生物矿化:构建酸性矿山废水新型被动处理系统的新方法

生物矿化是自然界普遍存在的现象,是生物介入下的矿物晶体形成过程,但如何有意识地去调控生物矿化过程并将之用于水处理上报道很少,报告了以生物矿化为核心的含重金属酸性矿山废水（AMD）处理新方法.将嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌负载在弹性填料上促进酸性矿山废水（AMD）中Fe²⁺生物氧化并与SO₄^2-形成施威特曼石（schwertmannite）矿物晶核并持续生长,并通过共沉淀和吸附作用原位去除AMD中部分有毒金属.水中残余的未参与生物矿化的Fe³⁺则在负载有嗜酸性铁还原菌的载体上被还原成Fe²⁺,继而再通过将嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化成矿,如此交替构成亚铁生物氧化成矿和残余三价铁生物还原单元,重复多次,最大程度地将AMD中溶解性铁和硫酸根转变为施氏矿物,并去除部分有毒金属,施氏矿物可回收作为新型环境材料.生物矿化后的酸性出水则最后通过极少量的石灰中和即可使水质完全达标.这种"生物矿化-石灰沟渠"新型被动处理系统石灰需求量可减少80%以上,"毒渣"产生量减少90%以上,且"毒渣"中有色金属品位可提高10倍,能用于金属冶炼,是一种极有应用前景的酸性重金属废水处理与资源化新方法.     

A Pitfall in Heavy Metal Separation with Amino-modified Silica Adsorbents from Aqueous Solution: The Occurring pH Shift

Selective separation of heavy metal ions from acidic aqueous solutions is of strong interest for certain industrial processes, such as electroplating, as well as environmental protection, for example battery recycling. Amino-functionalized adsorbents are often discussed as suitable material for this purpose. Herein, two silica-based adsorbents functionalized with 3-aminopropyl- and 3-[2-[2-aminoethylamino]-ethylamino]-propyl-ligands resulting in adsorbents MonoA and TriA, respectively, were investigated regarding their separation behavior with focus on nickel(II) and cobalt(II) in batch as well as continuous flow experiments in acidic aqueous solutions. For both adsorbents, pH shifts into the alkaline range were observed in the process solutions, causing precipitation of metal hydroxides mainly in the particle pores in case of adsorbent MonoA and a combination of precipitation and adsorption regarding adsorbent TriA. Contrary to prior studies, our findings evidence that amino-functionalized adsorbents are not applicable for nickel(II) and cobalt(II) in selective adsorption processes and additionally demonstrate that, besides batch investigations, continuous flow experiments are essential for well-founded adsorbent selections in process development.     

高分子重金属絮凝剂在水处理中的研究与应用

概述了高分子重金属絮凝剂在废水处理中的应用进展,包括高分子重金属絮凝剂的种类及废水处理的作用机理,并对除浊效果进行了比较。     

纳米氧化物对MH/Ni电池负极电化学性能影响的研究

采用纳米氧化铜作为添加剂掺杂制备MH/Ni电池负极, 研究了氧化铜在电极内部的反应机理, 考察了修饰后电极储备容量的变化, 及电极的电化学性能, 并应用EIS方法探讨了电极性能改善的作用机理. 循环伏安测试表明, 氧化铜在首次充电时被还原成铜并沉积在合金颗粒表面. 电化学测试表明, 掺杂后合金电极的电化学性能显著提高. EIS分析表明, 掺杂后合金电极的导电性提高, 电化学活性增强.     

Highly Selective Dimerization and Trimerization of Isobutene to Linearly Linked Products by Using Nickel Catalysts

The unique linear linkage of isobutene to generate highly valuable C₈ precursors for plasticizers is feasible by using special nickel catalysts. (4‐Cyclooctene‐1‐yl)(1,1,1,5,5,5‐hexafluoro‐2,4‐acetylacetonato)nickel and aluminum‐alkyl‐activated nickel acetylacetonates produce isobutene dimers with high selectivities of up to 95 %. Moreover, selectivity for the head‐to‐head products (2,5‐dimethylhexenes) is remarkably high at up to 99 %. Additionally, novel C₁₂ isobutene trimers are also formed with a very high selectivity of up to 99 % for the linear linkage. The trimer structure (2,5,8‐trimethylnonenes) reflects the stepwise characteristic of the reaction mechanism. Pathways of insertion and activation and the deactivation processes of the catalyst are discussed in detail.     

凹凸棒土应用于重金属离子吸附剂的研究

以新型无机矿物材料凹凸棒土作为吸附剂处理废水中的重金属离子。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱及等温吸附-脱附曲线对凹凸棒土进行了表征,并阐述了凹凸棒土对重金属离子的可能吸附机理。在室温下,分别将0.05 g凹凸棒土投入初始质量浓度为500 mg.L-1的Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的溶液中,凹凸棒土对上述离子的平衡吸附量分别高达99、56、117、198 mg.g-1。结果表明,用凹凸棒土吸附废水中的重金属离子切实可行、经济有效。     

From Bacteria to Mollusks: The Principles Underlying the Biomineralization of Iron Oxide Materials

Various organisms possess a genetic program that enables the controlled formation of a mineral, a process termed biomineralization. The variety of biological material architectures is mind‐boggling and arises from the ability of organisms to exert control over crystal nucleation and growth. The structure and composition of biominerals equip biomineralizing organisms with properties and functionalities that abiotically formed materials, made of the same mineral, usually lack. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms underlying biomineralization and morphogenesis is of interdisciplinary interest to extract design principles that will enable the biomimetic formation of functional materials with similar capabilities. Herein, we summarize what is known about iron oxides formed by bacteria and mollusks for their magnetic and mechanical properties. We describe the chemical and biological machineries that are involved in controlling mineral precipitation and organization and show how these organisms are able to form highly complex structures under physiological conditions.     

Partial Oxidation of Butane to Syngas over Nickel Supported Catalysts Modified by Alkali Metal Oxide and Rare-Earth Metal Oxide

There are abundant supplies of mixture gases containing CH4, C2H6, C3H8 and C4H10, etc. from FCC (Fluidized Catalytic Cracking) tail gas, refinery gas, etc. Commonly, the mixture gases are primarily combusted to carbon dioxide because the complete separation of CH4, C2H6, C3H8 and C4H10, respectively, from the mixture gases may not be economical. Provided that syngas (CO+H2) could be produced from the mixture gases over nickel supported catalysts with high selectivity and conversion,…     

镀镍液中镍的在线分析研究

基于硫酸镍溶液的光谱吸收特征,采用双波长双通道流动注射分光光度法测定镀镍液中镍的含量。借助计算机控制,实现了镀镍液中镍的在线分析,能满足生产工艺分析的要求。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤中的重金属元素

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定了国家标准土壤样品中的部分重金属元素(Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni,Mo)的含量,其测定值与推荐值相符,准确度符合国家标准要求。各元素方法的检出限满足要求,相对标准偏差(RSD)介于0.91%~4.3%,加标回收率介于94%~106%。方法简便快速,结果准确,可以运用于大批量地质样品中的部分重金属元素含量的同时测定。     

几种野生蔬菜重金属积累状况的调查研究

通过野外调查和室内分析测定,研究了几种常见野生蔬菜被铜、锌、铅、镉污染的状况。结果表明,在调查的16个样品中,铅的超标率达87.5%,镉的超标率是12.5%,铜和锌无超标现象。把野生蔬菜笼统地视为绿色食品是不确切的。     

食品中重金属元素检测方法研究进展

食品安全问题是直接关系到人民健康的重大民生问题。简要阐述了食品中重金属对人体的影响与危害,全面分析了重金属元素对食品的污染,从不同种类的食品,包括农作物(粮食、蔬菜、水果、食用菌、茶叶)、水产品、畜禽产品、食用油、食用酒精等方面,综述了近年来食品中重金属检测方法研究的进展。随着检测技术的不断发展进步,快速、灵敏、无损的多元素在线检测的方法必将在食品中重金属元素的测定方面得到广泛的应用。     

广州市售四种贝类重金属含量分析及评价

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法,对广州市售4种食用贝类体内Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、As进行检测,分析其重金属污染状况,对其质量安全进行评价。结果表明,缢蛏、波纹巴非蛤、丽文蛤和菲律宾蛤仔,Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb含量均低于国家无公害标准,而As含量均超过国家无公害标准。分析认为,广州市售4种贝类已受到一定程度的As污染,应引起重视。     

金属离子在细菌浸取金属硫化矿中的催化作用

用氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸取某低品位原生硫化矿中Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ时，金属离子对细菌浸矿有明显的催化作用．金属离子（Ａｇ＋，Ｈｇ２＋，Ｃｏ２＋，Ｂｉ３＋）能显著提高细菌浸出Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ的浸出率．对细菌浸Ｃｕ而言，金属离子催化能力排序为：Ａｇ＋Ｃｏ２＋＞Ｂｉ３＋＞Ｈｇ２＋；对浸Ｎｉ，其排序则为：Ｂｉ３＋＞Ａｇ＋＞Ｃｏ２＋＞Ｈｇ２＋．金属离子的浓度、性质及矿石粒度等影响金属离子的催化能力．金属离子的催化作用机理与其性质、矿物结构及细菌氧化作用等因素有关     

城市灰尘重金属含量对城市土壤重金属的影响--以金华市为例

为系统了解城市重金属污染特性,采集了金华市不同功能区的城市灰尘与城市土壤样品,获得重金属含量,并对数据进行了统计分析。结果表明：（1）灰尘中重金属含量均高于土壤,含量最高的 Mn,平均质量分数为770．62 mg/kg,其次为 Zn,为696．72 mg/kg。土壤中 Mn 元素质量分数最高,为537．60 mg/kg。（2）灰尘、土壤中重金属均为中等变异,且土壤变异程度高于灰尘,说明土壤中的重金属受外界扰动更大。（3）城市灰尘和土壤中 Zn 元素表现为显著正相关,说明其对土壤有影响, Cu、 Pb 和 Mn 表现为正相关, Nb 基本不相关, Cr 为负相关,但相关性均不显著。     

萝卜中重金属元素的测定分析

用原子吸收分光光度法测定了河南豫北地区的三种萝卜中重金属元素。结果显示,该地区萝卜中铅含量较高,镉和汞含量极微。     

原子吸收光谱法测定水中重金属镍的干扰研究进展

讨论了影响原子吸收光谱法测定水中镍元素的干扰因素及消除或抑制的方法,并展望了光谱干扰中背景校正技术和原子吸收仪器的发展前景.     

河流沉积物中重金属来源分析方法研究进展

河流沉积物中重金属来源分析方法主要有元素形态分析法、剖面分析法、空间分布法、Pb同位素示踪法、多元统计分析法等.对各种方法的优缺点、适用条件和适用范围进行了对比.介绍了重金属来源分析方法的研究进展.