Effect of a static pedestrian as an exit obstacle on evacuation

Building exit as a bottleneck structure is the last and the most congested stage in building evacuation. It is well known that obstacles at the exit affect the evacuation process, but few researchers pay attention to the effect of stationary pedestrians (the elderly with slow speed, the injured, and the static evacuation guide) as obstacles at the exit on the evacuation process. This paper explores the influence of the presence of a stationary pedestrian as an obstacle at the exit on the evacuation from experiments and simulations. We use a software, Pathfinder, based on the agent-based model to study the effect of ratios of exit width ($D$) to distance ($d$) between the static pedestrian and the exit, the asymmetric structure by shifting the static pedestrian upward, and types of obstacles on evacuation. Results show that the evacuation time of scenes with a static pedestrian is longer than that of scenes with an obstacle due to the unexpected hindering effect of the static pedestrian. Different ratios of $D/d$ have different effects on evacuation efficiency. Among the five $D/d$ ratios in this paper, the evacuation efficiency is the largest when $d$ is equal to $0.75D$, and the existence of the static pedestrian has a positive impact on evacuation in this condition. The influence of the asymmetric structure of the static pedestrian on evacuation efficiency is affected by $D/d$. This study can provide a theoretical basis for crowd management and evacuation plan near the exit of complex buildings and facilities.     

Logit-based exit choice model of evacuation in rooms with internal obstacles and multiple exits

A logit-based discrete choice model is proposed to study the exit choice behaviour of evacuees in rooms with internal obstacles and multiple exits. Several factors influencing the exit choice behaviour, including the information obtained by evacuees, the tendency of following others, the visibility and familiarity of exits and the physical conditions of nearby exits, are considered. Evacuees are allowed to re-select their target exits for minimizing the perceived disutility during evacuation process. Numerical results from applying the model to cellular automata simulation of evacuation are presented and the effects of some model parameters on evacuation time are investigated.     

Simulation of exit choosing in pedestrian evacuation with consideration of the direction visual field

A modified floor field model is proposed to simulate the pedestrian evacuation behavior in a room with multiple exits by considering the direction visual field. Direction visual field is used to describe the pedestrian’s prediction on the propagation of pedestrian flow along some directions. The proposed model outperforms most of the similar models developed so far in such scenario that pedestrians are initially distributed in a room’s specified zone. Simulation results show that the consideration of direction visual field can better reproduce the evacuation process and reduce evacuation time apparently. Sensitivity analyses of the model parameters are presented.     

二次谐波转换对激光脉宽影响的实验研究

 实验研究了KDP晶体二次谐波转换非线性效应对脉宽测量精度的影响。结果表明：在小信号近似下,长度为1～3cm的KDPⅡ类晶体,对于近高斯脉冲,其基频脉宽与倍频脉宽存在21/2的关系;对于非近高斯脉冲,基频脉冲半宽与倍频脉冲波形的1/4高宽相等;在输入功率密度和能量转换效率较高时,基频与倍频脉宽无固定关系。     

Influences of exit and stair conditions on human evacuation in a dormitory

Evacuation processes of students are investigated by experiment and simulation. The experiment is performed for students evacuating from a dormitory with an exit and stairs. FDS+Evac is proposed to simulate the exit and stair dynamics of occupant evacuation. Concerning the exit and stair widths, we put forward some useful standpoints. Good agreement is achieved between the predicted results and experimental results. With the increase of exit width, a significant stratification phenomenon will be found in flow rate. Stratification phenomenon is that two different stable flow rates will emerge during the evacuation. And the flow rate curve looks like a ladder. The larger the exit width, the earlier the stratification phenomenon appears. When exit width is more than 2.0 m, the flow rate of each exit width is divided into two stable stages, and the evacuation times show almost no change. The judgment that the existence of stairs causes flow stratification is reasonable. By changing the width of the stairs, we proved that judgment. The smaller the width of BC, the earlier the stratification appears. We found that scenario 5 is the most adverse circumstance. Those results are helpful in performance-based design of buildings.     

A numerical study of contact force in competitive evacuation

Crowd force by the pushing or crushing of people has resulted in a number of accidents in recent decades. The aftermath investigations have shown that the physical interaction of a highly competitive crowd could produce dangerous pressure up to 4500 N/m, which leads to compressive asphyxia or even death. In this paper, a numerical model based on discrete element method(DEM) as referenced from granular flow was proposed to model the evacuation process of a group of highly competitive people, in which the movement of people follows Newton's second law and the body deformation due to compression follows Hertz contact model. The study shows that the clogs occur periodically and flow rate fluctuates greatly if all people strive to pass through a narrow exit at high enough desired velocity. Two types of contact forces acting on people are studied. The first one, i.e., vector contact force, accounts for the movement of the people following Newton's second law. The second one, i.e., scale contact force, accounts for the physical deformation of the human body following the contact law. Simulation shows that the forces chain in crowd flow is turbulent and fragile. A few narrow zones with intense forces are observed in the force field, which is similar to the strain localization observed in granular flow. The force acting on a person could be as high as 4500 N due to force localization, which may be the root cause of compressive asphyxia of people in many crowd incidents.     

二次谐波转换对激光脉宽影响的实验研究

实验研究了KDP晶体二次谐波转换非线性效应对脉宽测量精度的影响。结果表明：在小信号近似下,长度为1～3cm的KDPⅡ类晶体,对于近高斯脉冲,其基频脉宽与倍频脉宽存在21/2的关系;对于非近高斯脉冲,基频脉冲半宽与倍频脉冲波形的1/4高宽相等;在输入功率密度和能量转换效率较高时,基频与倍频脉宽无固定关系。     

The effect of individual tendency on crowd evacuation efficiency under inhomogeneous exit attraction using a static field modified FFCA model

As an extension of the Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process, the floor field cellular automata model has its specific advantages in reproducing crowd self-organized phenomena, embodying individual characteristics and reducing the computing complexity by translating the long-ranged interaction to local interaction. Evacuation from a room is an important part in the study of building evacuation. In our experiment and real life observation we found the exit attraction non-uniformity. To obtain the effect of individual tendency to the exit attraction center on the crowd evacuation efficiency, the static field is modified. Compared with the control group, the exit attraction non-uniformity has a disadvantage in the crowd evacuation efficiency. The position deviation between the exit geometric center and the exit attraction center delays the crowd evacuation by generating a local merging flow. In addition, the individual tendency also increases the crowd evacuation time by increasing the static field gradient to the attraction center, leading to a low usage efficiency of exits. Compared with the influence of other factors, the inhomogeneous exit attraction has an obvious effect on the crowd evacuation efficiency.     

Simulation of pedestrian crowds’ evacuation in a huge transit terminal subway station

As modernized urban rail transportation, subways are playing an important role in transiting large passenger flows. Passengers are in high density within the subway during rush hours. The casualty and injury will be tremendous if an accident occurs, such as a fire. Hence, enough attention should be paid on pedestrian crowds’ evacuation in a subway. In this paper, simulation of the process of pedestrian crowds’ evacuation from a huge transit terminal subway station is conducted. The evacuation process in different cases is conducted by using an agent-based model. Effects of occupant density, exit width and automatic fare gates on evacuation time are studied in detail. It is found that, with the increase of the occupant density, the evacuation efficiency would decline. There is a linear relationship between occupant density and evacuation time. Different occupant densities correspond to different critical exit widths. However, the existence of the automatic fare gates has little effect on evacuation time and tendency. The current results of this study will be helpful in guiding evacuation designs of huge underground spaces.     

脉冲宽度对PIN限幅器微波脉冲热效应的影响

通过数值求解半导体方程组仿真了高功率微波脉冲作用下的PIN二极管,研究了高功率微波脉冲的脉冲宽度对其烧毁的影响。发现脉冲宽度在ns至μs量级时,脉冲功率随脉冲宽度上升而下降,并且近似成反比。在此基础上,基于PIN二极管的Leenov模型和电路的戴维南定理对其机理进行了分析。在脉冲宽度由ns向μs量级变化中,器件热效应由绝热加热转为有热传导的加热;与此同时,其实际吸收功率由与入射功率成正比转为与入射功率开方成正比;此二者共同作用导致了脉冲宽度对烧毁影响。     

CMOS反相器内部瞬态闩锁效应的脉冲宽度效应理论模型

从基本半导体物理出发,通过求解载流子连续性方程,建立了能够定量描述引起CMOS反相器内部瞬态闩锁效应的微波脉冲功率阈值与脉冲宽度关系的解析理论模型。通过与仿真结果以及文献中实验数据的对比,验证了该理论模型的正确性。该理论模型表明,引起CMOS反相器内部瞬态闩锁效应的微波脉冲功率阈值首先随着脉冲宽度增加逐渐降低,但是存在一个明显拐点区域,当脉冲宽度超过该区域之后,引起闩锁效应的功率阈值变化不甚明显。     

高电荷态离子与Si(110)晶面碰撞的沟道效应研究

不同电荷态低速离子(Ar^q+,Pb^q+)轰击Si(110)晶面,测量不同入射角情况下的次级粒子的产额. 通过比较溅射产额与入射角的关系,证实沟道效应的存在. 高电荷态离子与Si相互作用产生的沟道效应说明溅射产额主要是由动能碰撞引起的. 在小角入射条件下,高电荷态离子能够增大溅射产额. 当高电荷态离子以40°—50°入射时,存在势能越高溅射产额越大的势能效应. 关键词： 高电荷态离子 溅射 沟道效应     

脉冲宽度对PIN限幅器微波脉冲热效应的影响

通过数值求解半导体方程组仿真了高功率微波脉冲作用下的PIN二极管,研究了高功率微波脉冲的脉冲宽度对其烧毁的影响。发现脉冲宽度在ns至μs量级时,脉冲功率随脉冲宽度上升而下降,并且近似成反比。在此基础上,基于PIN二极管的Leenov模型和电路的戴维南定理对其机理进行了分析。在脉冲宽度由ns向μs量级变化中,器件热效应由绝热加热转为有热传导的加热;与此同时,其实际吸收功率由与入射功率成正比转为与入射功率开方成正比;此二者共同作用导致了脉冲宽度对烧毁影响。     

Room evacuation in the presence of an obstacle

The investigation of human behaviour while trying to escape from a room under panic is an important issue in complex systems research. Several authors have called attention to the fact that placing an obstacle near the exit improves the evacuation time of the room (Helbing et al. (2000, 2005) [2] and [8], Hughes (2003) [6], Johansson and Helbing (2005) [16], Piccoli and Tosin (2009) [5]). We studied this effect in the context of the “social force model” (Helbing et al. (2000) [2]). We show that placing an obstacle does not guarantee, by itself, better chances of survival for all pedestrians. The way they choose to avoid the obstacle is critical for their own performance. We found not only that the faster they try to escape, the slower they get out (“faster is slower” effect), but also, the short cut they might take in order to get to the exit will probably do no better (“clever is not always better” effect).     

A novel optical polarimeter based on the signal width measurement of the waveform

For the optical polarimeter based on the structure of polarizer–Faraday modulator–analyzer, a novel method of optical rotation measurement was proposed by the waveform analysis of optical intensity signals. The calculation method of the optical rotation was provided by measuring the signal width of the waveform. Furthermore, the optical rotations of sugar solutions with different concentrations were measured by this method, and the fitting degree of obtained fitting curve is 0.9996. This showed that this method was effective.     

高非线性光纤中四波混频的磁控机理研究

将磁光效应和光纤非线性效应作为微扰,采用导波光耦合理论分析了高非线性光纤中导波光发生磁光四波混频的机理;实验测试了磁场对四波混频偏振依赖性的影响,理论分析与实验结果符合.研究表明,当输入的探测光和抽运光为相互正交的线偏振光时,四波混频的磁控效果最为明显,输出的闲频光功率随磁光耦合系数振荡变化,施加适当的外加磁场可使四波混频效率得到进一步提高.选择适当费尔德常数的光纤材料,利用磁光效应对四波混频偏振依赖性的影响,可实现不同范围的磁场测量.     

Analysis of the sensitivity to the electrochemical potential of the width of a metallic nanoconstriction

In relation to a metallic nanowire in the presence of an electrochemical potential, the sensitivity to this potential of the nanowire width is evaluated by defining and calculating a suitable parameter that can be regarded as a normalized gradient, this gradient being the derivative of the above-mentioned width with respect to the electrochemical potential.     

克尔介质中脉冲宽度对瞬态热光非线性效应的影响

在纳秒时域，研究了激光脉冲宽度变化对克尔介质中瞬态热光非 线性效应的影响.通过不同脉冲宽度τp下得到的二硫化碳 苯胺黑溶液的Z_scan实验结果，对瞬态热光非线性效应和光克尔效应的共存过程进行了分析 .随着脉冲宽度的增加，观察到了热光非线性效应从瞬态到稳态变化过程和Z_scan峰谷特性 的转变.同时，从声波的传播方程和光波的非线性传播方程出发，用数值计算方法模拟了这 一非线性过程，结果表明数值模拟结果和实验结果是相符的. 关键词： 瞬态热光非线性效应 脉冲宽度 Z_scan 克尔效应     

高激发振动态氰化氢分子的解离研究

运用李代数陪集空间方法，结合莫尔斯（Morse）振子的解离特点研究了具有多重共振的高 激发振动态氰化氢（HCN）分子的解离.结果表明，分子振动模之间的共振（主要是体系的高 次共振）作用，有助于化学键的解离，共振的作用导致H—C键解离能量的降低. 关键词： 高激发振动态 共振 解离     

Polarisation-sensitive four-wave mixing and soliton self-frequency shift effect in the highly birefringent photonic crystal fibre

By adjusting the polarisation state of the pump at 805 nm parallel to slow (x) and fast (y) axes of the highly birefringent photonic crystal fibre with zero dispersion wavelengths 790 nm and 750 nm, this paper demonstrates the efficient polarisation-sensitive four wave mixing involved in pump, anti-Stokes and Stokes signals and soliton self-frequency shift effects induced by the phase-matching between red-shifted solitons and blue-shifted dispersive waves. If the reduction of coupling efficiency to the circular pump laser mode or other circular fibres due to asymmetry of the core is neglected, more than 98% of the total input power is kept in a single linear polarisation. Controlled dispersion characteristic of the doublet of fundamental guided-modes results in achieving light field strongly confined in principal axes of photonic crystal fibre, and enhancing the corresponding nonlinear-optical process through the remarkable nonlinear birefringence.