Similarity principle of microwave argon plasma at low pressure

In order to validate the similarity principle of microwave breakdown, a two-dimensional(2 D) fluid model of lowpressure microwave argon plasma is established and solved by the finite-element method. Proportional conditions are used in this model to build three different breakdown processes that meet the premise of a similarity principle, and these breakdown processes are called "similar cases" in this paper. Similar cases have proportionately sized breakdown regions,where the ratio of frequency of incident microwave f to gas pressure p( f/p), and the reduced field E/p in them are kept the same. All the important physical parameters such as electron density, electron temperature, and reduced electric field can be obtained from the simulation of this model. The results show that the parameters between similar cases are in constant ratio without changing with time, which means that the similarity principle is also valid in microwave breakdown.     

微波注入反相器基本电路的非线性效应

采用理论分析和微波注入实验相结合的方法,分别研究了以74HC04和74LVCU04A两种芯片为核心的反相器基本缓冲及数模转换电路的微波效应问题,通过反相器闩锁过程对非线性扰乱进行了机理分析,并利用微波注入实验详细分析了非线性扰乱效应的微波有效功率阈值及其随频率、脉冲宽度的变化。实验结果表明:在固定环境温度条件下,有效注入功率大于33 dBm,频率在3 GHz以下的微波均可使74HC04效应电路的非线性扰乱强度达到10%以上;有效注入功率大于30 dBm,频率在3 GHz以下的微波均可使74LVCU04A效应电路的非线性扰乱强度达到10%以上。相同非线性扰乱强度的注入有效功率阈值近似随频率的提高而增大。非线性扰乱阈值随注入微波信号脉宽变化明显,拐点为40~70 ns不等,与反相器中的互补型金属氧化物半导体器件寄生三级管的导通电流积累有关。     

多级PIN限幅器高功率微波效应研究

基于PIN二极管电热自洽耦合模型,构建了两级PIN限幅器高功率微波(HPM)效应电路模型。根据模拟模型设计加工了两级限幅器实验样品,限幅器输入、输出特性注入实验数据与模拟计算结果基本一致,验证了多级限幅器模型的有效性,表明该多级PIN限幅器模型能够应用于HPM效应模拟。针对不同HPM波形参数进行了HPM效应模拟,计算结果表明:随着注入功率的增大,脉宽增宽,前级厚I层PIN二极管结温升比后级薄I层PIN二极管结温升要高,因此厚I层PIN二极管更易受到损伤;而频率和前沿参数对结温升影响较小。     

微波低通高阻复合材料构件的设计与性能验证

随着海洋环境武器装备隐身发展的需要, 开展具有微波低通高阻特性的复合材料构件设计与研究显得重要而迫切. 文章首先设计了一种中空六边形周期性结构, 以此为基础设计了一个由面层、中空六边形环周期层1、中间层、中空六边形环周期层2、面层组成的新型复合双层频率选择表面(FSS)结构件. 其上层FSS的结构参数为中空六边形环边长3.0 mm, 线宽度0.5 mm, 缝隙宽度0.4 mm; 下层FSS的结构参数为中空六边形环的边长3.2 mm, 线宽度0.5 mm, 缝隙宽度1.0 mm. 模拟结果表明: 该复合材料构件具备优良的低频透过性与高频屏蔽性快速转换的特性, 能够获得优异的低通高阻性能, 同时在45°范围内具备优良的角度不敏感性. 最后制备和实验验证得到了0–2 GHz低频段具有95.6%高透过性、同时在7.05–18 GHz高频段具有10 dB 以上屏蔽性能的复合材料构件, 对具有隐身特性的新型滤波电磁功能构件的研制具有重要价值.     

沿面闪络流体模型电离参数粒子模拟确定方法

介绍了粒子模拟确定高功率微波介质沿面闪络击穿流体模型相关电离参数的方法.对粒子模拟方法 (包括带电粒子动力学方程、次级电子发射以及蒙特卡罗碰撞模型)和流体整体模型方法 (包括连续性方程和能量守恒方程)做了简介.基于自编的1D3V粒子模拟-蒙特卡罗碰撞程序给出了在高(低)气压、不同气体种类以及不同微波场强和微波频率下流体模型电离参数的粒子模拟结果,包括电离频率、击穿时间、平均电子能量、电子能量分布函数类型.研究结果表明:平均电子能量与电子能量分布函数类型关系不大;中低气压下,电子能量接近Maxwell分布,电子能量分布函数类型对电离参数几乎没有影响;中高气压下,电子能量分布函数类型对电离参数有重要影响,其依赖系数X趋于高阶形式.不同气体的电子能量分布函数类型不同,需要利用粒子模拟对电子能量分布函数类型进行标定.同时,电子能量分布函数依赖系数与微波场强和频率也有关系,其随微波场强增加而增大,随微波频率增加而减小.在给定考察范围(微波场强在7 MV/m以下,微波频率在40 GHz以内),中低气压下,平均电子能量随微波场强增加而迅速增大,电离频率随微波场强增加先增大后降低,平均电子能量随微波频率增加而降低,电离频率随微波频率增加先增加后降低;高气压下,平均电子能量随微波场强增加而缓慢增大,电离频率随微波场强增加而增大,微波频率对平均电子能量和电离频率影响不大.     

行波电吸收调制器中脊宽对频带宽度的影响

根据行波电吸收调制器（TW-EAM）的微波传输特性,提出了等效电路模型.制作了工作波长为850 nm的GaAs/GaAlAs材料的TW-EAM,并通过等效电路模型分析了特性阻抗Z0、微波传输常数γ和S21,得出脊宽对器件微波特性的影响.从理论上验证了较小脊宽可以降低微波和光波之间的速度失配、波导的传输损耗及传输线和终端及源端之间的阻抗失配.理论模拟得出：脊宽为2 μm时,器件提供的带宽为23.9 GHz.     

重复频率高功率微波脉冲的大气击穿

 理论研究了重复频率高功率微波脉冲在大气中的传输特性,推导了n个高功率微波脉冲之后空间某点的电子密度,数值模拟并给出了在不同微波频率、大气压强、脉冲宽度以及脉冲间隔的条件下,大气击穿时,透射过去的脉冲个数与微波功率的关系。模拟结果表明：当微波脉冲参数一定时,压强越小,透射过去的脉冲个数越少,大气越容易发生击穿;当压强一定时,脉宽越宽,微波频率越小,透射过去的脉冲个数越少,大气越容易发生击穿。     

L波段微波脉冲对微型计算机的辐照效应实验

 在L波段使用1.3 GHz载波频率的微波脉冲辐照微型计算机主板,通过改变脉冲宽度、重复频率和脉冲串长度等参数,实验研究了微波脉冲辐照导致微型计算机失去响应的功率阈值的变化规律,讨论了L波段微波脉冲辐射的积累效应。实验结果表明：当微波脉冲宽度增加时,微波功率阈值下降;当微波脉冲重复频率升高时,微波功率阈值呈下降趋势;在固定重复频率的条件下,微波脉冲数目的增加也会导致微波功率阈值的下降;微波脉冲功率阈值始终小于连续波微波的功率阈值。当微波脉冲间隔时间较长或者脉冲宽度较宽时,微波功率阈值由单个微波脉冲的参数确定,与脉冲重复频率没有明显关系。利用假设的微波脉冲辐射积累效应,可以定性解释和分析微波脉冲辐照微型计算机实验中功率阈值变化的趋势。     

微波脉冲频率与重频对限幅器热损伤效应的影响

基于PIN限幅器的电路与器件物理混合模式(Mixed-Mode)模型,考虑大功率微波作用下器件的高温强电场多物理过程,模拟分析了频率及重频等微波脉冲参数对限幅器热损伤过程的影响,数值模拟结果表明,不同频率的微波脉冲损伤PIN限幅器存在"拐点"频率,"拐点"频率的微波脉冲附近需要更多的能量(脉宽)损伤器件;重频脉冲前一个脉冲作用后,器件峰值温度近似负指数关系快速下降,器件处于高温时更容易损伤,热积累效应使重频脉冲较单个脉冲更容易毁伤器件。     

碳纳米管复合吸波涂层微波吸收性能的模拟计算

如何利用碳纳米管复合吸波涂层的参数进行吸波性能优化是电磁屏蔽研究的热点之一.涂层参数对吸波性能影响的研究主要停留在实验探索阶段,而碳纳米管的结构参数对吸波性能影响的研究鲜有报道.因此,从微观结构层次研究涂层参数对吸波性能的影响有重要意义.基于多壁碳纳米管的等效电路,利用碳纳米管结构参数与等效电路各元件参数的关系,研究了碳纳米管损耗微波的机理,建立了碳纳米管结构参数与微波反射率的关系式.根据此关系式,利用Matlab软件模拟计算了碳纳米管管长、管径、涂层中碳纳米管的含量以及涂层厚度对微波反射率的影响.模拟计算结果表明:涂层的微波反射率随碳纳米管含量变化的模拟曲线与实验结果符合;碳纳米管含量和厚度是影响吸收峰位置和吸收强度的重要参量,而碳纳米管直径和长度是主要影响吸收峰强度的参量.     

微波大气击穿阈值的理论研究

本文通过对使用有效场强(或均方根场强)得到的微波大气击穿阈值表达式进行讨论, 指出其推导中所做的假设及这些假设应用到微波大气击穿过程中存在的问题. 然后分别使用解析理论和数值模拟对微波大气击穿过程中的有效电子温度变化过程和击穿阈值进行研究, 并将其与直流电场进行比较. 分析发现在高气压下, 电子能量转移频率高, 有效电子温度随电场大幅振荡, 由于电离频率随有效电子温度的增长率大于电子能量损失随有效电子温度的增长率, 因此在高气压时, 微波大气击穿阈值低于使用有效场强的击穿阈值. 通过大量分析, 给出了理论推导和数值模拟得到的微波大气击穿阈值拟合表达式.     

S波段多注相对论速调管放大器长时间运行研究北大核心CSCD

为了实现高功率微波源低磁场及长时间稳定运行,开展了S波段GW级多注相对论速调管放大器(RKA)的理论模拟设计与实验研究。首先,采用一维大信号非线性理论软件优化设计了S波段4腔多注RKA,找到了器件工作的最佳参数:采用电压550 kV、束流4.7 kA的14注RKA,获得功率1.1 GW、效率43%的输出微波。随后,采用粒子模拟软件对理论设计的束波互作用参数进行了验证,获得了输出功率992 MW,器件效率为37%。最后,根据模拟参数开展了器件重频长时间运行实验研究。采用紧凑同轴Marx功率源驱动S波段四腔多注RKA,在电压530 kV、束流5.4 kA、重频20 Hz、运行时间1 s、引导磁场强度0.39 T、注入微波功率1.7 kW的条件下,获得了功率934 MW、脉宽69 ns的输出微波,束波转换效率33%。在器件重频20 Hz、运行时间10 min条件下,坚实了平均功率889 MW、平均脉宽42 ns的输出微波。该研究结果为S波段RKA的低磁场和长时间运行打下了的技术基础。     

磁绝缘线振荡器脉宽及效率与三角波电压关系

采用数值模拟与实验相结合的方法,在没有功率容量不足问题的情况下,研究了磁绝缘线振荡器(MILO)的输出微波脉宽和功率效率与类似三角形二极管电压的关系,研究结果表明:在相同宽度的电压条件下,随着电压幅度的增大,输出微波的底宽和半高宽相应增大,功率效率先增大,当达到饱和后功率效率逐渐降低;在相同电压幅度条件下,随着二极管电压上升沿(斜率不变)的增大,输出微波的半高宽略有增大,但功率效率略有降低。因此,在有限脉宽的类似三角形二极管电压条件下,通过增大二极管电压上升沿的方法,可以有效地增大输出微波脉宽;而在有限电压幅度条件下,通过减小电压上升沿的方法,可以有效地增大输出微波的功率。选择适当的二极管电压参数,可以解决MILO器件在类似三角形二极管电压条件下的输出微波功率和脉宽两个指标相匹配的问题。     

高功率微波对毫米波引信耦合效应分析

针对高功率微波对毫米波引信的前门耦合效应问题,利用电磁仿真软件对某型毫米波调频连续波引信模型进行辐照试验,并与引信前端限幅电路结合进行联合仿真。在此基础上,继续设计正交试验,对信号参数影响水平进行分析。通过仿真试验发现,在高功率微波信号频率和引信工作频率对准的情况下,辐照场强峰值为60 kV/m时,天线末端耦合电压最大可达188 V;当辐照场强峰值为40 kV/m时,改变辐照信号特征参数,发现长脉宽信号更容易导致限幅器的热击穿效应;信号上升时间会影响天线末端耦合电压波形复杂程度,当信号峰值、脉宽一定时,上升时间为5 ns的输入信号导致的尖峰泄漏电压约为5.94 V,而当上升时间为0.1 ns时,尖峰泄漏电压为18.4 V,并且限幅电路更快达到饱和状态;通过正交试验发现,信号上升时间对尖峰泄漏峰值电压的影响最大,信号峰值对其的影响次之。     

A preliminary study on numerical simulation of microwave heating process for chemical reaction and discussion of hotspot and thermal runaway phenomenon

The nonlinear process of microwave heating chemical reaction is studied by means of numerical simulation. Especially, the variation of temperature in terms of space and time, as well as the hotspot and thermal runaway phenomena are discussed. Suppose the heated object is a cylinder and the incident electromagnetic (EM) wave is plane wave, the problem turns out to be a coupling calculation of 2D multi-physical fields. The integral equation of EM field is solved using the method of moment (MoM) and the thermal conduction equation is solved using a semi-analysis method. Moreover, a method to determine the equivalent complex permittivity of reactant under the heating is presented in order to perform the calculation. The numerical results for water and a dummy chemical reaction (A) show that the hotspot is a ubiquitous phenomenon in microwave heating process. When the radius of the heated object is small, the highest temperature occurs somewhere inside the object due to the concentration of the EM wave. While the radius increases to a certain degree, the highest temperature occurs somewhere close to the surface due to the skin effect, and the whole high temperature area shows crescent-shaped. That is in accordance with basic physical principles. If the radius is kept the same in the heating process, the hotspot position of water does not change, while that of reaction A with several radius values varies. For either water or A, the thermal runaway phenomenon in which small difference of radius results in large difference of highest temperature, occurs easily when the radius is small. On the contrary, it is not evident when the radius is large. Moreover, it is notable that the highest temperature in water shows oscillating decreasing trend with the increase of radius, but in reaction A almost decreases monotonously. Further study should be performed to determine if this difference is only an occasional occurrence. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60801035 and 60531010)     

光电振荡器相位噪声和频率稳定性研究进展

光电振荡器(OEO)具有低噪声、高频率稳定性和抗电磁干扰的优势,突破了电子技术产生微波信号频率限制和信号稳定性差、噪声大的瓶颈,成为微波光子学研究热点之一。研究了光电振荡器的基本原理、理论模型、实现方法等关键技术以及应用。提出了OEO应用于微波信号处理系统亟需解决的多光路降噪、光纤温度和应力补偿、光电集成等关键技术及其解决方案。     

Research on the ions' axial temperature of a sympathetically-cooled 113Cd+ ion crystal

Molecular dynamics simulation of a sympathetically-cooled ¹¹³Cd⁺ ion crystal system is achieved. Moreover, the relationship between ions' axial temperature and different electric parameters, including radio frequency voltage and end-cap voltage is depicted. Under stable trapping condition, optimum radio frequency voltage, corresponding to minimum temperature and the highest cooling efficiency, is obtained. The temperature is positively correlated with end-cap voltage. The relationship is also confirmed by a sympathetically-cooled ¹¹³Cd⁺ microwave clock. The pseudo-potential model is used to illustrate the relationship and influence mechanism. A reasonable index, indicating ions' temperature, is proposed to quickly estimate the relative ions' temperature. The investigation is helpful for ion crystal investigation, such as spatial configuration manipulation, sympathetic cooling efficiency enhancement, and temporal evolution.     

Simulation of dynamic temperature evolution in an underground coal fire area based on an optimised Thermal–Hydraulic–Chemical model

Underground coal fires (UCFs) exist in almost all coal mining countries. In this paper, an optimised Thermal–Hydraulic–Chemical model, which includes variable reaction kinetics of coal and permeability variation in UCF zones, was developed for the simulation of dynamic temperature evolution of an actual UCF in Xinjiang, China. The model was also adopted in the analysis of the effect of surface coverage permeability on the temperature field, providing a theoretical reference for UCFs control. The results demonstrate that the temperature evolution included three distinct stages which were slow-heating stage, rapid-heating stage and stable-development stage. The slow-heating stage was occupied by the low-temperature oxidation of residual coal. During the rapid-heating stage, a hotspot (combustion centre) formed in residual coal zone and moved toward the air inlet side when the temperature reached a certain threshold. And before moving back into the deeper coal seam, the hotspot developed the temperature to the maximum when it got to the air inlet side. In the stable-development stage, the hotspot spread along the coal seam with the maximum temperature staying between about 800°C and 1000°C, creating elliptical temperature anomalies around the combustion centre. The simulation proved to be in good agreement with the in situ measurements. Surface covering will extinguish the UCF when the permeability of the coverage layer is lower than 10^–10?m², otherwise the fire will persist and continue to spread.     

毫米波回旋超辐射的粒子模拟与实验研究

 为开发回旋超辐射在毫米波和亚毫米波超辐射高功率微波源中的优势,采用3维PIC粒子模拟对回旋超辐射的工作特性进行了分析,并在此基础上优化设计了器件结构及工作参数范围。模拟表明,微波峰值功率与电子束脉宽在一定范围内成平方关系,符合超辐射的典型特征。初步实验在210 kV, 250 A的电子束参数下获得了6 MW的微波峰值功率输出,工作频率37.2 GHz,模式为TE01,与粒子模拟的结果基本一致。     

Wideband antenna for detecting high-power microwave radiation pulses

The plasma relativistic generator (PRG) at the Sinus 550-80 accelerator has a number of unique properties, such as the single- and multiple-pulse (up to 50 pulses per second) generation modes, generation of microwave pulses with a duration of up to 80 ns and frequencies of 2 to 25GHz, and generation of monochromatic and wide-spectrum radiation. The carrier frequency and the spectrum width can be controlled by varying the experimental parameters, e.g., the plasma density. To investigate the PRG operation modes, appropriate devices for detection of the PRG microwave radiation are needed. In this work, numerical models of antennas with different geometrical parameters are developed using the Ansoft HFSS 13.0 CAD and an antenna with the optimum parameters is proposed for measuring microwave radiation spectra in the desired frequency range at a power level of 50 to 100MW.