平台设计的合理性和正确性,是一种快速有效的飞行器姿态控制算法性能测试实验平台。     

基于LQR的无人直升机姿态控制器设计

无人直升机控制系统是一个易受环境干扰的、各通道相互耦合的非线性系统.为了实现无人直升机能在不同环境下自主飞行,需要设计抗干扰能力强的控制器;采用系统辨识的方法得到直升机横向通道和纵向通道姿态环路的线性系统模型;根据线性最优二次型理论,对直升机横向通道和纵向通道的姿态环路设计了LQR最优控制器,使用MATLAB仿真选取最优控制器参数后,在ALIGN 700N 直升机上进行了实际飞行试验,仿真和飞行试验表明,采用LQR控制技术设计的无人直升机姿态控制器具有较强的鲁棒性和实用性.     

四轮独立驱动无人车运动控制研究

四轮独立驱动转向的底盘相较于传统的非独立转向底盘响应速度和灵活性更高,更契合未来无人车的发展方向。通过分析车辆底盘的转向方式以及对应的运动规律,研究了不同转向方案下车辆的运动学状态方程模型,并在此模型的基础上建立了跟踪控制的控制目标和系统约束,设计了基于模型预测控制的转向控制算法,并搭建了Simulink-Carsim联合仿真实验模型。通过仿真实验验证了该控制器能够在不同的转向方案下快速稳定地跟踪期望轨迹,充分发挥了四轮独立驱动转向无人车底盘的转向性能,为后续进一步研究四轮独立驱动无人车的控制打下了基础。     

基于xPC的光电平台系统半实物实时仿真

为了便捷高效地设计和调试光电平台系统的稳定、跟踪控制算法,基于Matlab的xPC Target环境设计开发了半实物实时仿真系统。阐述了系统的总体设计方案,给出了系统软、硬件实现方法。通过半实物仿真,完成了平台的模型结构参数辨识,设计并测试了比例积分控制器、校正控制器和综合控制器。对半实物仿真系统进行摇摆实验以评估所设计的控制系统的视轴稳定精度。实验结果显示,校正控制器因其在低频段具有更高的增益从而使系统获得了最高的稳定精度,通过实验结果可有效地选择出扰动抑制特性最优的控制器设计。     

基于主从交互式萤火虫群优化算法的船舶航向分数阶PID控制

为了改善船舶航向控制的效果,本文首次运用了分数阶PID控制方法,并提出一种新的主从交互式萤火虫优化算法,以优化控制器参数,使得达到控制性能指标最优的目标。根据船舶动力学模型,以船舶实际参数作实验,实验结果表明经过FA优化的分数阶PID控制器,比PSO算法具有更好的控制性能。通过敏感性分析验证了算法求出的FOPID参数具有鲁棒性,当系统参数大幅度变化时不需要重新设置。证明了经萤火虫算法优化的分数阶PID控制器能够更好地满足船舶航向控制的需求。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.