用X-pinch对双丝Z箍缩进行轴向X射线背光照相

利用PPG-1脉冲电流源(400 kA, 100 ns), 同时驱动X-pinch和双丝Z箍缩负载. 用X-pinch作为X射线源, 对双丝Z箍缩进行了轴向背光照相的初步实验. 得到了双丝Z箍缩在r-θ 平面上随时间演化的图像, 观察到了丝阵Z箍缩所有早期过程, 包括丝芯膨胀、冕层等离子体产生、等离子体向丝阵中心的运动、先驱等离子体形成. 利用阶跃光楔滤片, 对上述背光图像进行了等离子体质量面密度的标定, 首次得到了在r-θ平面上双丝Z箍缩等离子体质量面密度的时空分布图像.     

单丝及多丝Z箍缩的X射线背光成像

基于X箍缩软X射线辐射点源对单丝及多丝Z箍缩发展过程进行了背光成像研究,实验平台为清华大学电机系研制的脉冲功率装置PPG-Ⅰ（500 kV/400 kA/100 ns）。成像光路安排为:作为X射线源的X箍缩和作为目标物的单丝或多丝（双丝）Z箍缩分别安装在装置的输出主电极阴阳极之间或回流导电杆处,成像胶片采用高分辨力、高灵敏度的X射线胶片。利用自行设计的电流传感器和罗氏线圈对目标物实际流过的电流进行监测。为了测定目标物金属细丝的质量消融率,设计了m级厚度的阶梯光楔。通过大量成像实验,获取了Z箍缩等离子体融合、先驱等离子体形成及不稳定性发展等过程的相关物理图像以及质量消融率、丝芯膨胀率等重要定量参数。     

电爆金属丝质量密度分布的演变过程

基于X-pinch软X射线辐射点源对直径10μm钨丝单丝以及8μm钨丝双丝电爆发展过程进行了背光成像研究,实验平台为清华大学电机系研制的脉冲功率装置PPG-1(500kV/400kA/100ns)。成像光路安排为:作为X射线源的X-pinch和作为目标物的钨丝分别安装在装置的输出主电极阴阳极之间和回流导电杆处,成像胶片采用高分辨率、高灵敏度的X光胶片。利用自行设计的电流传感器和罗氏线圈对目标物实际流过的电流进行监测,从而计算得8μm钨丝丝爆过程中电导随时间变化的曲线。为了观测电爆金属丝质量密度分布的演变过程,设计了μm级厚度的阶梯光楔。通过大量成像实验,获取了丝芯膨胀、晕层等离子体形成及其向外扩张等过程的相关物理图像以及基于原始胶片绘制的质量密度分布图。     

箍缩背光照相

 利用PPG-Ⅰ脉冲功率装置（500 kV,400 kA,100 ns）驱动X箍缩负载,得到了μm量级的亚纳秒脉冲X射线辐射点源。在阴阳极轴线和回流柱上同时安装X箍缩负载,前者可作为背光照相的X射线点源;后者可作为被拍照的目标X箍缩。获得了X箍缩发展过程不同时刻的时间序列图像,在背光照相的图像中可以清晰观察到X箍缩交叉点处等离子体的外爆、箍缩以及最终的崩溃阶段。将阴阳极轴线上的X箍缩负载用Z箍缩丝阵负载代替,实现了对丝阵负载Z箍缩放电起始阶段的X射线背光照相,观察到了最初的各单丝电爆炸、等离子体膨胀及融合过程,同时观察到了双丝Z箍缩发展过程中的等离子体不稳定性。实验结果有助于深入理解Z箍缩发展的物理过程,同时可为有效的模拟建模分析提供基本的实验数据。     

X-ray backlighting of two-wire Z-pinch plasma using X-pinch

Two 50-μm Mo wires in parallel used as a Z-pinch load are electrically exploded with a pulsed current rising to 275 kA in 125 ns and their explosion processes are backlighted using an X-pinch as an x-ray source.The backlighting images show clearly the processes similar to those occurring in the initial stages of a cylindrical wire-array Z-pinch,including the electric explosion of single wires characterised by the dense wire cores surrounded by a low-density coronal plasma,the expansion of the exploding wire,the sausage instability (m=0) in the coronal plasma around each wire,the motion of the coronal plasma as well as the wire core toward the current centroid,the formation of the precursor plasma column with a twist structure something like that of higher mode instability,especially the kink instability (m=1).     

X箍缩三维数值模拟

利用FOI-PERFECT程序对X箍缩进行了3D数值模拟研究,给出了X箍缩的物理图像和动力学过程,探讨了Z箍缩中出现磁重联的可能性,并指出如果双丝Z箍缩中能够出现磁重联,那么X箍缩是更有利于磁重联出现的位形,并且,X箍缩中出现多重X射线暴的一个可能原因是z轴上多个位置出现磁重联。     

紫外激光探针在Z-pinch中的应用北大核心CSCD

报道了基于脉冲宽度为16ns、波长为266nm、总能量为30mJ、时间分辨为1.6ns的紫外激光四分幅阴影成像系统,用于研究Z-pinch产生等离子体与在丝阵负载中心放置塑料泡沫材料相互作用输运规律,研究动态黑腔形成过程的主要物理因素。使用高能高密度激光束透射等离子体,依据等离子体对激光束吸收衰减特性诊断激光束通过等离子体后的空间强度分布,通过理论计算获得等离子体空间密度分布,获得等离子体产生的早期稳定性、箍缩速度等规律。实验研究表明,在X射线峰值前约-25ns等离子体开始压缩塑料泡沫,在峰值前-5ns压缩到最小,之后泡沫开始膨胀。在X射线峰值时刻泡沫直径由3mm压缩到直径约为1mm,对泡沫的最大压缩比约为9倍。实验测量压缩速度约为3.3×10~6 cm/s,并给出了不同时刻的磁流体不稳定结构分布。     

Small-Size High-Current Generators for X-Ray Backlighting

Russian Physics Journal - The paper deals with the soft X-ray backlighting based on the X-pinch as a powerful tool for physical studies of fast processes. Proposed are the unique small-size pulsed...     

Spatially-resolved spectroscopic diagnosing of aluminum wire array Z-pinch plasmas on QiangGuang-I facility

Spatially-resolved crystal spectrometers with a high spectral resolution are developed to diagnose K-shell x-ray radiation from Z-pinch plasmas. These diagnostic apparatuses are successfully applied to aluminum wire array Z-pinch experiments on QiangGuang-I facility, a driver with a pulsed current up to about 1.5 MA in 80 ns. Time-integrated experimental results show that the K-shell x-ray emission lines of aluminum Z-pinch plasmas are dominated by line emissions from helium-like ionisation state. Bright spots that might have higher electron temperature or density are produced randomly in location and size along the z-axis during implosions. According to the experimental data, the electron temperature and the ion density are estimated to be between 250 eV and 310 eV, and between 7.0×10¹⁹cm^-3 and 4.0×10¹⁹ cm^-3 respectively, while the ion temperature is inferred to be about 10.2 keV, which is much higher than the electron temperature.     

Spatial and temporal evolution of high-energy density plasmas inthe composite pinch on GIT-4 generator

A series of collaborative experiments on complex plasma loads has been carried out on the large inductive energy storage generator GIT-4. The aim of the experiments is to explore the different configurations for the formation of ultrahigh-energy density plasmas in high-voltage pulsed-power systems by direct electromagnetic energy coupling. In this paper, we present some of the underlying philosophy on these experiments and the results obtained. Particular emphasis is placed on the pulsed-power aspects and the effect of source-load coupling for the different studied Z-pinch loads. Resulting radiative properties of the classical exploding wire and liner are experimentally compared with those of the composite pinch scheme in which an intermediate low-density shell is used for staged energy transfer onto a micron-sized wire     

聚龙一号装置上首次铝套筒Z箍缩X射线背光照相实验

在聚龙一号脉冲功率装置上首次完成了对带正弦扰动铝套筒Z箍缩的X射线背光照相实验。实验采用千焦耳激光器（1053 nm, 1 kJ, 1 ns）驱动固体靶材产生X射线, 然后利用基于球面晶体的单色背光照相技术以及直接点投影背光照相技术, 成功观测到约7.5 MA电流驱动条件下, Z箍缩铝套筒的外边界不稳定性发展情况。该实验验证了在聚龙一号装置上联合千焦耳激光器开展X射线背光照相实验的能力, 为后续精密Z箍缩物理研究奠定了基础。     

Radiation characteristics and implosion dynamics of tungsten wire array Z-pinches on the YANG accelerator

We investigated the radiation characteristics and implosion dynamics of low-wire-number cylindrical tungsten wire array Z-pinches on the YANG accelerator with a peak current 0.8-1.1 MA and a rising time ～ 90 ns.The arrays are made up of(8-32)×5 μm wires 6/10 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height.The highest X-ray power obtained in the experiments was about 0.37 TW with the total radiation energy ～ 13 kJ and the energy conversion efficiency ～ 9%(24×5 μm wires,6 mm in diameter).Most of the X-ray emissions from tungsten Z-pinch plasmas were distributed in the spectral band of 100-600 eV,peaked at 250 and 375 eV.The dominant wavelengths of the wire ablation and the magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability were found and analyzed through measuring the time-gated self-emission and laser interferometric images.Through analyzing the implosion trajectories obtained by an optical streak camera,the run-in velocities of the Z-pinch plasmas at the end of the implosion phase were determined to be about(1.3-2.1)×10 7 cm/s.     

Simulation of Z-Pinch Processes of Nested Tungsten Wire-Array on Angara-5-1 Facility

Based on the hydrodynamic shell-on-shell collision model, the Z-pinch processes of nested tungsten wire-array in Sino-Russian joint experiments on Angara-5-1 facility are simulated by means of our one-dimensional three-temperature radiation magneto-hydrodynamic code. The results show the evolutions of x-ray radiation burst, implosion trajectories of interfaces, current transfer in inner and outer wire-array plasmas, and the temporal and spatial changes of magnetic field and current density in the process. About 20% of the total driven current is transferred into the inner wire-array plasma by convection and diffusion of magnetic field when the two shells are pinched closest. Compared to the measured x-ray power, the simulated full width at half maximum and time at the strongest radiation agree approximately with the measured values. It is also demonstrated in our simulation that the radiation of nested wire-array Z-pinch is enhanced. The effects of fluctuations of driven current on yields of x-ray are also investigated.     

金等离子体M带谱强度的定量测量

在"神光II"多束高功率激光装置上利用列阵透镜匀滑钕玻璃波长0.53μm的强激光幅照平面金(Au)靶时产生X射线,本文给出了X射线绝对转换效率ξx。研究了多束倍频激光叠加驱动靶形成X射线背景光源辐射金M壳层1.8—3.1Kev带谱的特性,获得了不同激光功率密度及不同角度驱动靶面等几种条件下X射线能谱的定量测量结果和能谱分布。     

强光一号兆安电流钨丝X箍缩实验研究

为了获得更高亮度的X射线点源,在"强光一号"装置上开展钨丝X箍缩实验研究.基于能量平衡方程,估算了1 MA电流热斑等离子体平衡半径为1—10μm.实验中,测试钨丝直径为25—100μm,丝根数为2—48,负载线质量为0.18—6.9 mg/cm;负载电流峰值为1—1.4 MA,10%—90%前沿为60—70 ns."强光一号"装置上匹配的X箍缩负载为30或32根25μm钨丝X箍缩,这种负载一定概率产生单个脉冲X射线辐射,辐射时刻位于电流峰值附近,典型参数为keV X射线脉宽1 ns,辐射功率35 GW,产额40 J,热斑尺寸～30μm.然而,兆安电流X箍缩通常产生多个热斑及多个脉冲X射线辐射.keV能段首个脉冲X射线辐射时刻与负载线质量正相关,并受到负载丝直径的影响.多个X射线脉冲可能由二次箍缩和局部箍缩产生,多个热斑可能由交叉点处微Z箍缩的长波长扰动和短波长扰动引起.与百千安电流X箍缩相比,兆安电流X箍缩热斑亮度更高,但X射线辐射脉冲的单一稳定性还有待于进一步改善.     

Z������������X���߷������׵�һ�ֹ���

针对实验室等离子体的辐射物理条件和等离子体箍缩三温的数值模型,提出一种定量计算Z箍缩等离子体辐射能谱的近似方法。在给出计算能谱结构的理论方法之后,再将这种近似计算方法编入到Kr喷气Z箍缩等离子体X射线辐射的二维三温辐射磁流体力学模型中,得出典型Kr喷气Z箍缩X射线辐射的能谱分布。对照"强光一号"加速器Kr喷气箍缩实验测量得到的辐射能谱分布,分析了理论与实测结果之间存在的偏差。     

Spectroscopic features of implosions of Mo single- and double-planar wire arrays produced on the 1 MA Z-pinch generator

The spectroscopic features of implosions of Mo single- and double-planar wire arrays are studied. The experiments were performed on the 1 MA Zebra generator at UNR. Implosions of Mo planar wire arrays radiate high peak powers and produce high-temperature L-shell plasmas. In particular, plasma electron temperature of single-planar wire arrays of Mo reached ～1375 eV. To estimate and analyze the evolution of plasma parameters in space and time, spatially resolved, time-integrated L-shell Mo X-ray spectra as well as time-gated and time-integrated pinhole images were collected and analyzed. A non-LTE kinetic model was applied to study the spatial structures, temperatures and densities of different wire loads of Mo planar wire arrays. Effects of non-Maxwellian hot electrons on L-shell radiation of Mo are discussed. Furthermore, Mo planar wire arrays generate bright spots or clusters of bright spots along the axial directions. Temperature and density gradients inside these bright spots or its clusters are also investigated. The results are compared with results of previous experiments with X-pinches on UNR Zebra and nested wire arrays at SNL-Z. Radiation magnetohydrodynamics modeling was performed to analyze the mechanisms of Z-pinch plasma heating in the presence of strong density gradients.     

两幅差分干涉诊断铝丝阵Z箍缩等离子体

研制了两幅激光差分干涉诊断系统,可在一次实验中获得两幅间隔3～12 ns的高分辨干涉图像。该系统采用分光延时装置产生两束有一定夹角和时间间隔的探测激光脉冲,采用特殊的偏轴4f传像系统在同一块CCD的不同区域产生两幅干涉图像。应用该系统开展了铝丝阵Z箍缩激光干涉诊断实验,获得了丝膨胀和消融、晕等离子体产生和发展、以及先驱等离子体产生和发展等Z箍缩演化过程的实验图像,并给出了Z箍缩早期阶段的等离子体电子密度分布。     

用于Z箍缩X辐射谱诊断的柱面凸晶摄谱仪的性能分析

 考虑X光源的空间尺寸和晶体的摇摆曲线,用光线追迹方法计算了诊断丝阵Z箍缩等离子体X辐射谱的柱面凸晶摄谱仪的色散、能谱分辨和空间分辨以及系统参数对它们的影响。结果表明：决定柱面凸晶摄谱仪能谱分辨的主要因素是光源尺寸以及光源-晶体之间距离;增大光源-晶体之间距离能够改善能谱分辨,但导致径向空间分辨能力下降。并依此建立了云母晶体摄谱仪,在“强光一号”装置上对系统进行了测试,获得时间积分铝丝阵负载Z箍缩等离子体X辐射谱。     

双通道共轴聚焦型X射线晶体光谱仪

研制了一种用于Z箍缩等离子体X射线光谱诊断的双通道共轴聚焦型晶体光谱仪。谱仪采用均匀色散(即线色散率为常数)和球面云母晶体作为两个通道的X射线色散元件,位于中轴线上的双胶片盒作为探测器,在大致相同的光谱范围内同时获取Z箍缩等离子体的时间积分光谱。在中国工程物理研究院"阳"加速器上开展了Z箍缩内爆摄谱实验,两通道分别获得了Z箍缩铝丝阵等离子体的类氢和类氦光谱谱线。实验结果表明:均匀色散通道光谱分布遵循均匀色散条件,实验得到的线色散率和设计值吻合很好,最大相对误差仅为3.48%,和球面晶体通道相比,它能更容易、更准确识别和处理光谱,在识别和分析陌生复杂光谱成分时具有优势。