Efficient NMR enantiodiscrimination of bridge fluorinated paracyclophanes using lanthanide tris β-diketonate complexes

A selection of amino-substituted 1,1,2,2,9,9,10,10 octafluoro[2.2]paracyclophanes were tested for enantiodiscrimination by ¹H and ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy via their interaction with different lanthanide tris β-diketonate chiral shift reagents. The amino-, and the pseudo-ortho di-amino substituted octafluoro[2.2]paracyclophanes, both of which exhibit planar chirality, revealed significant shifts and splittings of various ¹H and ¹⁹F NMR signals upon the addition of the chiral shift reagents, which allowed the easy determination of the enantiomeric purity. When the chiral shift reagent was added to an inseparable mixture of the (chiral) pseudo-meta, and (achiral) pseudo-para diamino analogues, both the chiral and achiral molecules revealed NMR doubling. In the case of the achiral molecule, this NMR behavior is due to the meso nature of the pseudo-para species.     

The use of chiral shift reagents in an NMR study of 2,2′,6,6′-tetrasubstituted biphenyls

The determination of the enantiomeric composition of 2,2′,6′6′-tetrasubstituted biphenyls using ¹H NMR spectroscopy, in combination with chiral lanthanide shift reagents, has been studied. In general, the S compounds give largeer induced shifts than the correspondind R isomers when d-camphor derived shift reagents are used.     

Synthesis and Characterizations of Keplerate Nanocapsules Incorporating L- and D-Tartrate Ligands

Five new tartrate-containing Keplerate compounds have been synthesized and characterized in the solid state and in solution. These characterizations evidenced the total replacement of inner sulfate ligands by L- or D-tartrate ligands in aqueous medium under heating during several days. To our knowledge these compounds correspond to the first Keplerate molecules incorporating chiral ligands. The ¹H NMR studies supported by X-ray crystallographic analysis are consistent with the coordination of 24–30 tartrates within the Mo₁₃₂ capsule which are located in close vicinity. The NMR signals of the encapsulated ligands appear particularly broad which precludes the use of advanced NMR methodologies but the solid state NMR provided further characterization of ligand substitution within the capsule by carboxylates. To our knowledge it is the first time that a solid state NMR study of a Keplerate is reported in the literature.     

Chiral relaxation reagents (crr) in 13C NMR spectroscopy: First determination of enantiomeric excess

A simple method is described for determination of enantiomeric excess by the use of chiral relaxation reagents in ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.     

Structure de Modeles de Polyesters 2.-Determination de la Purete optique par RMN 13C et H de Dibenzoyloxy 1,2 Propane,l,3 Butane et 3-Methyl 1,4 Butane a l'Aide de Reactifs chiraux

Abstract

The enantiomeric purity of a series of polyester model compounds has been assayed by NMR spectroscopy, using chiral lantha-nide shift reagents. The dependencc of proton and ¹³ C NMR spectra on concentration and temperature has been investigated.     

Triphenylethanediol-Derived 2-Chloro-1,3,2- dioxaphospholane: Synthesis,Structure, and Reaction with Chiral Alcohols

The reaction of (S)-1,1,2-triphenylethanediol (3) with phosphorus trichloride leads to the diastereoselective formation of (S _C,R _P)-2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (2). Its configuration has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. When reacted with racemic secondary alcohols, diastereomeric phosphites are obtained, which display substantial shift differences in the ³¹P NMR spectra. Thus, chlorodioxaphospholane 2 can serve as derivatizing reagent for chiral secondary alcohols permitting to determine their enantiomeric excess.     

用于芳香胺和醇NMR对映体检测的松香基膦试剂的合成

以松香为原料通过三步反应高产率合成手性二醇3和手性单醇6,将它们用作手性助剂现场制备有机膦衍生试剂,分别对单官能团手性底物(单胺、单醇)和双官能团底物(双胺、双醇及氨基醇)进行衍生,通过31P NMR测定,其芳基底物非对映体衍生物的膦化学位移差异值(Δδp)在3.08～0.10之间,均能够在测定条件下实现对映体峰的基线分离.用于α-萘乙胺和1,1’-联二萘酚(BINOL)样品对映体过量值测定,相对误差小于±2%.     

An efficient chiral phosphorus derivatizing agent for the determination of the enantiomeric excess of chiral alcohols and amines by 31P NMR spectroscopy

The chiral phosphorus derivatizing agent (CDA) 1 was prepared from optically pure (S)‐1,1‐bis‐2‐naphthol. It was first used in the determination of the enantiomeric excess of chiral alcohols and amines by means of ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. It showed that, for the chiral aromatic alcohols, no apparent kinetic resolution was noted and good base‐line separation was observed. Furthermore, the chemical shift difference (Δδ) of ³¹P NMR spectroscopy was much larger than those determined by the use of other chiral phosphorus derivatizing agents reported previously. However, for aliphatic alcohols, it showed not only obvious kinetic resolutions but incomplete base‐line separation. Moreover, we also found that the use of CDA 1 was suitable for the determination of enantiomeric excess of chiral primary amines. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:93–95, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hc.10018     

Trianglamine as a new chiral shift reagent for secondary alcohols

Chiral trianglamines 1 and 2 were found to be useful as NMR chiral shift reagents for the determination of enantiomeric purity and absolute configuration of several kinds of secondary alcohols, cyanohydrins, and propargyl alcohols.     

Determination of the absolute configuration of chiral cyclic alcohols using diamine derivatizing agents by 31P NMR spectroscopy

The absolute configuration and enantiomeric excess of chiral cyclic alcohols can be predicted from the ³¹P NMR spectra of the two diastereoisomers obtained with organophosphorus diamino-derivatizing agents (CDAs) and the chiral secondary alcohol, according to a simplified model taking into account the spatial location of the substituents of the chiral alcohol center and the ³¹P NMR signals of the two diastereoisomers.     

Helical chirality in hexamethylene triperoxide diamine

The primary explosive hexamethylenetriperoxide diamine has previously been found to exist in the solid state as a racemic mixture of helically chiral, threefold symmetric enantiomers; another enantiomeric pair of low-energy conformers has been predicted, but has never been observed. We show by solution 2D NMR at 14 T, in achiral solution and by addition of chiral shift reagents, that all four optically isomeric conformers coexist at slow equilibrium on the NMR timescale at room temperature, and can be observed. Calculations of the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts using gauge-including atomic orbital methods are in excellent agreement with experiment; thermochemical calculation of the free energies in solution are in somewhat worse agreement, but correctly predict the relative stability of the conformers. Analysis of the effects of chiral shift reagents on the NMR spectra suggests that discrimination between chiral isomers is primarily around the molecular equator, around which the enantiomeric gauche O--O linkages are arrayed.     

Determination of enantiomeric excess by 13C NMR spectroscopy

Oxazolidine derivatives of β-amino alcohols such as ephedrine have been resolved by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy using Eu(hfc)₃ as a chiral shift reagent. The method is quantitative in the determination of enantiomeric excess, and is advantageous where ¹H NMR is of limited use owing, for example, to significant line broadening.     

Chiral imines prepared from 1-(2-aminoalkyl)aziridines as novel chiral shifts reagents for efficient recognition of acids

Optically pure, chiral imines synthesized from the corresponding aldehydes and 1-(2-aminoalkyl)aziridines in good chemical yields, have been assessed as an NMR chiral shift reagents for effective discrimination of the signals of some acids (mandelic acid and its derivatives and N-protected amino acid). The title compounds have proven to be very useful for the determination of enantiomeric purity and absolute configuration of the aforementioned acid derivatives.     

Efficient NMR chiral discrimination of carboxylic acids using rhombamine macrocycles as chiral shift reagent

Chiral rhombamine macrocycles 1a-b were prepared by a [2+2]cyclocondensation reaction of (R,R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane with corresponding dialdehydes and were found to be useful as NMR chiral shift reagents for the determination of enantiomeric purity and the absolute configuration of a wide range of carboxylic acid and amino acid derivatives.     

Enantiomeric NMR signal separation mechanism and prediction of separation behavior for a praseodymium (III) complex with (S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N-disuccinate

Because choice of chiral nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shift reagents and concentration conditions have been made empirically by trials and errors for chiral NMR analyses, the prediction of NMR signal separation behavior is an urgent issue. In this study, the separation of enantiomeric and enantiotopic ¹H and ¹³C NMR signals for α-amino acids and tartaric acid was performed by using the praseodymium(III) complex with (S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinate ((S,S)-EDDS). All the present D-amino acids exhibited larger downfield shift of their α-protons and α-carbons compared with those for the corresponding L-amino acids in common. This regularity is applicable to absolute configurational assignment and determination of optical purity of amino acids. The chemical shifts of β-protons of d - and l -alanine fully bound with the Pr(III) ((S,S)-EDDS) complex (δ_bs) and the adduct formation constants of both enantiomers (Ks) were obtained by dependences of the observed downfield shifts of the β-protons on the total concentrations of the respective enantiomers in the presence of a constant concentration of the Pr(III) complex. The difference in the K values was found to be predominant determining factor for the enantiomeric signal separation. The chemical shifts of both enantiomers (δs) and the enantiomeric signal separations (Δδs) under given conditions could be calculated from the δ_b and K values. Furthermore, prediction of the signal separation behavior was enabled by using the calculated δ values and the signal broadening obtained by dependences of the half-height widths of the observed signals on the bound/free substrate concentration ratios for the respective enantiomers.     

Synthesis,characterization, and organocatalytic application of chiral ionic liquids derived from (S,R)-noscapine

(S,R)-Noscapine, a phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid has been used as precursor for the synthesis of chiral ionic liquids (CILs). Noscapine based CILs have been synthesized from reaction between (S,R)-noscapine and methyl iodide in acetonitrile at room temperature. The synthesized CILs have been characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, EI-MS, and polarimetry techniques. These CILs have been used as organocatalysts in the enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones to produce optically active secondary alcohols. The optically active secondary alcohols have been obtained with excellent yields and low to moderate enantiomeric excess (ee); also the complete enantiomeric excess (100% ee) has been achieved in some cases.     

A new chiral lanthanide NMR probe for the determination of the enantiomeric purity of alpha-hydroxy acids and the absolute configuration of alpha-amino acids in water

A water-soluble, enantiopure lanthanide complex, SSS-[Ln x L3], has been assessed as an effective chiral derivatizing agent for the determination of the enantiomeric purity of alpha-hydroxy acids in aqueous solution. The complex displays superior chemical shift non-equivalence (DeltaDeltadelta approximately 2-11 ppm) for the diastereomeric resonances of interest compared to lanthanide shift reagents reported in the literature (DeltaDeltadelta <0.1 ppm, typically). 1H NMR studies have also revealed that SSS-[Ln x L3] can be used to determine the absolute configuration of alpha-amino acids at physiological pH, in water. The ability of SSS-[Ln x L3] to signal anion binding and, in particular, to distinguish between diastereomers through optical techniques such as lanthanide luminescence and circular dichroism has also been assessed.     

Progress in Practice: The Scholarship of Teaching

Methods for determination of enantiomeric excess are discussed, with particular emphasis on direct NMR methods using chiral lanthanide shift reagents or chiral solvating agents. Chromatographic (and related) methods are considered. Indirect methods requiring formation of covalently bonded diastereomeric derivatives are also described. The various techniques are compared and contrasted, and they are explained from the standpoint of the rates of the relevant dynamic processes involved, that is, according to whether a particular system and measurement method define a slow exchange limit or fast exchange limit regime.     

手性镧系位移试剂核磁共振法测定芳氧丙酸酯类除草剂对映体纯度

以Eu(hfc)3和Pr(hfc)3为手性镧系位移试剂(CLSR),比较了两种CLSR对2,4-滴丙酸甲酯的1HNMR和13C NMR谱手性分离效果,结果表明:Pr(hfc)3比Eu(hfc)3对手性中心相连的甲基具有更好的手性分离效果。首次应用Pr(hfc)3测定了盖草能、稳杀得和喹禾灵3种手性芳氧丙酸酯类除草剂的1HNMR和13CNMR谱,其1HNMR谱分离度R约为1,盖草能和喹禾灵的13C NMR谱分离度R大于1.5,说明1H NMR和13CNMR谱手性分离效果适用于对映体纯度测定。与手性色谱法相比,CLSR-NMR法测定对映体纯度具有操作简便、分析速度快的显著优势。     

Bis(N‐Confused Porphyrin) as a Semirigid Receptor with a Chirality Memory: A Two‐Way Host Enantiomerization through Point‐to‐Axial Chirality Transfer

The adduct formation of protonated bis(N‐confused porphyrin) (BNCP, 3,3′‐bis(meso‐tetratolyl‐2‐aza‐21‐carbaporphyrin) with chiral anions, carboxylic acids, and alcohols was studied in solution by means of ¹H NMR and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic analysis and DFT methods. The addition of enantiopure guests to the acidified BNCP resulted in optical activity that vanished after neutralization. Pairs of the ¹H NMR‐distinguishable diastereomers were formed when enantiopure guests were applied, although a single form was observed upon the addition of the racemic mixtures in each case. Unidirectional configuration change that led to diastereomeric excess was observed in several instances. Such an excess was memorized by metalation of the adducts with AgBF₄, thus resulting in optically active silver(III) complexes of BNCP with some enantiomeric excess. Absolute configurations of BNCP cations and bis(zinc) and bis(silver(III)) complexes were determined on the basis of time‐dependent (TD)‐DFT calculations of their CD spectra. It was shown that some of the chiral carboxylates induced opposite directions of enantiomerization of di‐ and tetracations or di‐/tetracation and bis(zinc) complexes. The source of the optical activity of the equimolar diastereomeric mixture of adducts is discussed.