生物催化用于C—C键的立体选择性合成

C—C键的立体选择性形成是有机合成化学的重要方面. 生物催化剂的立体选择性是它们的主要优势之一, 用酶催化C—C键形成已引起了广泛关注. 总结了生物转化中C—C键形成的最新应用, 着重讨论了醛缩酶和转酮醇酶生物催化剂的应用.     

Directed, selective insertion of single molecules into patterned self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols with different chain lengths

Pd(ii) pincer adsorbate molecules (1) were inserted into self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols with different chain lengths (C(8) to C(18)) on annealed gold substrates. Their presence was brought to expression by reaction of with Au nanoclusters bearing phosphine moieties (2). The surface-confined Au nanoclusters were observed only on the shorter chain SAMs (C(8)SH to C(16)SH) and not on C(18)SH SAMs. This is attributed to the longer chain length of C(18)SH preventing the insertion of pincer molecules. Microcontact printing (microCP) with C(18)SH on unannealed gold substrates and the subsequent immersion of the substrates into C(8)SH, C(10)SH, C(12)SH, or C(16)SH solutions, yielded a series of patterned SAMs that have areas of thiols of different chain lengths. Insertion of 1 followed by expression using 2, or insertion of 3 showed inserted molecules only in the shorter chain SAM areas. The absolute particle densities in the former case were higher than on the corresponding homogeneous SAMs on annealed substrates, probably due to larger numbers of defects in the SAMs on unannealed substrates.     

Self-assembled monolayers of alkaneselenolates on (111) gold and silver

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed from didodecyl diselenide (C12SeSeC12) and didodecyl selenide (C12SeC12) on (111) Au and Ag substrates were extensively characterized by several complementary techniques. C12SeSeC12 was found to form contamination-free, densely packed, and well-ordered C12Se SAMs on both substrates, whereas the adsorption of C12SeC12 occurred only on Au and resulted in the formation of a SAM-like C12SeC12 film with a low packing density and a conformational disorder. The properties of the C12Se SAMs were compared with those of dodecanethiolate (C12S) SAMs. The packing density, orientational order, and molecular inclination in C12Se/Au and C12S/Au were found to be very similar. In contrast, C12Se/Ag exhibited significantly lower packing density, a lower degree of the conformational and orientational order, and a larger molecular inclination than C12S/Ag. The results suggest a sp3 bonding configuration for the selenium atom on Au and Ag and indicate a larger corrugation of the headgroup-substrate binding energy surface in C12Se/Ag than in C12S/Ag.     

Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy of polyacrylonitrile on copper and aluminium surfaces

Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy has been used to study the chemical structure of thin films of pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (PAN) on copper and aluminium surfaces. The formation of a conjugated C? C?C backbone occurs at temperatures as low as 200°C for PAN on copper, whereas the same reaction on aluminium requires pyrolysis at 300°C in order to be completed. These temperatures are, respectively, about 200 and 100°C lower than those previously reported for bulk PAN. Pyrolysis of PAN on copper at 200°C also results in diffusion of copper atoms (ions) into the polymer network followed by Cu(I)? N°C complexing. Conclusive evidence is obtained for end-on coordination through nitrogen lone pair orbitals of the C?N groups. We propose a chemical structure of PAN on copper that is different to that in the bulk and on aluminium.     

The regioselectivity of the ring opening of 1-activated or nonactivated 2-alkoxycarbonyl or 2-cyanoaziridines by carbanions of the dicarbonyl compounds

Ring opening of title compounds with alkyl malonates, acetylacetone, methyl acetylacetate, and malononitrile was studied. The regioselectivity of the opening depends on several factors. A phenyl group on C? 3 favours C? 3? N bond cleavage, whereas C? 2? N bond cleavage is predominant with C? 3-substituted or C? 2? H aziridines. Cyanoaziridines are predominantly cleaved at C? 3? N. The aziridine configuration at C? 2 and C? 3 is maintained during the cyclisation in pyrrolidones.     

亚硫酰氯还原的电催化研究

利用碳粉微电极和显微Raman分子探针技术研究了SOCl~2阴极还原的电催化性能.在八硫杂氢化酞菁的催化作用下, SOCl~2还原过程中的产物硫将进一步还原.碳粉微电极表面沉积物形貌和Raman光谱分析表明硫是引起电极钝化的另一个重要因素,催化剂存在的条件下,硫进一步还原的结果是使碳表面有不同程度的活化,这对提高电池容量和电压有较大影响.     

Effect of Edge Functionalization on the Bottom-Up Synthesis of Nano-Graphenes

We demonstrate the effect of edge functionalization on the on-surface Ullmann coupling of nano-carbon materials. Unlike 10,10′-Dibromo-9,9′-bianthryl (DBBA), which is widely known to form anthracene polymers and armchair-edge graphene nanoribbons on Au(111), newly-developed precursor named 5-bromo-11(10-bromoanthracene-9-yl)anthra[2,3-b : 7,6-b′]dithiophene (BABAT) with isomers, which has similar structure as DBBA with one anthracene substituted with anthradithiophene, was found to make intramolecular C−C bonding instead of long anthracene polymers after annealing at 200 °C on Au(111). The mechanism was investigated using first-principle density functional theory, which revealed that on-surface polymerization is not kinetically preferred in case of BABAT. The reaction rate of intramolecular C−C bonding of BABAT is ∼206 times faster than that of DBBA. The intramolecular C−C bonding in DBBA biradicals, on the other hand, do not take place because of faster reverse reaction. By referring to electron density of BABAT biradicals, it was concluded that thiophene functionalization modifies distribution of electron density in BABAT radicals and facilitates electrophilic addition, leading to intramolecular C−C bonding after 200 °C annealing. These results indicate that the design of radical moiety is particularly important in the on-surface Ullmann-type coupling.     

中间体C60(CH3)-和产物C60(CH3)2的结构及产物

用INDO系列方法对C₆₀^2-与CH₃反应的中间体C₆₀(CH₃)^-进行理论研究,得到具有Cs对称性的构型。结果表明,CH₃加成到C₁₅上,将使与其相邻的双键碳(C₃₀)的电荷密度和自旋密度达极大值,故加成反应部位在C₃₀处;另外,C₁₅的对位C₁₂(或C₂₇)也较其它部位易于反应,且有两个反应场所,因而产物C₆₀(CH₃)₂可能为六元环上的1,2-加成和1,4-加成两种异构体的混合物。同时对两种加成产物的结构和电子光谱进行了理论研究,指认其电子跃迁,并讨论了其光谱红移的原因。     

Biosynthesis of cylindrospermopsin

Studies on the biosynthesis of cylindrospermopsin (1), a potent hepatotoxin associated with the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, indicate that 1 is an acetogenin with guanidinoacetic acid serving as the starter unit of the polyketide chain. Feeding experiments show that C14 and C15 of 1 are derived from C1 and C2 of glycine, respectively, and C4 through C13 arise from five contiguous acetate units attached head to tail. The methyl carbon on C13 originates from the C(1) pool. The starter unit, established by the incorporation of [guanidino-(13)C,alpha-(15)N]-guanidinoacetic acid into N16 and C17 of 1, does not appear to be formed from glycine by known amidination pathways. The origin of the NH-CO-NH segment in the uracil ring is also unknown.     

Specific features of the oxygen reaction on catalytic systems in acetonitrile-based electrolytes

The oxygen reaction is studied in acetonitrile solutions on various nanosystems: ХС72, 20Au/C, 20Pt/C, 15Ru/C, 20Pd/C, 20Pt10Ru/C, 20PdRu/C. It is shown that as regards their activity in the oxygen electroreduction reaction, the studied materials form the following series: Pd/C > PtRu/C > PdRu>Pt/C> Ru/C ≈ Au/C ≈ ХС72, whereas in the reaction of Li₂O₂ electrooxidation the activity series is different: Ru/C > PtRu/C > Pd/C > PdRu/C> ХС72 > Pt/C > Au/C. Assumptions are drawn on the nature of passivation for systems with the highest activity. The prospects of bimetallic catalysts (PtRu/C and PdRu/С) that combine the high activity in reactions of oxygen electroreduction and Li₂O₂ electrooxidation and also retain a considerable part of their activity on cycling are discussed. These results make it possible to judge on the possible applications of bimetallic nanosystems with bifunctional catalytic properties in lithiumoxygen fuel cells.     

Effect of surfactant structure on the stability of carbon nanotubes in aqueous solution

The suspending behaviors of multiple-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), including pristine MWNTs (p-MWNTs) and acid-mixture-treated MWNTs (MWNTCOOH), stabilized by cationic single-chain surfactant, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), and cationic gemini surfactant hexyl-alpha,beta-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) (C 12C 6C 12Br 2) were studied systematically. The surfactant structure influences the suspendability of MWNTs dramatically as well as the surfactant adsorption behavior on the nanotubes. Although both the surfactants can disperse the MWNTs effectively, they actually show different stabilizing ability. DTAB is not capable of stabilizing these two MWNTs below critical micelle concentration (CMC). However, C 12C 6C 12Br 2 can suspend both the nanotubes effectively even well below its CMC. Moreover, the adsorption of these two surfactants reaches equilibrium at twice the CMC with the original MWNT concentration of 2 mg/mL, 2 mM for C 12C 6C 12Br 2, and 30 mM for DTAB. After the adsorption equilibrium, the maximum amounts of the two suspended MWNTs in C 12C 6C 12Br 2 solution are about twice as much as those in DTAB solution. The strong hydrophobic interaction among the C 12C 6C 12Br 2 molecules and between the C 12C 6C 12Br 2 molecules and the nanotubes as well as the high charge capacity of C 12C 6C 12Br 2 lead to its much stronger adsorption ability on the MWNTs and result in its superior stabilizing ability for the MWNTs in aqueous phase. The gemini surfactant provides a possibility to effectively stabilize the MWNTs in aqueous solutions even at very low surfactant concentration well below its CMC.     

C60氢胺化反应及其在制备含C60功能材料中的应用

C60与胺类化合物的反应是C60衍生化的重要方法。 本文介绍了C60氢胺化反应的一般规律和特点,对C60氢胺化反应在制备含C60高分子功能材料、含C60自组装单分子膜(SAM)、含C60有机/无机纳米材料和C60生物功能材料等方面应用的研究进展作了综述。     

Adlayers of C60-C60 and C60-C70 fullerene dimers formed on au(111) in benzene solutions studied by STM and LEED

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low-energy electron diffraction were used to reveal the structures of ordered adlayers of [2+2]-type C60-C60 fullerene dimer (C120) and C60-C70 cross-dimer (C130) formed on Au(111) by immersingit in abenzene solution containing C120 or C130 molecules. High-resolution STM images clearly showed the packing arrangements and the electronic structures of C120 and C130 on the Au(111) surface in ultrahigh vacuum. The (2 square root3 x 4square root3)R30 degrees, (2square root3 x 5square root3)R30 degrees, and (7 x 7) structures were found for the C120 adlayer on the Au(111) surface, whereas C130 molecules were closely packed on the surface. Each C60 or C70 monomer cage was discerned in the STM image of a C130 molecule.     

Spectrofluorometric study of thallium (I) complexes with several macrocyclic ligands in methanol solution

The fluorescent signal of T1(+) was employed as a sensitive probe to study the complexation reactions between this cation and several macrocyclic ligands in methanol solution at 20 degrees C. The stability constants of the resulting 1:1 complexes were determined and found to vary in the order C222 > C221 > 18C6 > DC18C6 > DB30C10 > DB18C6 > 15C5 > DA18C6 > B15C5 > DA15C5. The influence of a number of members in the macrocycle the nature of substituents on the polyether ring and of the dimensionality of the ligands on the stability and selectivity of the complexes is discussed.     

负载铂催化剂中沸石载体酸性对甲烷两步转化的影响

考察了具有相同金属分散度的Pt/NaY、Pt/HNaY、 Pt/HY、Pt/NaBeta和Pt/HBeta催化剂中沸石载体的酸性对在低温下（≤250 ℃）甲烷两步等温转化反应以及由甲烷解离吸附产生的表面碳物种分布的影响。由甲烷等温两步转化生成的C2+烃类产物的总量随着载体酸性的增加而明显增加;C2～C6产物的分布也发生了变化。由表面碳物种的程序升温加氢结果表明,在各种催化剂上碳物种的形式是相似的,其总量和具有活性的Cα物种的量均因载体酸性增加而增加,反应性也增大。这种因沸石载体酸性变化而引起的载体效应是由金属和载体的相互作用造成负载在酸性载体上铂粒子的贫电子性而引起,即由金属粒子电子性质的变化而引起的催化性质的变化。     

Radiation chemistry of polysaccharides: 4. Free-radical mechanisms of formaldehyde formation

Based on an analysis of author’s experimental results and published data on the radiolysis of polysaccharides, three main reaction paths of CH₂O formation related to the transformations of primary radicals with unpaired electrons on C1, C5, and C6 atoms were revealed. The formaldehyde molecule was formed in the primary event of C5 radical conversion or through the steps of formyl radical formation in the other two cases.     

大环炔基噻吩衍生物的结构和UV-Vis光谱的理论研究

用DFT 和TDDFT方法对大环炔基噻吩衍生物的结构和UV-Vis光谱进行了理论研究. 对分子不同的对称性结构(C₁, C₅, C_5v)进行了优化, 得到了稳定的几何构型.以优化构型为基础计算了分子的UV-Vis光谱, 结果表明, C₅,C_5v对称性下丁基取代的分子构型(C[3T_DA]₅-Bu)都是较稳定的; 当分子构型具有C₅对称性时, 得到的光谱数据与实验值符合的较好. 对于大环噻吩C[3T_DA]₅衍生物, 性质相同取代基的体积大小及分子对称性都将影响结构的稳定性.     

NMR and ab initio studies of amination of ketenimine: direct evidence for a mechanism involving a vinylidenediamine as an intermediate

High-level ab initio calculations were carried out in both gas phase and solvent (epsilon = 35.9) to estabilish that the amination of ketenimine proceeds via amine addition across the C=N bond rather than the C=C bond, followed by tautomerization to form amidine product. The HOMO of ketenimine is perpendicular to its molecular plane with the largest coefficient on C(beta), while the LUMO is in its molecular plane with the largest coefficient on C(alpha). Amination of ketenimine involves in-plane attack of amine nucleophile on C(alpha) (LUMO) of ketenimine. The labile vinylidenediamine intermediate trans-11 for the reaction of ketenimine 10 with n-butylamine was directly observed by means of low-temperature proton NMR spectra. The evidence confirms that the amination reaction is stepwise and proceeds via n-butylamine addition across the C=N bond of ketenimine 10 rather than the C=C bond, followed by a slower tautomerization of vinylidenediamine trans-11 to amidine 12. Even though the second step is much slower, the first step involving amine addition across the C=N bond is kinetic control. Surprisingly, in the reaction of 10 with n-BuNH(2), attack of n-BuNH(2) syn to the phenyl group on C(beta) of 10 is preferred, even though this produces a less stable product (trans-11); attack of n-BuNH(2) anti to phenyl group on C(beta) of 10 is lacking and results in serious nonbonding interactions between the two phenyls of the ketenimine, as they are pushed together in this transition state.     

乙烷部分氧化制C2氧化物用Fe－Al－P－O催化剂的研究Ⅱ．Fe－Al－P－O催化剂的吸附及催化性能

 用化学吸附－IR，化学吸附－TPD和微反技术研究了超细Fe－Al－P－O催化剂的化学吸附性能及对乙烷部分氧化反应的催化性能．结果表明，乙烷能够以－CH3中的H原子吸附于催化剂表面P＝O键的端氧上形成分子吸附态，并且随着吸附温度的升高，对乙烷的吸附强度逐渐增大；乙烯则主要是以C＝C双键吸附在催化剂的Lewis酸位Fe3＋上．乙烷部分氧化反应的主要产物为乙烯和COx，但在反应物中引入氢的条件下，乙烷部分氧化反应的性能大为改善，并可生成乙醇和乙醛等含氧化合物．     

Growth of sputter-deposited gold nanoparticles in ionic liquids

The growth of gold nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by sputter deposition on an ionic liquid surface is studied in situ in the bulk phase of the ionic liquids (ILs) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide [C(1)C(4)Im][N(CN)(2)], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide [C(1)C(4)Im][Tf(2)N], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [C(1)C(4)Im][BF(4)], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C(1)C(4)Im][PF(6)] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate [C(1)C(4)Im][TfO]. It is found that primary nanoparticles with a diameter smaller than 2.5 nm are present in the sample immediately after sputtering. Growth of these primary particles proceeds after the end of the sputtering process and stops when the nanoparticles reach a certain size. Depending on the viscosity of the ionic liquid this growth process can proceed several hours to several days. The growth speed is fastest for the least viscous ionic liquid and follows the trend [C(1)C(4)Im][N(CN)(2)] > [C(1)C(4)Im][Tf(2)N] > [C(1)C(4)Im][TfO] > [C(1)C(4)Im][BF(4)] > [C(1)C(4)Im][PF(6)]. It is also found that a higher concentration of sputtered gold results in faster growth of the gold nanoparticles. A discussion on the growth mechanism of sputtered gold NPs is included.