Null‐Controllability of a System of Linear Thermoelasticity

We consider a linear system of thermoelasticity in a compact, C ^infin, n-dimensional connected Riemannian manifold. This system consists of a wave equation coupled to a heat equation. When the boundary of the manifold is non‐empty, Dirichlet boundary conditions are considered. We study the controllability properties of this system when the control acts in the hyperbolic equation (and not in the parabolic one) and has its support restricted to an open subset of the manifold. We show that, if the control time and the support of the control satisfy the geometric control condition for the wave equation, this system of thermoelasticity is null-controllable. More precisely, any finite‐energy solution can be driven to zero at the control time. An analogous result is proved when the control acts on the parabolic equation. Finally, when the manifold has no boundary, the null‐controllability of the linear system of three‐dimensional thermoelastic ity is proved. (Accepted June 13, 1996)     

具有可积微分约束的力学系统的Lie对称性

研究具有可积微分约束的力学系统的Ｌｉｅ对称性与守恒量。采用两种方法：一是用不可积微分约束系统的方法;另一是用积分后降阶系统的方法,研究两种方法之间的关系。     

Cascades of homoclinic orbits to,and chaos near,a Hamiltonian saddle-center

We consider a class of reversible, two-degree of freedom Hamiltonian systems possessing homoclinic orbits to a saddle-center: an equilibrium having two non-zero real and two nonzero imaginary eigenvalues. Under mild nondegeneracy conditions, we construct a two-parameter unfolding and show that there is a countable infinity of secondary homoclinic bifurcations in any neighborhood of the original system. We also demonstrate the existence of families of periodic orbits and of shifts on two symbols (horseshoes). The lack of hyperbolicity and the presence of conserved quantities make the analysis somewhat delicate. We discuss specific examples for which the nondegeneracy conditions can be explicitly checked but indicate that this is not always possible. We illustrate our results with numerical work.     

Lie symmetry and approximate Hojman conserved quantity of Appell equations for a weakly nonholonomic system

For a weakly nonholonomic system, the Lie symmetry and approximate Hojman conserved quantity of Appell equations are studied. Based on the Appell equations for a weakly nonholonomic system under special infinitesimal transformations of a group in which the time is invariable, the definition of the Lie symmetry of the weakly nonholonomic system and its first-degree approximate holonomic system are given. With the aid of the structure equation that the gauge function satisfies, the exact and approximate Hojman conserved quantities deduced directly from the Lie symmetry are derived. Finally, an example is given to study the exact and approximate Hojman conserved quantity of the system.     

Hydrodynamic Limit for a Hamiltonian System with Boundary Conditions and Conservative Noise

We study the hyperbolic scaling limit for a chain of N coupled anharmonic oscillators. The chain is attached to a point on the left and there is a force (tension) τ acting on the right. In order to provide good ergodic properties to the system, we perturb the Hamiltonian dynamics with random local exchanges of velocities between the particles, so that momentum and energy are locally conserved. We prove that in the macroscopic limit the distributions of the elongation, momentum and energy converge to the solution of the Euler system of equations in the smooth regime.     

Fractional conformal invariance method for finding conserved quantities of dynamical systems

For a dynamical system that can be transformed into fractional Birkhoffian representation, under a more general kind of fractional infinitesimal transformation of Lie group, we present the fractional conformal invariance method and it is found that, using the new method, we can find a new kind of non-Noether conserved quantity; and we find that, as a special case, an autonomous fractional Birkhoffian system possesses more conserved quantities. Also, as the fractional conformal invariance method’s applications, we, respectively, explore the conformal invariance and conserved quantities of a fractional Lotka biochemical oscillator and a fractional Hojman–Urrutia model. This work constructs a basic theoretical framework of fractional conformal invariance method, and provides a general method for finding conserved quantities of an actual fractional dynamical system that is related to science and engineering.     

Self-propulsion of a free hydrofoil with localized discrete vortex shedding: analytical modeling and simulation

We present a model for the self-propulsion of a free deforming hydrofoil in a planar ideal fluid. We begin with the equations of motion for a deforming foil interacting with a pre-existing system of point vortices and demonstrate that these equations possess a Hamiltonian structure. We add a mechanism by which new vortices can be shed from the trailing edge of the foil according to a time-periodic Kutta condition, imparting thrust to the foil such that the total impulse in the system is conserved. Simulation of the resulting equations reveals at least qualitative agreement with the observed dynamics of fishlike locomotion. We conclude by comparing the energetic properties of two distinct turning gaits for a free Joukowski foil with varying camber.     

Non-linear dynamics of a system of coupled oscillators with essential stiffness non-linearities

We study the resonant dynamics of a two-degree-of-freedom system composed of a linear oscillator weakly coupled to a strongly non-linear one, with an essential (non-linearizable) cubic stiffness non-linearity. For the undamped system this leads to a series of internal resonances, depending on the level of (conserved) total energy of oscillation. We study in detail the 1:1 internal resonance, and show that the undamped system possesses stable and unstable synchronous periodic motions (non-linear normal modes—NNMs), as well as, asynchronous periodic motions (elliptic orbits—EOs). Furthermore, we show that when damping is introduced certain NNMs produce resonance capture phenomena, where a trajectory of the damped dynamics gets ‘captured’ in the neighborhood of a damped NNM before ‘escaping’ and becoming an oscillation with exponentially decaying amplitude. In turn, these resonance captures may lead to passive non-linear energy pumping phenomena from the linear to the non-linear oscillator. Thus, sustained resonance capture appears to provide a dynamical mechanism for passively transferring energy from one part of the system to another, in a one-way, irreversible fashion. Numerical integrations confirm the analytical predictions.     

Collisions and Regularization for the 3-Vortex Problem

We study the dynamics of 3 point-vortices on the plane for a fluid governed by Euler’s equations, concentrating on the case when the moment of inertia is zero. We prove that the only motions that lead to total collisions are self-similar and that there are no binary collisions. Also, we give a regularization of the reduced system around collinear configurations (excluding binary collisions) which smoothes out the dynamics. Both authors gratefully acknowledge support from DGAPA-UNAM under project PAPIIT IN101902 and from CONACyT under grant 32167-E. The second author thanks the hospitality of IIMAS-UNAM during the preparation of this paper.     

WAVE PROPAGATION IN A SYSTEM OF COAXIAL TUBES FILLED WITH INCOMPRESSIBLE MEDIA: A MODEL OF PULSE TRANSMISSION IN THE INTRACRANIAL ARTERIES

The propagation of harmonic waves through a system formed of coaxial tubes filled with incompressible continua is considered as a model of arterial pulse propagation in the craniospinal cavity. The inner tube represents a blood vessel and is modelled as a thin-walled membrane shell. The outer tube is assumed to be rigid to account for the constraint imposed on the vessels by the skull and the vertebrae. We consider two models: in the first model the annulus between the tubes is filled with fluid; in the second model the annulus is filled with a viscoelastic solid separated from the tubes by thin layers of fluid. In both models, the elastic tube is filled with fluid. The motion of the fluid is described by the linearized form of the Navier–Stokes equations, and the motion of the solid by classical elasticity theory. The results show that the wave speed in the system is lower than that for a fluid-filled elastic tube free of any constraint. This is due to the stresses generated to satisfy the condition that the volume in the system has to be conserved. However, the effect of the constraint weakens as the radius of the outer tube is increased, and it should be insignificant for the typical physiological parameter range.     

Special Mei symmetry and approximate conserved quantity of Appell equations for a weakly nonholonomic system

The weakly nonholonomic system is a nonholonomic system whose constraint equations contain a small parameter. The special Mei symmetry and approximate conserved quantity of Appell equations for a weakly nonholonomic system are studied. Appell equations for a weakly nonholonomic system are established and the definition and the criterion of the special Mei symmetry of the system are given. The structure equation of the special Mei symmetry for a weakly nonholonomic system and approximate conserved quantity deduced from the special Mei symmetry of the system are obtained. Finally, special approximate conserved quantity issues of Appell equations for a two freedom degrees weakly nonholonomic system are investigated using the results of this paper.     

Fractional generalized Hamiltonian mechanics and Poisson conservation law in terms of combined Riesz derivatives

In this paper, we present a new kind of fractional dynamical equations, i.e., the fractional generalized Hamiltonian equations in terms of combined Riesz derivatives, and it is proved that the fractional generalized Hamiltonian system possesses consistent algebraic structure and Lie algebraic structure, and the Poisson conservation law of the fractional generalized Hamiltonian system is investigated. Then the conditions, which a fractional generalized Hamiltonian system can be reduced to a generalized Hamiltonian system, a fractional Hamiltonian system and a Hamiltonian system are given. Further, the conserved quantities of a fractional dynamical system are given to illustrate the method and results of the application. At last, a new fractional Volterra model of the three species groups is presented and its conserved quantities are obtained, by using the method of this paper.     

Form invariance and conserved quantity for weakly nonholonomic system

The form invariance and the conserved quantity for a weakly nonholonomic system （WNS） are studied. The WNS is a nonholonomic system （NS） whose constraint equations contain a small parameter. The differential equations of motion of the system are established. The definition and the criterion of form invariance of the system are given. The conserved quantity deduced from the form invariance is obtained. Finally, an illustrative example is shown.     

有多余坐标的完整系统形式不变性导致的新守恒量

研究有多余坐标的完整力学系统由形式不变性直接导出的新型守恒量。用有多余坐标的双面理想完整约束力学系统的运动微分方程和约束方程在无限小变换下的形式不变性，给出系统形式不变性的定义和判据。得到形式不变性导致守恒量的条件以及守恒量的形式，并给出三种特殊情形下的推论。举例说明结果的应用。     

Conformal invariance for nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type with variable mass

Conformal invariance and conserved quantities for a nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type with variable mass are studied. The conformal factor expressions are derived. The necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained to make the system’s conformal invariance Lie symmetrical. The conformal invariance of the weak and strong Lie symmetries for the system is given. The corresponding conserved quantities of the system are derived. Finally, an application of the result is shown with an example.     

Special Lie symmetry and Hojman conserved quantity of Appell equations for a Chetaev nonholonomic system

A special Lie symmetry and Hojman conserved quantity of the Appell equations for a Chetaev nonholonomic system are studied. The differential equations of motion and Appell equations of the Chetaev nonholonomic system are established. Under the special Lie symmetry group transformations in which the time is invariable, the determining equation of the special Lie symmetry of the Appell equations for a Chetaev nonholonomic system is given, and the expression of the Hojman conserved quantity is deduced directly from the Lie symmetry. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.     

非Четаев型非完整系统的Lie对称性与守恒量

研究非Четаев型非完整系统的Ｌｉｅ对称性．首先利用微分方程在无限小变换下的不变性建立Ｌｉｅ对称所满足的确定方程和限制方程，给出结构方程并求出守恒量；其次研究上述问题的逆问题：根据已知积分求相应的Ｌｉｅ对称性；最后举例说明结果的应用．     

Vibrations of a continuous web on elastic supports

We consider an infinite, homogenous linearly elastic beam resting on a system of linearly elastic supports, as an idealized model for a paper web in the middle of a cylinder-based dryer section. We obtain closed-form analytical expressions for the eigenfrequencies and the eigenmodes. The frequencies increase as the support rigidity is increased. Each frequency is bounded from above by the solution with absolutely rigid supports, and from below by the solution in the limit of vanishing support rigidity. Thus in a real system, the natural frequencies will be lower than predicted by commonly used models with rigid supports.     

Form invariance and noether symmetrical conserved quantity of relativistic Birkhoffian systems

IntroductionIn 1 92 7,theAmericanmathematicianG .D .BirkhoffmadeprimaryresearchesonBirkhoffiandynamics[1].In 1 983,theAmericanphysicistR .M .SantillistudiedthetransformationtheoryofBirkhoffequationsandgeneralizationofGalileirelativity ,andsummarizedcomprehensivelytheoriginofBirkhoffequationsandthelaterstudiesonthem[2 ].Since 1 992 ,theChinesemechanicianMeiFeng_xianganditsco_workershaveconstructedthedynamicsofBirkhoffiansystemonthebasisofRefs.[1 ,2 ] ,andgavethebasictheoreticalframe[3 - …     

A unified theory for turbulent wake flows described by eddy viscosity

In this paper, we consider the conservation laws for the far downstream wake equations described by eddy viscosity. A basis of conserved vectors is constructed. The well-known conserved quantities for the turbulent classical wake and the turbulent wake of a self-propelled body are obtained by integrating the corresponding conservation law across the wake and imposing the boundary conditions. For the wake of a self-propelled body the additional condition that the drag on the body is zero and is required to obtain the conserved quantity. A third conservation law, which possibly belongs to another type of wake, is discovered. The Lie point symmetry associated with the conserved vector is used to obtain the invariant solution and a typical velocity profile for this wake is provided. This wake appears to have common properties with the other two well-known wakes. We then analyse the invariant solutions to all three wake problems and prove that a simple mathematical relationship exists between them thus unifying the theory for turbulent wake flows.