Field dependence of spin and orbital moments of Fe in L10 FePt magnetic thin films

The field dependence of spin and orbital magnetic moments of Fe in L1₀ FePt magnetic thin films was investigated using X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). The spin and orbital moments were calculated using the sum rules; it was found that the spin and orbital moment of Fe in L1₀ FePt films are ∼2.5 and 0.2 μ_B, respectively. The relative XMCD asymmetry at Fe L₃ peak on the dependence of applied field suggested that the majority magnetic moment of L1₀ FePt films resulted from Fe.     

Ferromagnetismus von amorphem Eisen

In a previous paper a method has been described to produce thin films of amorphous iron by simultaneous condensation of iron and small additions of oxygen, silicon, or germanium onto a substrate at 20 °K. During annealing the amorphous films crystallize within a narrow range of temperature. In this paper the magnetic properties of these films are investigated. By a new lowtemperature ?gnetometer the magnetization curves can be registered for the different states of annealing. It results that even in the amorphous state iron is ferromagnetic. Below a critical concentration of the oxygen, silicon, or germanium admixtures the magnetic moment of the iron atoms is smaller and the coercive force is greater in the amorphous than in the crystalline structure. Above that concentration the magnetic moments in the two structures are equal, whereas the coercive force of the amorphous films is smaller than that of the crystalline ones. The results are explained by a concentration depending short range order in the amorphous films.     

Investigation of CdS and CdTe thin films and influence of CdCl2 on CdTe/CdS structure

CdTe/CdS heterojunction solar cell structure has been fabricated using simple, easy and low-cost methods. To fabricate this structure, CdS and CdTe thin films are deposited onto FTO-coated conducting glass substrates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) and electrodeposition method, respectively. The optimized growth conditions are chosen for both CdS and CdTe films by investigating the optical, structural and morphological properties of both the as-deposited and annealed films. Optical measurement showed that CdS films have higher transmittance and lower absorbance, and CdTe films have lower transmittance and higher absorbance in the near infrared region. The band gap of CdS films is estimated to lie in the range 2.29–2.41 eV and that of CdTe films is in the range 1.53–1.55 eV. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study reveals that CdS and CdTe films are polycrystalline with preferential orientation of (1 1 1) plane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study reveals that both films are smooth, void-free and uniformly distributed over the surface of the substrate. Fabricated CdTe/CdS structure showed the anticipated rectifying behaviour, and the rectifying behaviour is observed to improve due to CdCl₂ treatment.     

氧对于在Ar/O氛围下用近空间升华法制备的CdS薄膜的影响

采用近空间升华法（CSS）在氩/氧气氛中制备了硫化镉（CdS）多晶薄膜.利用XRD,XPS,AFM,UV-VIS光谱和四探针技术等测试和分析手段系统研究了氧对薄膜的成分、结构、光学和电学等性质的影响.结果表明,用近空间升华法制备的CdS薄膜具有六方相结构,膜层致密、均匀,平均晶粒大小约为40 nm,富硫.氧掺入后部分与镉生成氧化镉,并随着氧含量的增加,薄膜的成分有趋于化学计量比的趋势,光学带隙加宽,光暗电导比增加.此外,还利用扫描电镜（SEM）观察了CdS/CdTe断面结合光谱响应（QE）的结果讨论了氧对CdS/CdTe界面互扩散的影响.发现,随着CdS薄膜制备气氛中氧分压的升高,CdS/CdTe界面的互扩散程度降低,有利于提高器件在500—600 nm波长范围内的光谱响应.认为,氧含量的增加不但使CdS薄膜在光伏应用方面的质量得到改善,而且CdTe太阳电池器件中的CdS/CdTe界面也得到了优化. 关键词： CdS多晶薄膜 近空间升华法 窗口层 界面     

光谱分析气体状态对近空间升华沉积CdTe多晶薄膜的影响

在CdTe多晶薄膜太阳电池制备中用近空间升华法生长了CdTe多晶薄膜,沉积工作气体的状态决定了薄膜的结构、性质。文章首先分析了近空间沉积的物理机制,测量了近空间沉积装置内的温度分布,使用氩氧混合气体为工作气体,其中重点讨论了该气体状态(包括气氛和气压)与薄膜的初期成核的关系,即择优取向程度和光能隙与气氛和气压的关系。结果表明,(1)不同气氛下沉积的CdTe薄膜均为立方相结构。随氧浓度的增加,σ增加,氧浓度为6%时,σ最大,之后随氧浓度增加,σ降低,在12%达到最小,然后随氧浓度的增加而增加, 在氧浓度为9%时沉积的结晶更完整。CdTe薄膜的光能隙为1.50～1.51 eV;(2)在氩氧气氛下氧浓度为9%,不同气压下制备的样品,均有立方相CdTe, 此外, 还有CdS和SnO₂:F衍射峰。CdTe晶粒随气压增加有减小趋势,随气压的增加,透过率呈下降趋势,相应的CdTe吸收边向短波方向移动;(3)在氩氧气氛下氧浓度为9%,采用衬底温度550 ℃,源温度620 ℃,沉积时间4 min时制备的CdTe多晶薄膜获得了转换效率优良的结构为SnO₂:F/CdS/CdTe/Au的集成电池。     

On the origin of the giant magnetic moments of Fe and Co in Cs Films

To unravel the mystery of the recently observed giant magnetic moments of Fe and Co in Cs films, orbital-polarization corrected relativistic spin density functional calculations have been performed. Unlike other transition–metal systems where the orbital magnetic moments are quenched, Fe and Co in Cs as well as in other alkali metals are found to possess a giant orbital moment of 2–3 μ_B along with a large spin moment. Also, these free atom-like spin and orbital magnetic moments in Cs would not be squashed under large lattice contractions up to 23% around the impurity atoms. The induced moments on the host atoms are small. The results offer an explanation for the origin of the giant magnetic moments of Fe and Co in Cs films.     

Photoluminescence in gradient recrystallization grown CdTe

Photoluminescence properties of Gradient Recrystallization Grown (GREG) polycrystalline CdTe films are reported and compared to other thin film semiconductors as e.g. Chemical Bath Deposited (CBD) CdS, and Spray Pyrolyzed (SP) CdTe films. In spite of similarities, it is suggested not to interpret the results found for GREG CdTe and CBD CdS in terms of recombination at defect sites in intergranular regions, as was recently proposed for spray pyrolyzed CdTe films, but of recombination due to defect sites located in single microcrystallites.     

x射线磁性圆二色吸收谱分析Co膜厚度对原子磁矩和自旋磁矩的影响

利用软x射线磁性圆二色吸收谱(XMCD)研究了Si衬底上沉积的不同厚度的Co膜的轨道磁矩和 自旋磁矩.样品是磁控溅射方法制备的，膜的厚度分别是2nm,10nm和30nm，并在表面覆盖0.8 —1nm厚的金膜防止样品的氧化.根据XMCD求和定则计算得到的轨道磁矩和自旋磁矩分别是0. 249—0.195μ_B(玻尔磁子)和1.230—1.734μ_B.随着膜厚的减小，C o原子的轨道磁矩增加，而自旋磁矩下降.轨道磁矩与总磁矩的比值由0.101上升至0.168，即 2nm膜中Co原子的轨道磁矩对总磁矩的贡献比30nm膜中Co原子的大了83%. 关键词： x射线磁性圆二色 磁性薄膜 轨道磁矩和自旋磁矩 厚度效应     

CdTe多晶薄膜沉积制备及其性能

在氩气和氧气混合气氛下,近空间升华法制备了CdTe多晶薄膜。薄膜的结构、性质决定于整个沉积过程。深入研究沉积过程中的热交换、物质输运,有助于获得结构致密具有良好光电性质的CdTe薄膜。分析了近空问沉积的物理机制,测量了近空间沉积装置内的温度分布,讨论了升温过程、气压与薄膜的初期成核的关系。结果表明,不同气压下制备的样品,均有立方相CdTe。此外,还有CdS和SnO2：F衍射峰。CdTe晶粒随气压增加有减小趋势;随气压的增加,透过率呈下降趋势,相应的CdTe吸收边向短波方向移动。采用衬底温度500℃,源温度620℃,在120℃的温差下,沉积时间4min上制备CdTe多晶薄膜,获得转换效率优良的结构为SnO2：F／CdS／CdTe／Au的集成电池。     

CdTe/CdS太阳电池I-V，C-V特性研究

测量了CdTe太阳电池器件从50kHz至1MHz频率范围的电容-电压特性，计算了吸收层的载流子浓度和空间电荷区的位置，电容-电压特性测试结果出现两个峰，峰特征与测试频率有关，用多结模型进行模拟分析，解释了实验结果.测量了电池从220K至300K的变温暗电流-电压特性，得出电池的反向暗饱和电流密度J₀和二级管理想因子A，分析了J₀，A随测量温度的变化,并讨论了电池器件的电流特性. 关键词： CdTe太阳电池 电流-电压特性 电容-电压特性     

The electronic structure and the ferromagnetic properties of the organic radical 4-methacryloyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl (MOTMP)

The ab initio method of the full potential linearized augmented-plane-wave has been used to study the electronic band structure and the ferromagnetic (FM) properties of the organic radical MOTMP. The total and the partial density of states and the atomic spin magnetic moments are calculated. The calculation revealed that MOTMP has a stable ferromagnetic ground state and the spin magnetic moment is 1.0 μ_B per molecule, which is in good agreement with the experimental value. It is found that the unpaired electrons in this compound are localized in a molecular orbital constituted primarily of π*(NO) orbital and the main contribution of the spin magnetic moment comes from the NO free radical. It is also found that there exists ferromagnetic intermolecular interaction in the compound.     

CdSyTe1-y多晶薄膜的制备及光谱表征

采用真空共蒸发法制备了CdSyTe1-y(0≤y≤1)多晶薄膜,并用X射线衍射谱(XRD)、能量色散谱(EDS)研究了CdSyTe1-y多晶薄膜的结构、组分。实验结果表明:石英振荡法监控的组分与EDS谱结果较为一致;当y<0·3时,CdSyTe1-y多晶薄膜为立方结构,当y≥0·3时,CdSyTe1-y多晶薄膜为六方结构。采用XRD线形分析法可计算出CdSyTe1-y多晶薄膜晶粒大小约20～50nm。最后,用紫外-可见-近红外谱(UV-Vis-NIR),测得300～2500nmCdSyTe1-y多晶薄膜的透过率曲线,并结合一阶Sellmeier模型的折射率色散关系,表征了CdSyTe1-y多晶薄膜的光学性质,获得了CdS0·22Te0·78多晶薄膜的光学厚度d～535nm,光能隙Eg～1·41eV,以及吸收系数α(λ)、折射率n(λ)等光学量。结果也表明,采用真空共蒸发法可以制备需要组分的CdSyTe1-y多晶薄膜,对CdSyTe1-y多晶薄膜光学性质的表征方法可推广到其他的半导体薄膜材料。     

Theory of localized magnetic moments in metals I finite cluster approach

The origin of localized magnetic moments formation in metals is investigated theoretically using a self-consistent local spin density molecular cluster approach. Clusters with up to 55 atoms are employed to describe isolated impurity local moment behavior in the cases of Fe$\text{Ag}$ and Fe$\text{Pd}$. Densities of states and spin magnetic moments were determined and compared with results of spectroscopic (notably photoemission) and magnetization measurements, respectively. In the case of a noble metal host, the spin magnetization density is found to be highly localized around the Fe site; the iron moment is ≈ 3.9μ_B and the polarization of the host Ag atoms is small. In the case of a transition metal host, the iron moment is ≈ 3.2 μ_B but here the strong hybridization of the Fe-3d and Pd-4d states results in a large induced magnetic moment in the host PD metal — in essential agreement with experiment for this giant moment system.     

ZnS/CdS复合窗口层对CdTe太阳能电池短波光谱响应的影响

采用磁控溅射法制备了ZnS/CdS复合窗口层,并将其应用于CdTe太阳能电池。对所制备薄膜的形貌和结构等进行了研究。测试了具有不同窗口层的CdTe太阳电池的量子效率和光Ⅰ-Ⅴ特性,分析了ZnS薄膜制备条件对CdTe电池器件性能影响;研究了CdS薄膜厚度和ZnS/CdS复合窗口层对短波区透过率以及CdTe太阳电池的光谱响应的影响。着重研究了具有ZnS/CdS复合窗口层的CdTe太阳电池的短波光谱响应。结果表明,CdS窗口层厚度从100 nm减至50 nm后,其对短波区光子透过率平均提高了18.3%,CdTe太阳电池短波区光谱响应平均提高了27.6%。衬底温度250 ℃条件下制备的ZnS晶粒尺寸小于室温下制备的ZnS。具有ZnS/CdS复合窗口层的CdTe电池中,采用衬底温度250 ℃沉积ZnS薄膜来制备窗口层的电池器件,其性能要优于室温下沉积ZnS制备窗口层的电池器件。这说明晶粒尺寸的大小对电子输运有一定影响。在相同厚度CdS的前提下,具有ZnS/CdS复合窗口层的CdTe电池比具有CdS窗口层在短波的光谱响应提高了约2%。这说明ZnS/CdS复合窗口层能够做到减少对短波光子的吸收,从而使更多的光子被CdTe电池的吸收层吸收。     

Origin of orbital ferromagnetism and giant magnetic anisotropy at the nanoscale

The origin of orbital magnetism recently observed in different nanostructured films and particles is discussed as a consequence of spin-orbit coupling. It is shown that contact potentials induced at the thin film surface by broken symmetries, as domain boundaries in self-assembled monolayers, lead to orbital states that in some cases are of large radius. The component of the angular momentum normal to the surface can reach very high values that decrease the total energy by decreasing spin-orbit interaction energy. Intraorbital ferromagnetic spin correlations induce orbital momenta alignment. The estimated values of the magnetic moments per atom are in good agreement with the experimental observations in thiol capped gold films and nanoparticles.     

Sm-Fe和Sm-Co非晶态合金薄膜的高场热磁效应

本文研究了Sm_xT_1-x(T=Fe,Co)非晶态薄膜的磁化强度σ与温度T的关系。发现在磁场H=7T下,对Sm_xCo_1-x样品(x=0.46,0.48,0.54,0.65)的升温过程测得的σ(T)曲线上有极大值,它对应的温度都在25—28K范围内,与成分关系不大。非晶态Sm_xFe_1-x(x=0.46,0.73)的结果与之不同,极大值对应的温度与成分有关。对上述样品,还发现在T≈6K附近σ(T)有极小值(和陡变),在近室温端,出现σ(T)下降缓慢的“拖尾巴”现象。我们认为,Sm-Co非晶态薄膜表现的高场热磁效应可能起源于Sm原子磁矩对磁化的贡献不可忽略,作用在Sm原子上的局域无规各向异性很强;这种各向异性在20—30K变化较大。而Sm-Fe薄膜的高场热磁效应可能起源于Fe原子磁矩的分散。σ(T)在6K附近的极小值(和陡变)及其在室温端变化缓慢的原因,可能是合金成分的涨落所致。 关键词：     

CdTe太阳电池前电极SnO2:F/SnO2复合薄膜性能分析

减薄CdS窗口层是提高CdS/CdTe太阳电池转换效率的有效途径之一,减薄窗口层会对器件造成不利的影响,因此在减薄了的窗口层与前电极之间引入过渡层非常必要.利用反应磁控溅射法在前电极SnO₂:F薄膜衬底上制备未掺杂的SnO₂薄膜形成过渡层,并将其在N₂/O₂=4 ∶1,550 ℃环境进行了30 min热处理,利用原子力显微镜、X射线衍射仪、紫外分光光度计对复合薄膜热处理前后的形貌、结构、光学性能进行了表征,同时分析了复     

Origin of the giant magnetic moments of Fe impurities on and in Cs films

We have explored the origin of the observed giant magnetic moments ( approximately 7&mgr;(B)) of Fe impurities on the surface and in the bulk of Cs films, using the relativistic local-spin-density-approximation method. We have found that Fe impurities in Cs behave differently from those in noble metals or in Pd. Whereas the induced spin polarization of Cs atoms is negligible, the Fe ion itself is a source of the giant magnetic moment. The 3d electrons of Fe in Cs are localized as the 4f electrons in rare-earth ions so that the orbital magnetic moment becomes as large as the spin magnetic moment. The calculated total magnetic moment M = 6.43&mgr;(B) is close to the experimentally observed value.     

图谱分析退火对本征SnO2多晶薄膜性能的影响

提高CdTe太阳电池转换效率的有效途径之一是适当减薄CdS窗口层,减薄了的CdS层会严重影响电池性能,解决方法是在窗口层和透明导电膜之间加一层高阻本征SnO2薄膜。采用反应磁控溅射制备了具有高阻抗的本征SnO2薄膜,并对其进行了后处理,利用XRD,XPS等方法研究了退火前后薄膜的结构,成分及表面化学状态的变化。结果表明:经N2/O2=4:1气氛550℃(0.5h)退火后,样品由非晶态转变为四方相结构的多晶薄膜,具有(110)择优取向;XPS分析表明退火后薄膜的氧含量增加、O(1s)峰向低能方向移动,SnO被氧化成SnO2,使得薄膜的透过率增大,退火后的本征SnO2高阻膜非常适合作为过渡层应用于CdTe太阳电池中。     

Quantum tunneling of the magnetic moment in a free nanoparticle

We study tunneling of the magnetic moment in a particle that has full rotational freedom. Exact energy levels are obtained and the ground-state magnetic moment is computed for a symmetric rotor. The effect of mechanical freedom on spin tunneling manifests itself in a strong dependence of the magnetic moment on the moments of inertia of the rotor. The energy of the particle exhibits quantum phase transitions between states with different values of the magnetic moment. Particles of various shapes are investigated and the quantum phase diagram is obtained.