混合微球谐振腔热非线性效应的增强方法

提出并实现了一种可增强微球谐振腔热非线性效应的方法。通过在微球谐振腔表面涂覆低折射率紫外胶形成并制备了混合谐振腔。通过分析混合谐振腔结构的热光系数,从理论和实验论证了混合谐振腔结构可获得更大的热非线性效应,同时验证了混合谐振腔的品质因素对热非线性的影响。应用此混合谐振腔结构于温度传感实验,结果表明通过增强方法制备的谐振腔其检测灵敏度提高了2.8倍。因此,此方法在传感应用、生物化学检测、通讯等领域也有广泛的应用前景。     

热扩散效应在热声分离中的作用机理

在充满二元混合气体的声波谐振管中,振荡的气体会在径向上建立振荡的温度梯度,径向的温度梯度会引起两种组分的分子沿着不同方向进行扩散,在这种热扩散效应和热声效应的共同作用下,声波能够把混合气体中的两种组分分别带向谐振腔的速度节点和压力节点,使得混合气体在声波传播方向上逐渐分离。为了研究热声分离过程的机理,本文对一个半波长的声波谐振管进行了二维的建模,并基于可压缩的SIMPLE算法,通过求解He-Ar混合气体的速度场、温度场和一种组分的浓度场,对谐振腔内的传热传质过程进行了详细的数值模拟研究。数值模拟结果与文献的理论计算值进行了比较,结果符合良好。随后,通过研究一个周期内径向上的温度、速度和Ar的摩尔分数分布,揭示了径向上的热扩散过程,以及中间气体与边界层内气体之间的热质交换过程,完整地解释了热声分离过程的发生机理。     

高功率固体激光器增益非均匀分布引起的效能亏损效应研究

激光晶体由于吸收了一部分泵浦光能量，产生的热量引起晶体内温度不均匀分布，使晶体内的折射率产生不均匀分布，对振荡光产生相应的相位调制，引起振荡光光场再分布，进而导致振荡光模式发生变化。谐振腔具有滤波作用，谐振腔会过滤掉振荡光中与谐振腔不匹配的模式，引起损耗，用MATLAB模拟晶体内温度场分布，通过计算谐振腔内基模的热致损耗及低阶模转换到高阶模的比例，并研究谐振腔中各阶模式的转换问题，为抑制高阶模并减小损耗提供理论依据。     

Thermal effects on mass detection sensitivity of carbon nanotube resonators in nonlinear oscillation regime

A mass sensor using a nano-resonator has high detection sensitivity, and mass sensitivity is higher with smaller resonators. Therefore, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the ultimate materials for these applications and have been actively studied. In particular, CNT-based nanomechanical devices may experience high temperatures that lead to thermal expansion and residual stress in devices, which affects the device reliability. In this letter, to demonstrate the influence of the temperature change (i.e., thermal effect) on the mass detection sensitivity of CNT-based mass sensor, dynamic analysis is carried out for a CNT resonator with thermal effects in both linear and nonlinear oscillation regimes. Based on the continuum mechanics model, the analytical solution method with an assumed deflection eigenmode is applied to solve the nonlinear differential equation which involves the von Karman nonlinear strain–displacement relation and the additional axial force associated with thermal effects. A thermal effect on the fundamental resonance behavior and resonance frequency shift due to adsorbed mas, i.e., mass detection sensitivity, is examined in high-temperature environment. Results indicate a valid improvement of fundamental resonance frequency by using nonlinear oscillation in a thermal environment. In both linear and nonlinear oscillation regimes, the mass detection sensitivity becomes worse due to the increasing of temperature in a high-temperature environment. The thermal effect on the detection sensitivity is less effective in the nonlinear oscillation regime. It is concluded that a temperature change of a mass sensor with a CNT-based resonator can be utilized to enhance the detection sensitivity depending on the CNT length, linear/nonlinear oscillation behaviors, and the thermal environment.     

圆柱形光声池结构及环境因素对声学本征频率的影响

以典型的圆柱形光声池为研究对象,建立光声池声学仿真有限元模型,并在此基础上,研究了光声池中谐振腔、缓冲腔、进出气孔结构参数以及温度、湿度因素对其声学本征频率的影响规律.研究结果表明:圆柱形光声池的进、出口孔对其声学本征频率影响极不敏感,设计计算中可以忽略不计,谐振腔的长度影响最为敏感,其次为谐振腔的直径.此外缓冲腔的长度与直径对其亦有一定影响,因而在准确计算时需要加以考虑.温度与湿度对光声池声学本征频率的影响均呈现正线性增长规律,温度的影响随着谐振腔长度的增大而减小,湿度的影响随着温度的升高而增大,仅计算光声池的声学本征频率时,湿度的影响在室温环境下且湿度变动较小的条件下可以忽略.     

全固态激光器的热近半球面腔

理论与实验研究了激光二极管侧泵平-平非对称腔.理论分析表明,当谐振腔运行于热稳区边缘时,激光棒内基模半径随泵浦功率迅速增加,使光束质量快速提高并保持较高的输出功率.由于该谐振腔运行于热稳区边缘的特性与近半球面腔相近,所以将此设计称为热近半球面腔.与运行于稳区边缘的平-平对称腔相比,热近半球面腔设计有助于缩短谐振腔腔长.在对热近半球面腔实验研究中,光束质量随泵浦功率迅速增加以及输出功率饱和现象被观察,实验研究与理论分析吻合较好.     

脉冲LDA侧面泵浦大能量Nd:YAG激光器时变热效应分析

建立了激光二极管阵列(LDA)侧面泵浦棒状Nd:YAG增益介质时变热效应理论计算模型。采用有限元Ansys软件模拟分析了脉冲LDA侧面泵浦大能量固体激光器的时变热效应特性。研究结果表明,所研究的脉冲LDA侧面泵浦大能量Nd:YAG激光器热效应具有时变特性,介质横截面内中心点处的稳态温度场分布随时间呈锯齿形周期变化,锯齿形变化频率为LDA泵浦频率,脉冲LDA泵浦参数对介质稳态温度场分布有较大影响。分析和计算了介质内热梯度、应力双折射以及激光晶体端面效应等导致的晶体热透镜焦距。计算表明,介质的热焦距主要来源于介质内温度梯度引起的热透镜焦距。     

高功率CO_2激光器高反膜耦合窗热效应研究

为解决CO2激光器高反膜耦合窗在腔内高功率激光作用下产生的热效应问题,对耦合窗的温度场和热形变场进行了理论分析研究。通过谐振腔工作状态分析,首次提出了腔内振荡激光具有混合模式分布的表达式,并利用半解析热分析方法得出了在混合模式下耦合窗产生的温度场和热形变场的一般表达式,同时与将腔内激光分布作均匀分布、高斯分布假设下耦合窗的情况作了对比分析。研究结果,当腔内谐振功率为3800W、腔内激光混合模式分布时,耦合窗内表面中心最大热形变量约为0.91μm,作均匀分布、高斯分布假设分别造成最大热形变量偏小20.88%,偏大78.02%。     

Resonator insensitive investigation to thermal lens for end-pumped lasers

Optical pumping of solid-state lasers induces a thermal lens effect in the laser crystal; this thermal effect determines the beam properties. In this paper, the focal length of the thermal lens is calculated, and resonator parameter (g_1 g_2) is obtained, which is insensitive to thermal distortions when the product of the resonator parameters (g_1, g_2) equals 1/2. By using our calculated results, we get the fundamental transverse mode laser output with optic－optic conversion of 48.6%, and slope efficiency of 56.3%.     

高稳定LD端面泵浦腔内倍频Nd∶YVO4/LBO连续红光激光器

设计出一种能够较好地补偿激光晶体热效应的激光谐振腔,实现了高稳定LD单端泵浦LBO腔内倍频Nd∶YVO4连续红光激光器.当晶体吸收的泵浦功率为24.56 W时,671 nm激光功率达到1.203 W,光-光转换效率4.9%,激光模式为TEM00模.在输出功率为1.08 W时,激光器1 h功率不稳定度为0.52%.     

基于传播圆补偿像散的被动锁模激光器谐振腔设计方法

由于超短脉冲激光器的谐振腔大都采用多镜折叠的形式,像散已成为影响锁模激光器性能优劣的重要问题.本文提出了一种基于传播圆补偿像散的被动锁模激光器谐振腔设计方法,该方法简单、直观、高效,容易找到补偿像散的最佳位置.理论研究表明,当SESAM位于子午和弧矢传播圆交汇处附近时,SESAM处的子午光斑和弧矢光斑大小几乎相等,像散得到补偿.该谐振腔对外界干扰引起的腔镜振动和热透镜焦距的变化均不敏感,谐振腔的抗干扰性很强.实验研究表明,当SESAM位于子午和弧矢传播圆交汇处附近时,锁模激光器可获得稳定连续的锁模激光脉冲,且激光器的抗干扰性很强.本文的理论研究与实验结果相一致.     

LD端面泵浦变热导率圆片Yb∶YAG激光器的热效应

针对激光二极管端面泵浦圆片Yb∶YAG晶体产生的热效应问题,以实际工作特点为基础,通过热传导理论分析了热效应。分析了不同泵浦功率、超高斯阶次、光斑半径、晶体尺寸因素对变热导率圆片Yb∶YAG晶体温度场的影响。研究结果表明,使用泵浦功率为60W、超高斯阶次为5、光斑半径为400μm的泵浦光对含质量分数为8%、晶体半径为4mm、厚度为0.5mm的圆片Yb∶YAG晶体进行泵浦,在将晶体的热导率分别视为常量和变量时,泵浦端面获得的最大温升分别为52.15℃和59.51℃。根据计算结果,设计了适合的激光器热稳腔,能充分抑制激光器产生的热效应问题。     

Theoretical modeling and experimental realization of dynamically magnified thermoacoustic-piezoelectric energy harvesters

Conventional thermoacoustic-piezoelectric (TAP) harvesters convert thermal energy, such as solar or waste heat energy, directly into electrical energy without the need for any moving components. The input thermal energy generates a steep temperature gradient along a porous medium. At a critical threshold of the temperature gradient, self-sustained acoustic waves are developed inside an acoustic resonator. The associated pressure fluctuations impinge on a piezoelectric diaphragm, placed at the end of the resonator. In this study, the TAP harvester is coupled with an auxiliary elastic structure in the form of a simple spring–mass system to amplify the strain experienced by the piezoelectric element. The auxiliary structure is referred to as a dynamic magnifier and has been shown in different areas to significantly amplify the deflection of vibrating structures. A comprehensive model of the dynamically magnified thermoacoustic-piezoelectric (DMTAP) harvester has been developed that includes equations of motions of the system?s mechanical components, the harvested voltage, the mechanical impedance of the coupled structure at the resonator end and the equations necessary to compute the self-excited frequencies of oscillations inside the acoustic resonator. Theoretical results confirmed that significant amplification of the harvested power is feasible if the magnifier?s parameters are properly chosen. The performance characteristics of experimental prototypes of a thermoacoustic-piezoelectric resonator with and without the magnifier are examined. The obtained experimental findings are validated against the theoretical results. Dynamic magnifiers serve as a novel approach to enhance the effectiveness of thermoacoustic energy harvested from waste heat by increasing the efficiency of their harvesting components.     

Study of the thermal stability of Zerodur glass ceramics suitable for a scanning probe microscope frame

The work presents measurements of the length stability of Zerodur glass ceramic with temperature change. Measurement of this thermal characteristic is necessary for determination of the optimal temperature at which the Zerodur glass ceramic has a coefficient of thermal expansion close to zero. The principle of the measurement is to monitor the length changes using an optical resonator with a cavity mirror spacer made from the Zerodur material to be studied. The resonator is placed inside a vacuum chamber with a temperature control. A tunable laser diode is locked to a certain optical mode of the resonator to monitor the optical frequency of this mode. A beat-note signal from optical mixing between the laser and a stabilized femtosecond frequency comb is detected and processed. The temperature dependence of the glass ceramics was determined and analyzed. The resolution of the length measurement of the experimental set-up is on the order of 0.1 nm.     

高稳定LD泵浦腔内倍频Nd∶YVO4/KTP连续绿光激光器

设计出一种能够较好地补偿激光晶体热效应的激光谐振腔，实现了高稳定LD单端泵浦KTP腔内倍频Nd∶YVO₄连续绿光激光器.当晶体吸收的泵浦功率为24.56 W时，532 nm激光功率达到5.3 W，光-光转换效率达到21.6％，激光模式为TEM00模.在输出功率5W左右时，激光器1 h功率不稳定度优于0.6％     

An investigation of the entangled photon walk-off compensation generated by a fiber ring resonator

We firstly present an experimental investigation of the entangled photon states’ recovery using a fiber optic ring resonator incorporating an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The weak light entangled photons can be recovered in both amplitude and states after the optical pumping and polarization control parts are used in the system. A new experimental result of the investigation of thermal effects on the entangled states’ walk-off and compensations has shown that the entangled photon walk-off compensation is achieved by using a pair of polarization control devices. The relationship between thermal effects and the entangled states’ phase shift is investigated and discussed. The walk-off compensation due to temperature changes from 30 to 80 °C is achieved. This shows that the changes in phase of the entangled photons can be negligible when the compensation is employed.     

Influence of spherical aberrations on the performance of dynamically stable resonators

Spherical aberrations of thermal lens of the active media are severe when the solid state lasers are strongly pumped. The aberrations influence the mode profile, the diffraction loss, the output power and other laser beam properties, especially for a dynamically stable resonator with large TEM₀₀-mode volume. Self-consistent modes in a resonator with aberrations are calculated using Fox-Li diffraction iterative algorithm. There are side lobes with the fundamental mode when the spherical aberration is introduced, hence the beam quality is deteriorated. The calculated results agree well with the experimental data. The beam filling factor plays an important role in the design of a laser system. The optimum value of the beam filling factor should be determined by the experimental results according to the spherical aberration effect.     

高功率LD阵列泵浦激光器小型化研究

为满足一些武器装备对激光系统小型化及输出激光光斑均匀性较高的要求,通过设计LD侧面对称半环状泵浦的泵浦方式,使得输出的激光光斑形状基本为圆形,激光光斑的均匀性有了较大提高.采用凹面全反射镜补偿热效应以及设计紧凑激光谐振腔型,在注入电流60 A、频率为20 Hz时,得到平均单脉冲能量为96 mJ (脉冲能量波动小于6%)、脉宽为10 ns、发散角为3 mrad的近似圆形激光输出,激光系统在高温50℃时工作稳定.     

Studies on Performance of Thermoacoustic Prime Mover

Thermoacoustic engines are the devices that convert thermal energy into acoustic energy without moving parts. The main objective of this study is to analyze the performance of a thermoacoustic prime mover measured in terms of onset temperature difference, frequency, and pressure amplitude by varying resonator, stack length, and plate thickness. From the experiments, it is observed that onset temperature difference and pressure amplitude increases with increase in resonator and stack length with minimum plate thickness, whereas the frequency increases with decrease in resonator and stack length with higher plate thickness. The experimental results are compared with simulated results via Design Environment for Low Amplitude Thermoacoustic Energy Conversion software (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA).     

Stable diode lasers for hydrogen precision spectroscopy

We report on an external cavity diode laser at 972 nmstabilized to a mid-plane mounted Fabry-Perot (FP) resonator with afinesse of 400000. The 0.5 Hz optical beat note line width betweentwo similar lasers (Allan deviation 2 × 10^-15) is limitedby thermal noise properties of two independent FP resonators. Thelong term drift of the FP resonator and mirror substrates made fromUltra-Low-Expansion glass (ULE) is small and can be well predictedon time intervals up to many hours if the resonator is stabilized atthe zero thermal expansion temperature T_c. Using a Peltierelement in a vacuum chamber for temperature stabilization allowsstabilization of the FP cavity to T_c which is usually below theroom temperature. Beat note measurements with a femtosecond opticalfrequency comb referenced to a H-maser during 15 hours have shown awell defined linear drift of the FP resonance frequency of about 60 mHz/s with residual frequency excursions of less than ±20 Hz.