A Finite Element Analysis of a Viscoplastic Plate Subjected to Rapid Heating

Abstract

This paper models the response of a thin metallic plate that is subjected to a rapid heat input. In order to accurately model plate response, both the dynamic mechanical and transient heat transfer problems must be solved. The solution is complicated by nonlinearities due to radiation boundary conditions and material inelasticity. Furthermore, the viscoplastic constitutive equations that model the mechanical material behavior are numerically stiff. Nonlinear finite element algorithms are developed for both heat transfer and mechanical analyses. The algorithms are both stable and efficient for solving the problems considered herein. Example problems presented in the paper demonstrate the importance of including material nonlinearity in the model     

Verification of the nature of the approximation of the Boltzmann integral by Krook's kinetic relaxation model

Up to now a significant number of aerodynamic problems have been solved with the aid of Krook's kinetic relaxation model. However, because of the absence of reliable solutions of boundary problems for the Boltzmann equation, the correctness of the assumed model of the collision integral remains unclarified. In the present paper, in order to verify the nature of the approximation of the collision operator by the given model, a machine experiment is undertaken. The Boltzmann collision operator is computed for a variety of test functions characteristic of the motion of a rarefied gas and the values obtained according to it are compared to the Krook model. Some physical hypotheses embedded in the relaxation model are also examined.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 3–7, July–August, 1970.     

The determination of the crater for an explosion in ground with angular and curvilinear free boundaries

One of the simple mathematical models in the theory of the deformation of continuous media in an explosion is the solid—liquid model [1, 2]. This does not describe the dynamics of the ground and so enables us to determine only approximate characteristics of the crater. This model has now been used to study a wide range of problems in determining a crater in a continuous medium with various tensile properties and various positions of the explosive [3–5]. We consider below within the framework of the solid—liquid model boundary-value problems in determining a crater in the explosions of point explosives and uniformly distributed explosives on the surface and deep within an isotropic ground with angular and curvilinear free boundaries. The desirability of studying problems such as these was pointed out by Il'inski.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 3–9, January–February, 1985.     

Quasi-one-dimensional approximation in two-dimensional problems of gas dynamics

A useful means of constructing approximate flow models is the hydraulic (for two-dimensional problems quasi-one-dimensional) approach, based on averaging the initial nonuniform flows over some direction or cross section [1]. In this case, at the expense of a rougher model it is possible to reduce the dimensionality of the problem. Here, this approach is extended to unsteady two-dimensional gas-dynamic processes; certain problems (flow around a cone or a blunt body, jet flows) are considered in the framework of the quasi-one-dimensional model obtained, and results are compared with the solutions of the corresponding two-dimensional problems.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 136–143, March–April, 1989.     

Model reduction using L1‐norm minimization as an application to nonlinear hyperbolic problems

We are interested in the model reduction techniques for hyperbolic problems, particularly in fluids. This paper, which is a continuation of an earlier paper of Abgrall et al, proposes a dictionary approach coupled with an L¹ minimization approach. We develop the method and analyze it in simplified 1‐dimensional cases. We show in this case that error bounds with the full model can be obtained provided that a suitable minimization approach is chosen. The capability of the algorithm is then shown on nonlinear scalar problems, 1‐dimensional unsteady fluid problems, and 2‐dimensional steady compressible problems. A short discussion on the cost of the method is also included in this paper.     

A three-dimensional model of anisotropic hardening in metals and its application to the analysis of sheet metal formability

The hardening model proposed by Z. Mróz based on the uniaxial fatigue behavior of many metals is adopted to derive an incremental constitutive equation for general three-dimensional problems. This constitutive law is then employed in the analysis of metal forming problems to assess the influence of loading cycles, of the types involved in standard forming processes, on the ultimate formability of sheet metals. The predicted forming limit curves differ quantitatively from results obtained via an isotropie hardening model and differ qualitatively from those obtained via a kinematic model. Also investigated are the effects of such loading cycles on material response to simple tensile loading, which is often used to characterize a material. Significant differences between the present model and the other two models considered are observed in such characterizers of simple tensile behavior as the stress-strain curve, the anisotropy parameter and the uniform elongation. These differences suggest a rather simple experiment to identify the proper material model to be used in analyses of problems which involve loading cycles. Comparisons with some experimental results reveal that the employment of an anisotropic hardening model, such as the generalized Mróz model derived herein, is indeed crucial in accurately predicting material response to complicated loading histories.     

Mathematical study of boundary-value problems within the framework of Steigmann–Ogden model of surface elasticity

Mathematical questions pertaining to linear problems of equilibrium dynamics and vibrations of elastic bodies with surface stresses are studied. We extend our earlier results on existence of weak solutions within the Gurtin–Murdoch model to the Steigmann–Ogden model of surface elasticity using techniques from the theory of Sobolev’s spaces and methods of functional analysis. The Steigmann–Ogden model accounts for the bending stiffness of the surface film; it is a generalization of the Gurtin–Murdoch model. Weak setups of the problems, based on variational principles formulated, are employed. Some uniqueness-existence theorems for weak solutions of static and dynamic problems are proved in energy spaces via functional analytic methods. On the boundary surface, solutions to the problems under consideration are smoother than those for the corresponding problems of classical linear elasticity and those described by the Gurtin–Murdoch model. The weak setups of eigenvalue problems for elastic bodies with surface stresses are based on the Rayleigh and Courant variational principles. For the problems based on the Steigmann–Ogden model, certain spectral properties are established. In particular, bounds are placed on the eigenfrequencies of an elastic body with surface stresses; these demonstrate the increase in the body rigidity and the eigenfrequencies compared with the situation where the surface stresses are neglected.     

On using mesh-based and mesh-free methods in problems defined by Eringen’s non-local integral model: issues and remedies

With the recent success of nonlocal theories in modeling of engineering problems involving small intrinsic length scales, such as modeling of crack propagation, this paper addresses issues pertaining to cost-ineffectiveness of Eringen’s integral model. The cost effectiveness of the computation may be considered as a twofold issue; one pertaining to the non-local model and another pertaining to the numerical tool. First of all, we shall show that during the solution of problems with Eringen’s non-local integral model, there is no need to consider the integral model for the whole computational domain. In fact, the problems may be solved by just using the integral model close to the boundaries, i.e. a boundary layer effect, or around the points with singularities. In this paper we propose a partitioning strategy to remarkably reduce the computational cost. This may be considered as a gateway for solving some types of two-scale problems, e.g. those with macro/micro and nano scales, in which the small scale effects are localized just at parts of the domain. To demonstrate the efficiency of the numerical tools, we examine the performance of the finite element method (FEM), the element free Galerkin method (EFG) and the finite point method (FPM). This paves the way for using mesh-free methods in the solution of problems with non-local integral models. Examples with smooth and non-smooth solutions are considered for examining the efficiency of the methods. It will be shown that, by considering the boundary layer effect, the FEM and FPM will be efficient enough for being used in problems defined by Eringen’s non-local integral model.

     

A unified treatment of axisymmetric adhesive contact problems using the harmonic potential function method

A unified treatment of axisymmetric adhesive contact problems is provided using the harmonic potential function method for axisymmetric elasticity problems advanced by Green, Keer, Barber and others. The harmonic function adopted in the current analysis is the one that was introduced by Jin et al. (2008) to solve an external crack problem. It is demonstrated that the harmonic potential function method offers a simpler and more consistent way to treat non-adhesive and adhesive contact problems. By using this method and the principle of superposition, a general solution is derived for the adhesive contact problem involving an axisymmetric rigid punch of arbitrary shape and an adhesive interaction force distribution of any profile. This solution provides analytical expressions for all non-zero displacement and stress components on the contact surface, unlike existing ones. In addition, the newly derived solution is able to link existing solutions/models for axisymmetric non-adhesive and adhesive contact problems and to reveal the connections and differences among these solutions/models individually obtained using different methods at various times. Specifically, it is shown that Sneddon’s solution for the axisymmetric punch problem, Boussinesq’s solution for the flat-ended cylindrical punch problem, the Hertz solution for the spherical punch problem, the JKR model, the DMT model, the M-D model, and the M-D-n model can all be explicitly recovered by the current general solution.     

A multi‐dimensional monotonic finite element model for solving the convection–diffusion‐reaction equation

In this paper, we develop a finite element model for solving the convection–diffusion‐reaction equation in two dimensions with an aim to enhance the scheme stability without compromising consistency. Reducing errors of false diffusion type is achieved by adding an artificial term to get rid of three leading mixed derivative terms in the Petrov–Galerkin formulation. The finite element model of the Petrov–Galerkin type, while maintaining convective stability, is modified to suppress oscillations about the sharp layer by employing the M‐matrix theory. To validate this monotonic model, we consider test problems which are amenable to analytic solutions. Good agreement is obtained with both one‐ and two‐dimensional problems, thus validating the method. Other problems suitable for benchmarking the proposed model are also investigated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An extended mixture model for the simultaneous treatment of small‐scale and large‐scale interfaces

The aim of this work is to present a new model based on the volume of fluid method and the algebraic slip mixture model in order to solve multiphase gas–fluid flows with different interface scales and the transition among them. The interface scale is characterized by a measure of the grid, which acts as a geometrical filter and is related with the accuracy in the solution; in this sense, the presented coupled model allows to reduce the grid requirements for a given accuracy. With this objective in mind, a generalization of the algebraic slip mixture model is proposed to solve problems involving small‐scale and large‐scale interfaces in an unified framework taking special care in preserving the conservativeness of the fluxes. This model is implemented using the OpenFOAM^® libraries to generate a tool capable of solving large problems on high‐performance computing facilities. Several examples are solved as a validation for the presented model, including new quantitative measurements to assess the advantages of the method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A weakly compressible MPS method for modeling of open‐boundary free‐surface flow

A mesh‐free particle method, based on the moving particle semi‐implicit (MPS) interaction model, has been developed for the simulation of two‐dimensional open‐boundary free‐surface flows. The incompressibility model in the original MPS has been replaced with a weakly incompressible model. The effect of this replacement on the efficiency and accuracy of the model has been investigated. The new inflow–outflow boundary conditions along with the particle recycling strategy proposed in this study extend the application of the model to open‐boundary problems. The final model is able to simulate open‐boundary free surface flow in cases of large deformation and fragmentation of free surface. The models and proposed algorithms have been validated and applied to sample problems. The results confirm the model's efficiency and accuracy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the nonlinear dynamics of elastically interacting asymmetric rigid bodies

A symmetric mathematical model is developed to describe the spatial motion of a system of space vehicles whose structure is represented by regular geometrical figures (Platonic bodies). The model is symmetrized by using the Euler-Lagrange equations of motion, the Rodrigues-Hamilton parameters, and quaternion matrix mathematics. The results obtained enable us to model a wide range of dynamic, control, stabilization, and orientation problems for complex systems and to solve various problems of dynamic design for such systems, including estimation of dynamic loading on the basic structure during maneuvers in space __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 126–132, January 2006.     

A finite element/volume method model of the depth‐averaged horizontally 2D shallow water equations

Analysis of surface water flows is of central importance in understanding and predicting a wide range of water engineering issues. Dynamics of surface water is reasonably well described using the shallow water equations (SWEs) with the hydrostatic pressure assumption. The SWEs are nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations that are in general required to be solved numerically. Application of a simple and efficient numerical model is desirable for solving the SWEs in practical problems. This study develops a new numerical model of the depth‐averaged horizontally 2D SWEs referred to as 2D finite element/volume method (2D FEVM) model. The continuity equation is solved with the conforming, standard Galerkin FEM scheme and momentum equations with an upwind, cell‐centered finite volume method scheme, utilizing the water surface elevation and the line discharges as unknowns aligned in a staggered manner. The 2D FEVM model relies on neither Riemann solvers nor high‐resolution algorithms in order to serve as a simple numerical model. Water at a rest state is exactly preserved in the model. A fully explicit temporal integration is achieved in the model using an efficient approximate matrix inversion method. A series of test problems, containing three benchmark problems and three experiments of transcritical flows, are carried out to assess accuracy and versatility of the model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the finite-element calculation of turbulent flow using the k-ϵ model

Although the finite-element (FE) method has been successful in analysing complex laminar flows, a number of difficulties can arise when two-equation turbulence models (e.g. the k-? model) are incorporated. This work describes a particular FE discretization of the k-? model and reports its performance in recirculating flow. Severe problems encountered in attempts to obtain convergence of the numerical scheme are isolated and analysed, and methods by which the problems can be overcome are suggested. Insight gained in this work has enabled a practical turbulent flow FE code to be constructed which is robust and efficient. This code is the subject of a further paper.     

考虑横法向热应变的C~0型整体-局部高阶层合梁理论

通过考虑横法向热变形,本文建立了预先满足层间应力连续的C0型整体-局部高阶层合梁理论,并用于分析复合材料层合梁热膨胀和热弯曲问题。虽然考虑了横法向应变,不增加额外的位移变量。此理论位移场不含有横向位移一阶导数,便于构造多节点高阶单元。基于虚功原理推导了复合材料层合梁平衡方程,并分析了简支多层复合材料梁热膨胀和热弯曲问题。数值结果表明,建立的模型能准确分析复合材料层合梁热膨胀和热弯曲问题,忽略横法向应变的理论分析热膨胀问题误差较大。     

Multi-scale modelling and canonical dual finite element method in phase transitions of solids

This paper presents a multi-scale model in phase transitions of solid materials with both macro and micro effects. This model is governed by a semi-linear nonconvex partial differential equation which can be converted into a coupled quadratic mixed variational problem by the canonical dual transformation method. The extremality conditions of this variational problem are controlled by a triality theory, which reveals the multi-scale effects in phase transitions. Therefore, a potentially useful canonical dual finite element method is proposed for the first time to solve the nonconvex variational problems in multi-scale phase transitions of solids. Applications are illustrated. Results shown that the canonical duality theory developed by the first author in nonconvex mechanics can be used to model complicated physical phenomena and to solve certain difficult nonconvex variational problems in an easy way. The canonical dual finite element method brings some new insights into computational mechanics.     

Numerical study of flows of reacting composite mixtures

A distributed mathematical model is proposed to describe a flow of a mixture of gases, fine particles of a reacting metal, and droplets of a hydrocarbon fuel. The heterogeneous chemical reaction of low-temperature oxidation of the metal, the homogeneous oxidation reaction of the reacting vaporized liquid fuel, and the difference in phase velocities and temperatures are taken into account. It is shown that this model can be used to describe the problems of detonation in a mixture of a reacting gas and reacting solid particles, and the problems of ignition of a mixture of aluminum particles and tridecane droplets. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 128–136, March–April, 1999.     

Two-equation (k, ϵ) turbulence computations by the use of a finite element model

A finite element technique is presented and applied to some one- and two-dimensional turbulent flow problems. The basic equations are the Reynolds averaged momentum equations in conjunction with a two-equation (k, ?) turbulence model. The equations are written in time-dependent form and stationary problems are solved by a time iteration procedure. The advection parts of the equations are treated by the use of a method of characteristics, while the continuity requirement is satisfied by a penalty function approach. The general numerical formulation is based on Galerkin's method. Computational results are presented for one-dimensional steady-state and oscillatory channel flow problems and for steady-state flow over a two-dimensional backward-facing step.