Pseudo-classical phase space description of the relativistic electron

Several versions exist of pseudo-classical models of the electron using Grassmann variables. Most of these require additional constraints on the variables, and it is these which, when quantized, lead to Dirac's equation. In addition, the Grassmann variables do not have physical interpretations. In this article a model is constructed which does not require constraints and in which the Grassmann variables can be interpreted as observables. Dirac's equation is obtained directly from quantization.     

Cooperative ordering of gapped and gapless spin networks in Cu2Fe2Ge4O13

The unusual magnetic properties of a novel low-dimensional quantum ferrimagnet Cu2Fe2Ge4O13 are studied using bulk methods, neutron diffraction, and inelastic neutron scattering. It is shown that this material can be described in terms of two low-dimensional quantum spin subsystems, one gapped and the other gapless, characterized by two distinct energy scales. Long-range magnetic ordering observed at low temperatures is a cooperative phenomenon caused by weak coupling of these two spin networks.     

Method for construction of operators in Fock space

It is shown, by providing a general method for the construction that any Fock space linear operator defined on the dense linear manifold spanned by the particle number representation basis can be represented in terms of the annihilation and creation operators. The normal form of the representation is unique.     

Excitonic polaron and phonon assisted photoluminescence of ZnO nanowires

The coupling strength of the radiative transition of hexagonal ZnO nanowires to the longitudinal optic (LO) phonon polarization field is deduced from temperature dependent photoluminescence spectra. An excitonic polaron formation is discussed to explain why the interaction of free excitons with LO phonons in ZnO nanowires is much stronger than that of bound excitons with LO phonons. The strong exciton-phonon coupling in ZnO nanowires affects not only the Haung-Ray S factor but also the FXA-1LO phonon energy spacing, which can be explained by the excitonic polaron formation.     

Fock space for fermion-like lattices and the linear Glauber model

The concept of Fock space representation is developed to deal with stochastic spin lattices written in terms of fermion operators. A density operator is introduced in order to follow in parallel the developments of the case of bosons in the literature. Some general conceptual quantities for spin lattices are then derived, including the notion of generating function and path integral via Grassmann variables. The formalism is used to derive the Liouvillian of the d-dimensional Linear Glauber dynamics in the Fock-space representation. Then the time evolution equations for the magnetization and the two-point correlation function are derived in terms of the number operator.     

Optical properties of gapped graphene structure driven by electron electron interaction

We analyze the effects of on-site electronic coulomb repulsion U on the optical absorption and density of states of a graphene like structure with two different sublattice on-site energies in the context of Hubbard model. Mean field approximation has been implemented in order to find excitation spectrum of electronic system. Antiferromagnetic long range ordering has been considered as the ground state of model Hamiltonian. We find that the band gap in both optical conductivity and density of states decreases with strength of coulombic interaction. The absorption spectra of the graphene like structure as a nanoscale system exhibit the prominent peaks, mainly owing to the divergent density of states and excitonic effects.     

Interplay between phonon confinement effect and anharmonicity in silicon nanowires

Getting light out of silicon is a difficult task since the bulk silicon has an indirect energy electronic band gap structure. It is expected that this problem can be circumvented by silicon nanostructuring, since the quantum confinement effect may cause the increase of the silicon band gap and shift the photoluminescence into the visible energy range. The increase in resulting structural disorder also causes the phonon confinement effect, which can be analyzed with a Raman spectroscopy. The large phonon softening and broadening, observed in silicon nanowires, are compared with calculated spectra obtained by taking into account the anharmonicity, which is incorporated through the three and four phonon decay processes into Raman scattering cross-section. This analysis clearly shows that the strong shift and broadening of the Raman peak are dominated by the anharmonic effects originating from the laser heating, while confinement plays a secondary role.     

Raman spectrum of Si nanowires: temperature and phonon confinement effects

The Raman spectrum of Si nanowires (NWs) is a matter of controversy. Usually, the one-phonon band appears broadened and shifted. This behaviour is interpreted in terms of phonon confinement; however, similar effects are observed for NWs with dimensions for which phonon confinement does not play any relevant role. In this context, the temperature increase induced by the laser beam is recognized to play a capital role in the shape of the spectrum. The analysis of the Raman spectrum, under the influence of the heating induced by the laser beam, is strongly dependent on the excitation conditions and the properties of the NWs. We present herein an analysis of the Raman spectrum of Si NWs based on a study of the interaction between the laser beam and the NWs, for both ensembles of NWs and individual NWs, taking account of the temperature increase in the NWs under the focused laser beam and the dimensions of the NWs.     

Fock space construction of the massless dipole field

We construct the Fock space representation of the free massless scalar dipole field in terms of creation and annihilation operators for the eigenvectors of the momentum operator. The Poincaré group is implemented unitarily only on a subspace of the full (positive metric) Hilbert space. The subspace possesses a hermitean, local, irreducible scalar field constructed out of the (non-hermitean) dipole field. Thus this subspace is a perfect candidate for a physical subspace of observable particles. We show that this possibility is however excluded by the fact that these particles interact with an external c-number source in a manner that violates unitarity. We illustrate our construction by applying it to the linearized Higgs model with external c-number source and examine the (non-trivial) dynamics of the dipole degrees of freedom in this case. An explicit separation of the physical degrees of freedom from the unphysical ones is presented for this interacting model.     

金属铅电子结构和声子谱的第一性原理计算

采用LDA的平面波赝势和密度泛函微扰理论(DFPT)方法计算了铅的晶体结构,电子能带,声子能量,并与实验数据进行了详细的比对.通过对电子结构的分析,发现铅没有宏观磁矩表现,电子能带在费米面处存在相交,说明铅具有强的金属性.发现在高对称q点附近,声子结构的计算与实验数据符合很好,而在对称性较低的X点附近,计算结果偏大于实验数据,导致了声子态密度计算结果"频移"现象的发生.结果表明,采用LDA的平面波赝势方法和DFPT方法计算铅的电子结构和声子能量切实可行,计算结果可靠.     

Raman spectroscopy for study of interplay between phonon confinement and Fano effect in silicon nanowires

A combined effect of doping (type and species) and size on Raman scattering from silicon (Si) nanowires (NWs) has been presented here to study interplay between quantum confinement and Fano effects. The SiNWs prepared from low doping Si wafers show only confinement effect, as evident from the asymmetry in the Raman line‐shape, irrespective of the doping type. On the other hand SiNWs prepared from wafer with high doping shows the presence of electron–phonon interaction in addition to the phonon confinement effect as revealed from the presence of asymmetry and antiresonence in the corresponding Raman spectra. This combined effect induces an extra asymmetry in the lower energy side of Raman peak for n‐type SiNWs whereas the asymmetry flips from lower energy side to the higher energy side of the Raman peak in p‐type SiNWs. Such an interplay can be represented by considering a general Fano‐Raman line‐shape equation to take care of the combined effect in SiNWs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Direct diagonalization of Fock space for an exact solution of pairing model

We investigate the exact solution of BCS pairing model using direct diagonalization of Fock space. By the data analysis and numerical calculation, we verify the symmetry between energy spectrum of Fock subspaces, obtain the common structure features of energy gaps and energy bands in Hamiltonian spectrum of reduced model, propose the formula to estimate the lowest energy levels in all of the subspaces of reduced model, and suggest a scheme to estimate the respective energy spectrum which can reveal the structure of energy spectrum of pairing model.     

Non-commutative chaotic expansion of Hilbert-Schmidt operators on Fock space

It is known, from a simple algebraic computation, that every Hilbert-Schmidt operator on the Fock space admits a Maassen-Meyer kernel. Maassen-Meyer kernels are a non-commutative extension of the usual notion of chaotic expansion of random variables. Using an extension of the non-commutative stochastic integrals which allows to define these integrals on the whole Fock space, we prove that a Hilbert-Schmidt operator on Fock space is the sum of a series of iterated non-commutative stochastic integrals with respect to the basic theree quantum noises. In this way we recover its Maassen-Meyer kernel which can be completely described from the operator itself.     

超短电子脉冲的时空转换测量方法理论研究

分析了超快电子枪处于扫描状态下电子束的传输特性,对飞秒量级的超短电子束脉冲通过偏转扫描系统时的偏转距离等物理量进行了数值计算。计算结果显示:为确保电子束能够顺利通过偏转扫描系统并最后轰击直径为30 mm的荧光屏,必须加一个700~1400 V的初始电压,以便抵消负斜坡扫描电压的作用;700~1400 V的初始电压和负斜坡扫描电压的共同作用,是扫描实验成功的一个前提。扫描实验成功的另一个前提是激发光电阴极的光路和控制扫描的电路之间的同步。讨论了前提一带给同步实验的巨大困难,并设计了一个可以在扫描实验中以较高效率调节光路延时的实验系统,该系统可解决脉宽测量实验中扫描斜坡电压信号和超快电子脉冲的同步难题。     

Hole burning in the Fock space of optical fields

Hole burning in the Fock space of a quantized electromagnetic field amounts to the selective removal of one or more specific number states from the field, or equivalently, manipulating the photon probability distribution to vanish for certain photon numbers. Previous work has concentrated on creating such holes for cavity fields where the manipulation of the field is performed with injected pre-and post-selected atoms. In the present Letter we demonstrate a method to generate such states for optical fields using state reduction with a Mach–Zehnder interferometer containing a Kerr medium in one arm. The method is an extension of a previous proposal by one of us (CCG) for the generation of optical Schrödinger cat states [Phys. Rev. A 59 (1999) 4095].     

Effects of contact shape on ballistic phonon transport in semiconductor nanowires

We study the effects of contact shape on ballistic phonon transport in semiconductor nanowires at low temperatures using an approximative scalar model of continuum elasticity. Five different contacts connected to two semiconductor nanowires with different transverse widths are discussed. Numerical results show that the contact shape acts as an ‘acoustic impedance adaptor’, playing a crucial role on the ballistic phonon transmission and thermal conductance. The phonon coupling in the contacts with certain length facilitates ballistic phonon transmission compared to the abrupt interface, in which the phonon scattering is the strongest. It is found that the more the contact is abrupt, the smaller the thermal conductance is. The catenoidal contact rather than the abrupt interface is also the competitive candidate to obtain bigger thermal conductance. These results indicate that choosing an appropriate contact shape is one of the most critical factors to accurately measure the thermal conductance with a very high precision and reliability in different temperature ranges at low temperatures.     

Theoretical study of phonon spectra in ferromagnetic nanoparticles

Based on the spin-phonon model we analyze the influence of surface and size effects on the phonon properties of ferromagnetic nanoparticles. A Green's function technique in real space enables us to calculate the renormalized phonon energy and its damping depending on the temperature and the anharmonic spin-phonon interaction constants. With decreasing particle size the phonon energy can decrease or increase for different surface spin-phonon interaction constants, whereas the damping increases always. The influence of an external magnetic field is discussed, too. The theoretical results are in reasonable accordance to experimental data.